氮肥基追比例对测墒补灌小麦植株氮素利用及土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响
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摘要
以中筋小麦济麦22为试材,在小麦拔节期和开花期0—40cm土层土壤相对含水量均补灌至70%和总施氮量为240kg/hm~2条件下,设置5个氮肥基追比例处理:0∶10(N1)、3∶7(N2)、5∶5(N3)、7∶3(N4)、10∶0(N5),研究测墒补灌节水栽培条件下氮肥基追比例对小麦植株氮素利用和土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明:N3处理的植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量显著高于其他基追比例处理;营养器官氮素积累量、土壤矿质氮损失量、氮肥表观残留率和氮肥表观损失率显著低于其他处理。与N1、N2、N4、N5处理相比,N3处理的氮素生理利用率分别高33.22%,12.60%,11.54%,98.14%,籽粒氮素利用率高148.65%,56.48%,59.63%,229.29%,氮肥农学效率高96.52%,34.86%,37.64%,204.98%,氮素表观盈亏量分别低35.04%,13.82%,30.36%,29.30%。根据不同氮肥基追比例下各指标的相关系数分析表明,植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量、氮素生理利用率、籽粒氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率与土壤硝态氮积累量、成熟期0—200cm土层土壤矿质氮残留总量均呈显著负相关。综上,氮肥基追比例为5∶5的N3处理为试验条件下的最优处理。
In order to study the effects of basal/topdressing nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen apparent loss under water saving cultivation,this study took the cultivar Jimai 22 as the experimental material,and set up five treatments with different basal/topdressing nitrogen(0∶10(N1),3∶7(N2),5∶5(N3),7∶3(N4)and 10∶0(N5)).And the preconditions of the experiment were that the total nitrogen application rate was 240 kg/hm~2,and the relative water content of the 0-40 cm soil layer was maintained up to 70%at the joining and anthesis stages.The results showed that the nitrogen accumulation amounts and nitrogen accumulation in grain of the N3 treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments,while the nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs,loss of mineral nitrogen,apparent residual rate of nitrogen fertilizer and apparent loss rate of nitrogen fertilizer were significantly lower than those of other treatments.Compared with N1,N2,N4 and N5 treatments,in the N3 treatments,the nitrogen utilization ratio increased by 33.22%,12.60%,11.54% and 98.14%,respectively,and grain nitrogen recovery efficiency increased by 148.65%,56.48%,59.63% and 229.29%,respectively,nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased by 96.52%,34.86%,37.64%and 204.98%,respectively,apparent budget of nitrogen decreased by35.04%,13.82%,30.36% and 29.30%,respectively.According to the correlation coefficient analysis of different basal/topdressing nitrogen fertilizer,nitrogen accumulation amounts,nitrogen accumulation ingrain,nitrogen utilization ratio,grain nitrogen recovery efficiency,nitrogen agronomic were significantly negatively correlated with NO3-N content and total amount of residual mineral nitrogen in the 0-200 cm soil layer of mature period.In conclusion,the treatment with base/topdressing nitrogen fertilizer of 5∶5 was the best treatment under the experimental conditions.
In order to study the effects of basal/topdressing nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen apparent loss under water saving cultivation,this study took the cultivar Jimai 22 as the experimental material,and set up five treatments with different basal/topdressing nitrogen(0∶10(N1),3∶7(N2),5∶5(N3),7∶3(N4)and 10∶0(N5)).And the preconditions of the experiment were that the total nitrogen application rate was 240 kg/hm~2,and the relative water content of the 0-40 cm soil layer was maintained up to 70%at the joining and anthesis stages.The results showed that the nitrogen accumulation amounts and nitrogen accumulation in grain of the N3 treatment were significantly higher than those of other treatments,while the nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs,loss of mineral nitrogen,apparent residual rate of nitrogen fertilizer and apparent loss rate of nitrogen fertilizer were significantly lower than those of other treatments.Compared with N1,N2,N4 and N5 treatments,in the N3 treatments,the nitrogen utilization ratio increased by 33.22%,12.60%,11.54% and 98.14%,respectively,and grain nitrogen recovery efficiency increased by 148.65%,56.48%,59.63% and 229.29%,respectively,nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased by 96.52%,34.86%,37.64%and 204.98%,respectively,apparent budget of nitrogen decreased by35.04%,13.82%,30.36% and 29.30%,respectively.According to the correlation coefficient analysis of different basal/topdressing nitrogen fertilizer,nitrogen accumulation amounts,nitrogen accumulation ingrain,nitrogen utilization ratio,grain nitrogen recovery efficiency,nitrogen agronomic were significantly negatively correlated with NO3-N content and total amount of residual mineral nitrogen in the 0-200 cm soil layer of mature period.In conclusion,the treatment with base/topdressing nitrogen fertilizer of 5∶5 was the best treatment under the experimental conditions.
引文
[1]刘建涛,张会永,王雪,等.氮肥调控剂施用对小麦生长、氮素利用及氮素表观平衡的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(1):209-214.
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[14]吴晓丽,李朝苏,汤永禄,等.氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1889-1898.
[15]张杰,王备战,冯晓,等.氮肥调控对冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,34(4):516-520.
[16] Blicher-Mathiesen G,Andersen H E,Larsen S E.Nitrogen field balances and suction cup-measured N leaching in Danish catchments[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,198:36-43.
[17]修明,谷世禄,田中伟,等.稻秸还田下播种密度与氮肥运筹对小麦产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(10):1377-1385.
[18]石祖梁,李丹丹,荆奇,等.氮肥运筹对稻茬冬小麦土壤无机氮时空分布及氮肥利用的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(9):2434-2442.
[19] Wang Z H,Miao Y F,Li S X.Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen fertilizers on wheat yield in relation to accumulated nitrate at different depths of soil in drylands of China[J].Field Crops Research,2015,183:211-224.
[20] Deng F,Wang L,Ren W J,et al.Enhancing nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen balance in paddy fields by optimizing nitrogen management and using polyaspartic acid urea[J].Field Crops Research,2014,169:30-38.
[2]张卫峰,马林,黄高强,等.中国氮肥发展、贡献和挑战[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(15):3161-3171.
[3] Xu J Z,Peng S Z,Yang S H,et al.Ammonia volatilization losses from a rice paddy with different irrigation and nitrogen managements[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104:184-192.
[4] Mon J,Bronson K F,Hunsaker D J,et al.Interactive effects of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on grain yield,canopy temperature,and nitrogen use efficiency in overhead sprinkler-irrigated durum wheat[J].Field Crops Research,2016,191:54-65.
[5] Xu J K,Yu Z W,Shi Y,et al.Effect of different supplemental irrigation strategies on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of wheat[J].Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research,2017,77:346-354.
[6]刘瑞,戴相林,周建斌,等.不同氮肥用量下冬小麦土壤剖面累积硝态氮及其与氮素表观盈亏的关系[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(6):1335-1341.
[7]武际,郭熙盛,杨晓虎,等.氮肥施用时期及基追比例对土壤矿质氮含量时空变化及小麦产量和品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(11):2382-2387.
[8]魏凤珍,李金才,王成雨,等.氮肥运筹模式对冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2010,30(1):123-128.
[9]赵士诚,沙之敏,何萍.不同氮肥管理措施在华北平原冬小麦上的应用效果[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(3):517-524.
[10] Liang B,Kang L Y,Ren T,et al.The impact of exogenous N supply on soluble organic nitrogen dynamics and nitrogen balance in a greenhouse vegetable system[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2015,154:351-357.
[11]吴金芝,黄明,王志敏,等.极端晚播对小麦籽粒产量、氮素吸收利用和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(1):185-192.
[12] Ravier C,Meynard J M,Cohan J P,et al.Early nitrogen deficiencies favor high yield,grain protein content and N use efficiency in wheat[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2017,89:16-24.
[13]杜世州,曹承富,张耀兰,等.氮素运筹对淮北地区超高产小麦养分吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):9-15.
[14]吴晓丽,李朝苏,汤永禄,等.氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1889-1898.
[15]张杰,王备战,冯晓,等.氮肥调控对冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2014,34(4):516-520.
[16] Blicher-Mathiesen G,Andersen H E,Larsen S E.Nitrogen field balances and suction cup-measured N leaching in Danish catchments[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,198:36-43.
[17]修明,谷世禄,田中伟,等.稻秸还田下播种密度与氮肥运筹对小麦产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2016,36(10):1377-1385.
[18]石祖梁,李丹丹,荆奇,等.氮肥运筹对稻茬冬小麦土壤无机氮时空分布及氮肥利用的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(9):2434-2442.
[19] Wang Z H,Miao Y F,Li S X.Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen fertilizers on wheat yield in relation to accumulated nitrate at different depths of soil in drylands of China[J].Field Crops Research,2015,183:211-224.
[20] Deng F,Wang L,Ren W J,et al.Enhancing nitrogen utilization and soil nitrogen balance in paddy fields by optimizing nitrogen management and using polyaspartic acid urea[J].Field Crops Research,2014,169:30-38.