景观型与蔬菜型水平潜流湿地除磷动力学模型
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摘要
利用景观型和蔬菜型水平潜流湿地净化经生化处理后的生活污水尾水,进行湿地除磷动力学模型研究。对比分析不同湿地单元的除磷效率。为优化湿地除磷设计,采用一级动力学模型和Monod模型模拟除磷效果,对比模拟准确性,讨论水温、水力负荷与模型反应速率常数间关系,并建立湿地除磷模型构建式。结果表明,景观型湿地除磷能力顺序:美人蕉单元>再力花单元>鸢尾单元,蔬菜型湿地:空心菜单元>茭白单元>番茄单元,除磷效果差异归因于不同类植物的生物量区别。Monod模型(模型效率值ME:0.76~0.86)对湿地除磷的预测较一级动力学模型(ME:0.53~0.72)具有更高准确性。总磷面积去除率随水温的降低而减小,Arrhenius拟合结果表明,美人蕉(?=1.006)、再力花(?=1.008)和空心菜(?=1.006)单元Kmax对水温变化不敏感,水温对鸢尾(?=1.015)和茭白(?=1.014)单元除磷效率有较大影响。Kmax20与水力负荷间存在显著正相关性,两者符合乘幂方程(R2:0.657;0.805)关系。考虑了水温和水力负荷因素的Monod模型构建式,对试验湿地除磷预测具备准确性。
The studies on total phosphorus(TP) removal in landscape type and vegetable type horizontal subsurface flow wetlands were conducted. The raw water was domestic sewage which has been treated by biochemical treatment processes. The TP removal efficiency of different wetland units were compared and analysed. To optimize the design of wetlands, the first order reaction kinetics model and the Monod model were used to simulate the TP removal results and their accuracy were compared. Meanwhile, the relationship between water temperature, hydraulic loading rate(q) and the reaction coefficients were discussed. The results showed that in landscape type wetlands, the order of TP removal capacity was canna unit>thalia dealbata unit>iris tectorum unit, while it was water spinach unit>zizania unit>tomato unit in vegetable type wetland units, which was attributed to the biomass difference of different plants. The comparative evaluation between the first order kinetics model(ME: 0.53—0.72) and the Monod model(ME: 0.76—0.86) showed that the Monod model had higher accuracy in predicting the TP removal results. Decreased values of areal removal efficiency of TP were observed at lower water temperature. The Kmax of canna(? = 1.006), thalia dealbata(? = 1.008) and water spinach units(? = 1.006) were insensitive to the change of water temperature. The water temperature had a great influence on TP removal efficiency of iris tectorum(? = 1.015) and zizania(? = 1.014) units. The increased values of Kmax20 were observed at higher q values. The power equations(R2: 0.657; 0.805) can well reflected the relationship between Kmax20 and q. The constructed Monod model, which had considered the influence of water temperature and q on Kmax, gave a certain accuracy in predicting TP removal of experimental wetlands.
The studies on total phosphorus(TP) removal in landscape type and vegetable type horizontal subsurface flow wetlands were conducted. The raw water was domestic sewage which has been treated by biochemical treatment processes. The TP removal efficiency of different wetland units were compared and analysed. To optimize the design of wetlands, the first order reaction kinetics model and the Monod model were used to simulate the TP removal results and their accuracy were compared. Meanwhile, the relationship between water temperature, hydraulic loading rate(q) and the reaction coefficients were discussed. The results showed that in landscape type wetlands, the order of TP removal capacity was canna unit>thalia dealbata unit>iris tectorum unit, while it was water spinach unit>zizania unit>tomato unit in vegetable type wetland units, which was attributed to the biomass difference of different plants. The comparative evaluation between the first order kinetics model(ME: 0.53—0.72) and the Monod model(ME: 0.76—0.86) showed that the Monod model had higher accuracy in predicting the TP removal results. Decreased values of areal removal efficiency of TP were observed at lower water temperature. The Kmax of canna(? = 1.006), thalia dealbata(? = 1.008) and water spinach units(? = 1.006) were insensitive to the change of water temperature. The water temperature had a great influence on TP removal efficiency of iris tectorum(? = 1.015) and zizania(? = 1.014) units. The increased values of Kmax20 were observed at higher q values. The power equations(R2: 0.657; 0.805) can well reflected the relationship between Kmax20 and q. The constructed Monod model, which had considered the influence of water temperature and q on Kmax, gave a certain accuracy in predicting TP removal of experimental wetlands.
引文
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[16]吴英海,韩蕊,林必桂,等.复合人工湿地中低浓度有机物的去除及Monod模型模拟[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(6):2139-2146.WU Y H,HAN R,LIN B G,et al.Removal effect of low-concentration organic pollutants and simulating with Monod model in hybrid constructed wetland[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2013,7(6):2139-2146.
[17]LIOLIOS K A,MOUTSOPOULOS K N,TSIHRINTZIS V A.Modeling of flow and BOD fate in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2012,200:681-693.
[18]MITCHELL C,MCNEVIN D.Alternative analysis of BOD removal in subsurface flow constructed wetlands employing Monod kinetics[J].Water Research,2001,35(5):1295-1303.
[19]KADLEC R H.The inadequacy of first-order treatment wetland models[J].Ecological Engineering,2000,15(1/2):105-119.
[20]ANDERSEN J H,MURRAY C,KAARTOKALLIO H,et al.A simple method for confidence rating of eutrophication status classifications[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(6):919-924.
[21]LIU Z R,CHEN X S,ZHOU L M,et al.Development of a first-order kinetics-based model for the adsorption of nickel onto peat[J].Mining Science and Technology(China),2009,19(2):230-234.
[22]SAEED T,SUN G.Kinetic modelling of nitrogen and organics removal in vertical and horizontal flow wetlands[J].Water Research,2011,45(10):3137-3152.
[23]SUN G,SAEED T.Kinetic modelling of organic matter removal in 80horizontal flow reed beds for domestic sewage treatment[J].Process Biochemistry,2009,44(7):717-722.
[24]HENZE M,GUJER W,MINO T,et al.Activated sludge model No.2[R].IAWQ Scientific and Technical Reports,1995.
[25]TANNER C S,CLAYTON J S,UPSDELL M P.Effect of loading rate and planting on treatment of dairy farm wastewaters in constructed wetlands(Ⅰ):Removal of oxygen demand,suspended solids and faecal coliforms[J].Water Research,1995,29(1):17-26.
[26]李晓东,孙铁珩,李海波,等.人工湿地除磷研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(3):1226-1232.LI X D,ZHANG T H,LI H B,et al.Current researches and prospects of phosphorus removal in constructed wetland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(3):1226-1232.
[27]FRASER L H,CARTY S M,STEER D.A test of four plant species to reduce total nitrogen and total phosphorus from soil leachate in subsurface wetland microcosms[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,94(2):185-192.
[28]HUETT D O,MORRIS S G,SMITH G,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from plant nursery runoff in vegetated and unvegetated subsurface flow wetlands[J].Water Research,2005,39(14):3259-3272.
[29]凌祯,杨具瑞,于国荣,等.不同植物与水力负荷对人工湿地脱氮除磷的影响[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(11):1815-1820.LING Z,YANG J R,YU G R,et al.Influence of different plants and hydraulic loading on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal of constructed wetlands[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(11):1815-1820.
[30]ZHANG C B,WANG J,LIU W L,et al.Effects of plant diversity on microbial biomass and community metabolic profiles in a full-scale constructed wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(1):62-68.
[31]张岩,崔丽娟,李伟,等.基于水流模型的串联式水平潜流湿地除磷效果分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):174-181.ZHANG Y,CUI L J,LI W,et al.Analysis on phosphorus removal in series horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland based on hydraulic model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(19):174-181.
[32]张岩,崔丽娟,李伟,等.基于主成分分析的水平潜流湿地磷去除模型[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):200-207.ZHANG Y,CUI L J,LI W,et al.Modeling phosphorus removal in horizontal subsurface constructed wetland based on principal component analysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(13):200-207.
[33]NGO T D T,KONNERUP D,SCHIERUP H H.Kinetics of pollutant removal from domestic wastewater in a tropical horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system:effects of hydraulic loading rate[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(4):527-535.
[2]NZABUHERAHEZA F D,KATIMA J H Y,NJAU K N,et al.Wastewater treatment for pollution control[J].Rwanda J.Health Sci.,2012,1(1):1-7.
[3]ALVAREZ J A,RUIZ I,SOTO M.Anaerobic digesters as a pretreatment for constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2008,33(1):54-67.
[4]GUNES K,TUNCSIPER B,AYAZ S,et al.The ability of free water surface constructed wetland system to treat high strength domestic wastewater:a case study for the Mediterranean[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,44(2):278-284.
[5]SCHINDLER D W,HECKY R E,FINDLAY D L,et al.Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input:results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment[J].PNAS,2008,105(32):11254-11258.
[6]MCCOMAS C,MCKINLEY D.Reduction of phosphorus and other pollutants from industrial dischargers using pollution prevention[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2008,16(6):727-733.
[7]DZAKPASU M,SCHOLZ M,MCCARTHY V,et al.Phosphorus retention and mass balance in an integrated constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater[J].Water and Environment Journal,2015,29(2):298-306.
[8]于君宝,侯小凯,韩广轩,等.多介质人工湿地对生活污水中氮和磷的去除效率研究[J].湿地科学,2013,11(2):233-239.YU J B,HOU X K,HAN G X,et al.Removal efficiency of multi-medium constructed wetlands on nitrogen and phosphorus in domestic sewage[J].Wetland Science,2013,11(2):233-239.
[9]JING D B,HU H Y.Chemical oxygen demand,nitrogen,and phosphorus removal by vegetation of different species in pilot-scale subsurface wetlands[J].Environmental Engineering Science,2010,27(3):247-253.
[10]唐晶,吕锡武,吴琦平,等.生物、生态组合技术处理农村生活污水研究[J].中国给水排水,2008,24(17):1-4.TANG J,LüX W,WU Q P,et al.Study on bio-ecological combined process for treatment of rural domestic sewage[J].China Water&Wastewater,2008,24(17):1-4.
[11]金秋,吴琦平,施勇,等.水生蔬菜型人工湿地技术净化农村生活污水的试验研究[J].环境科技,2009,22(6):17-20.JIN Q,WU Q P,SHI Y,et al.Research on purification of rural sewage in aquatic vegetable wetland[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2009,22(6):17-20.
[12]ROUSSEAU D P L,VANROLLEGHEM P A,PAUW N D.Model-based design of horizontal subsurface flow constructed treatment wetlands:a review[J].Water Research,2004,38(6):1484-1493.
[13]闻岳,周琪.水平潜流人工湿地模型[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(2):456-462.WEN Y,ZHOU Q.Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland models[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(2):456-462.
[14]VON SPERLING M,DE PAOLI A C.First-order COD decay coefficients associated with different hydraulic models applied to planted and unplanted horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,57:205-209.
[15]STEIN O R,BIEDERMAN J A,HOOK P B,et al.Plant species and temperature effects on the k-C*first-order model for COD removal in batch-loaded SSF wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,2006,26(2):100-112.
[16]吴英海,韩蕊,林必桂,等.复合人工湿地中低浓度有机物的去除及Monod模型模拟[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(6):2139-2146.WU Y H,HAN R,LIN B G,et al.Removal effect of low-concentration organic pollutants and simulating with Monod model in hybrid constructed wetland[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2013,7(6):2139-2146.
[17]LIOLIOS K A,MOUTSOPOULOS K N,TSIHRINTZIS V A.Modeling of flow and BOD fate in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2012,200:681-693.
[18]MITCHELL C,MCNEVIN D.Alternative analysis of BOD removal in subsurface flow constructed wetlands employing Monod kinetics[J].Water Research,2001,35(5):1295-1303.
[19]KADLEC R H.The inadequacy of first-order treatment wetland models[J].Ecological Engineering,2000,15(1/2):105-119.
[20]ANDERSEN J H,MURRAY C,KAARTOKALLIO H,et al.A simple method for confidence rating of eutrophication status classifications[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(6):919-924.
[21]LIU Z R,CHEN X S,ZHOU L M,et al.Development of a first-order kinetics-based model for the adsorption of nickel onto peat[J].Mining Science and Technology(China),2009,19(2):230-234.
[22]SAEED T,SUN G.Kinetic modelling of nitrogen and organics removal in vertical and horizontal flow wetlands[J].Water Research,2011,45(10):3137-3152.
[23]SUN G,SAEED T.Kinetic modelling of organic matter removal in 80horizontal flow reed beds for domestic sewage treatment[J].Process Biochemistry,2009,44(7):717-722.
[24]HENZE M,GUJER W,MINO T,et al.Activated sludge model No.2[R].IAWQ Scientific and Technical Reports,1995.
[25]TANNER C S,CLAYTON J S,UPSDELL M P.Effect of loading rate and planting on treatment of dairy farm wastewaters in constructed wetlands(Ⅰ):Removal of oxygen demand,suspended solids and faecal coliforms[J].Water Research,1995,29(1):17-26.
[26]李晓东,孙铁珩,李海波,等.人工湿地除磷研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(3):1226-1232.LI X D,ZHANG T H,LI H B,et al.Current researches and prospects of phosphorus removal in constructed wetland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(3):1226-1232.
[27]FRASER L H,CARTY S M,STEER D.A test of four plant species to reduce total nitrogen and total phosphorus from soil leachate in subsurface wetland microcosms[J].Bioresource Technology,2004,94(2):185-192.
[28]HUETT D O,MORRIS S G,SMITH G,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from plant nursery runoff in vegetated and unvegetated subsurface flow wetlands[J].Water Research,2005,39(14):3259-3272.
[29]凌祯,杨具瑞,于国荣,等.不同植物与水力负荷对人工湿地脱氮除磷的影响[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(11):1815-1820.LING Z,YANG J R,YU G R,et al.Influence of different plants and hydraulic loading on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal of constructed wetlands[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(11):1815-1820.
[30]ZHANG C B,WANG J,LIU W L,et al.Effects of plant diversity on microbial biomass and community metabolic profiles in a full-scale constructed wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(1):62-68.
[31]张岩,崔丽娟,李伟,等.基于水流模型的串联式水平潜流湿地除磷效果分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):174-181.ZHANG Y,CUI L J,LI W,et al.Analysis on phosphorus removal in series horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland based on hydraulic model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(19):174-181.
[32]张岩,崔丽娟,李伟,等.基于主成分分析的水平潜流湿地磷去除模型[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(13):200-207.ZHANG Y,CUI L J,LI W,et al.Modeling phosphorus removal in horizontal subsurface constructed wetland based on principal component analysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(13):200-207.
[33]NGO T D T,KONNERUP D,SCHIERUP H H.Kinetics of pollutant removal from domestic wastewater in a tropical horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system:effects of hydraulic loading rate[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36(4):527-535.