喷灌灌水与施肥对春小麦水分动态及产量的影响
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摘要
为了探索河西走廊春小麦适宜的喷灌灌溉施肥制度,以当地畦灌模式为对照对比分析了不同灌水方式、灌溉施肥水平下土壤水分动态分布及产量效应并对春小麦产量进行了回归分析.研究了喷灌条件下灌水前后土壤水分分布动态、不同生育期内土壤含水率变化特征及不同灌水量水平下土壤水分下渗状况,分析了不同灌水、施肥水平对产量及产量构成要素的影响.结果表明,喷灌灌水定额为75 mm时,有部分水分下渗至春小麦主要根系活动层以下,但较畦灌量小;喷灌灌水定额在45—60 mm时,灌水后大部分水分储存在0—40 cm土层;春小麦整个生育期内,中等灌溉水平40—80 cm土层土壤水分变化不明显;春小麦产量及其构成要素对灌溉量响应大于施肥量,灌溉量过大时,产量有下降趋势;喷灌条件下,中等灌溉、追肥水平下产量较畦灌高11. 05%,节水增产效果显著.另外,根据产量拟合方程并结合水分利用效率,喷灌中等灌水、施肥水平为该地区适宜发展的灌溉施肥制度.
In order to explore the suitable sprinkler irrigation and fertilization system for spring wheat in Hexi Corridor,the local surface irrigation model was used as a contrast to analyze the dynamic distribution of soil moisture and yield effects under the different irrigation methods,irrigation and fertilization levels. In addition,a regression analysis was conducted on the yield of spring wheat. The main content of this research consisted of the dynamics of soil water distribution before and after irrigation under sprinkler irrigation,soil water content variation characteristics under different growth periods andthe soil water infiltration under different irrigation levels. Last but not least,the effects of different irrigation and top dressing levels on the yield and its components were analyzed. The results show that when the sprinkler irrigation quota is 75 mm,some water infiltrates below the active layer of the main root system of spring wheat,but the amount is less than the volume of the surface irrigation; when the quota is between 45 and 60 mm,most of water is stored in 0—40 cm soil layer. During the whole growth period of spring wheat,under medium irrigation level,the soil water content in the 40—80 cm soil layer is not significantly changed. Then the more important findings is that the yield and its components of spring wheat respond more strongly to the irrigation quantity than fertilization. When the irrigation quantity is too large,the yield will be declining. Under sprinkler irrigation,the productivity is 11.05% higher than that of surface under medium irrigation and top dressing level,and the effects of water-saving and yield-increasing are significant. Additionally,according to yield fitting equation and WUE,the medium level of sprinkler irrigation and fertilization is the most suitable system in the area.
In order to explore the suitable sprinkler irrigation and fertilization system for spring wheat in Hexi Corridor,the local surface irrigation model was used as a contrast to analyze the dynamic distribution of soil moisture and yield effects under the different irrigation methods,irrigation and fertilization levels. In addition,a regression analysis was conducted on the yield of spring wheat. The main content of this research consisted of the dynamics of soil water distribution before and after irrigation under sprinkler irrigation,soil water content variation characteristics under different growth periods andthe soil water infiltration under different irrigation levels. Last but not least,the effects of different irrigation and top dressing levels on the yield and its components were analyzed. The results show that when the sprinkler irrigation quota is 75 mm,some water infiltrates below the active layer of the main root system of spring wheat,but the amount is less than the volume of the surface irrigation; when the quota is between 45 and 60 mm,most of water is stored in 0—40 cm soil layer. During the whole growth period of spring wheat,under medium irrigation level,the soil water content in the 40—80 cm soil layer is not significantly changed. Then the more important findings is that the yield and its components of spring wheat respond more strongly to the irrigation quantity than fertilization. When the irrigation quantity is too large,the yield will be declining. Under sprinkler irrigation,the productivity is 11.05% higher than that of surface under medium irrigation and top dressing level,and the effects of water-saving and yield-increasing are significant. Additionally,according to yield fitting equation and WUE,the medium level of sprinkler irrigation and fertilization is the most suitable system in the area.
引文
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[10]刘晓英,罗远培,石元春.水分胁迫后复水对冬小麦叶面积的激发作用[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(4):422-428.LIU Xiaoying,LUO Yuanpei,SHI Yuanchun. The stimulating effects of rewatering in subjecting to water stress leaf area of winter wheat[J]. Chinese agricultural science,2001,34(4):422-428.(in Chinese)
[11]肖生春,肖洪浪,段争虎.干旱沙漠地区春小麦的水分与氮肥利用效率研究[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(3):360-364.XIAO Shengchun,XIAO Honglang,DUAN Zhenghu.Study on utilizing efficiency of water and nitrogenous fertilizer on spring wheat in arid desert region[J]. Journal of desert research,2004,24(3):360-364.(in Chinese)
[12]朱忠锐,范永申,段福义,等.喷灌条件下灌水与施肥对河西走廊春小麦不同生育期硝态氮分布的影响[J].节水灌溉,2018(3):6-10.ZHU Zhongrui,FAN Yongshen,DUAN Fuyi,et al.Effects of irrigation and fertilization on distribution of nitrate nitrogen in different growth stages of spring wheat in Hexi corridor under sprinkler irrigation[J].Water saving irrigation,2018(3):6-10.(in Chinese)
[13]朱忠锐,范永申,段福义,等.喷灌条件下河西走廊春小麦土壤硝态氮动态分布及产量关系[J].节水灌溉,2018(4):26-32.ZHU Zhongrui,FAN Yongshen,DUAN Fuyi,et al. Dynamic distribution of NO3-N in spring wheat and its relationship with yield in hexi corridor under sprinkler irrigation[J]. Water saving irrigation,2018(4):26-32.(in Chinese)
[14]朱忠锐.轻小型喷灌机施入条件下河西走廊春小麦水肥耦合效应研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院研究生院,2018.
[2]李宗礼,赵文举,孙伟,等.喷灌技术在北方缺水地区的应用前景[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(6):1-6.LI Zongli,ZHAO Wenju,SUN Wei,et al. Application prospect of sprinkler irrigation technology in water-short areas of northern China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(6):1-6.(in Chinese)
[3]范永申,王全九,周庆峰,等.我国喷灌技术发展面临的主要问题及对策[J].排灌机械工程学报,2015,33(5):450-455.FAN Yongshen,WANG Quanjiu,ZHOU Qingfeng,et al. Main problems in technological development of sprinkler irrigation in China and corresponding countermeasures[J]. Journal of drainage and irrigation machinery engineering,2015,33(5):450-455.(in Chinese)
[4]陈渠昌,杨燕山,李久生,等.喷灌技术在干旱风沙区的应用研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(2):50-52.CHEN Quchang,YANG Yanshan,LI Jiusheng,et al.Research for applying sprinkle to the windy and sandy regions of arid and semi-arid area[J]. Journal of irrigation and drainage,2006,25(2):50-52.(in Chinese)
[5]刘海军,康跃虎,刘士平.喷灌对农田小气候的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(4):108-112.LIU Haijun,KANG Yuehu,LIU Shiping. Effects of sprinkler irrigation on the field microclimate[J].Chinese journal of eco-agriculture,2003,11(4):108-112.(in Chinese)
[6]杜尧东,王建,刘作新,等.春小麦田喷灌的水量分布及小气候效应[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(3):398-400.DU Yaodong,WANG Jian,LIU Zuoxin,et al. Water distribution and microclimatic effects of sprinkler irrigation on spring wheat field[J]. Chinese journal of applied ecology,2001,12(3):398-400.(in Chinese)
[7]李久生,饶敏杰.喷灌均匀系数对土壤水分及冬小麦产量影响的试验研究[J].水利学报,2000(1):9-14.LI Jiusheng,RAO Minjie. Effects of sprinkler uniformity on spatial variability of soil moisture and winter wheat yield[J]. Journal of hydraulic engineering,2000(1):9-14.(in Chinese)
[8]李世娟,周殿玺,李建民.限水灌溉下不同氮肥用量对小麦产量及氮素分配利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2001,16(3):86-91.LI Shijuan,ZHOU Dianxi,LI Jianmin. Effect of different nitrogen application on yield,nitrogen distribution and utilization in winter wheat under soil water stress[J]. Acta agriculturae boreali-sinica,2001,16(3):86-91.(in Chinese)
[9] KANG S Z,ZHANG L,LIANG Y L,et al. Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Agricultural water management,2002,55:203-216.
[10]刘晓英,罗远培,石元春.水分胁迫后复水对冬小麦叶面积的激发作用[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(4):422-428.LIU Xiaoying,LUO Yuanpei,SHI Yuanchun. The stimulating effects of rewatering in subjecting to water stress leaf area of winter wheat[J]. Chinese agricultural science,2001,34(4):422-428.(in Chinese)
[11]肖生春,肖洪浪,段争虎.干旱沙漠地区春小麦的水分与氮肥利用效率研究[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(3):360-364.XIAO Shengchun,XIAO Honglang,DUAN Zhenghu.Study on utilizing efficiency of water and nitrogenous fertilizer on spring wheat in arid desert region[J]. Journal of desert research,2004,24(3):360-364.(in Chinese)
[12]朱忠锐,范永申,段福义,等.喷灌条件下灌水与施肥对河西走廊春小麦不同生育期硝态氮分布的影响[J].节水灌溉,2018(3):6-10.ZHU Zhongrui,FAN Yongshen,DUAN Fuyi,et al.Effects of irrigation and fertilization on distribution of nitrate nitrogen in different growth stages of spring wheat in Hexi corridor under sprinkler irrigation[J].Water saving irrigation,2018(3):6-10.(in Chinese)
[13]朱忠锐,范永申,段福义,等.喷灌条件下河西走廊春小麦土壤硝态氮动态分布及产量关系[J].节水灌溉,2018(4):26-32.ZHU Zhongrui,FAN Yongshen,DUAN Fuyi,et al. Dynamic distribution of NO3-N in spring wheat and its relationship with yield in hexi corridor under sprinkler irrigation[J]. Water saving irrigation,2018(4):26-32.(in Chinese)
[14]朱忠锐.轻小型喷灌机施入条件下河西走廊春小麦水肥耦合效应研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院研究生院,2018.