滴灌施肥下水肥用量对温室土壤硝态氮残留的影响
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摘要
【目的】通过水肥管理达到减少温室土壤硝态氮残留、维持土壤质量的目的,探求温室土壤硝态氮残留与水肥用量的关系。【方法】在滴灌施肥条件下,以灌水量和氮、磷、钾及有机肥用量为试验因素,根据当地日光温室番茄长季节栽培实际中的水肥用量,设计各试验因子的水肥水平,采用五元二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验。拉秧后测定耕层土壤硝态氮量,建立土壤硝态氮量与水肥因子间的数学模型,据此分析了各单因子效应及二因素的耦合效应。【结果】施氮量对土壤硝态氮残留量影响最大,施磷量、灌水量和施钾量次之,有机肥用量最小。当其他因子为0水平时,土壤硝态氮残留量随氮肥用量的增多而增加,随施磷量呈开口向上的抛物线变化,随灌水量、施钾量以及有机肥用量呈开口向下的抛物线变化。灌水量及氮、磷、钾和有机肥用量对土壤硝态氮残留产生的影响程度随其他因子的水平而变,存在明显交互作用。模型寻优显示:灌水量455.1～471.5 mm,施氮量532.3～586.5 kg/hm2,施磷量420.8～466.4 kg/hm2,施钾量646.1～723.5 kg/hm2,有机肥用量25.6～27.9 t/hm2,耕层土壤硝态氮量可维持在100～150 mg/kg的较低水平。【结论】温室菜地土壤硝态氮残留量相对较大,可以通过优化水肥用量来减少土壤硝态氮的残留,故在滴灌施肥条件下仍需严格控制水肥用量。
【Objective】This study aims to study the impact of the amount of water and nitrogen applications under drip fertigation on nitrate residue in soil in an attempt to find the optimal fertigation that maintains soil fertility and in the meantime increase nitrogen use efficiency.【Method】The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with tomato as model plant. We considered the combined effect of irrigation, K, P, N and organic fertilizers under a deign using the quadratic regression orthogonal rotational method. In each treatment, the nitrate content in the plough layer was determined after harvest, which was linked to each of the five factors.【Result】Nitrate residue in soil was affected mostly by nitrogen application, followed by phosphorus, irrigation and potassium; it was least impacted by organic fertilizer application. When the other factors were at kept 0 level, nitrate residue in soil increased with nitrogen application, parabolically(upward) with phosphorus application, parabolically(downward)with irrigation, potassium and organic fertilizer application. The influence of each of the five factors on soil nitrate residue depended on interaction of the levels of the other factors. In our experiment, the optimum fertilization for keeping nitrate residue in soil at 100～150 mg/kg in the plough layer was as follows: irrigation 455.1～471.5 mm,N application 532.3～586.5 kg/hm2, P application 420.8～466.4 kg/hm2, K application 646.1～723.5 kg/hm2, and organic fertilizer application 25.6～27.9 t/hm2.【Conclusion】The nitrate residue in the greenhouse soil is generally high, but can be reduced by optimizing the amount of irrigation and fertilizer applications as revealed by our experimental results.
【Objective】This study aims to study the impact of the amount of water and nitrogen applications under drip fertigation on nitrate residue in soil in an attempt to find the optimal fertigation that maintains soil fertility and in the meantime increase nitrogen use efficiency.【Method】The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with tomato as model plant. We considered the combined effect of irrigation, K, P, N and organic fertilizers under a deign using the quadratic regression orthogonal rotational method. In each treatment, the nitrate content in the plough layer was determined after harvest, which was linked to each of the five factors.【Result】Nitrate residue in soil was affected mostly by nitrogen application, followed by phosphorus, irrigation and potassium; it was least impacted by organic fertilizer application. When the other factors were at kept 0 level, nitrate residue in soil increased with nitrogen application, parabolically(upward) with phosphorus application, parabolically(downward)with irrigation, potassium and organic fertilizer application. The influence of each of the five factors on soil nitrate residue depended on interaction of the levels of the other factors. In our experiment, the optimum fertilization for keeping nitrate residue in soil at 100～150 mg/kg in the plough layer was as follows: irrigation 455.1～471.5 mm,N application 532.3～586.5 kg/hm2, P application 420.8～466.4 kg/hm2, K application 646.1～723.5 kg/hm2, and organic fertilizer application 25.6～27.9 t/hm2.【Conclusion】The nitrate residue in the greenhouse soil is generally high, but can be reduced by optimizing the amount of irrigation and fertilizer applications as revealed by our experimental results.
引文
[1]左海军,张奇,徐力刚,等.农田土壤氮素径流损失的影响因素及其防治措施研究[J].灌溉排水学报, 2009, 28(6):64-67.
[2]李静,张富仓,江明杰,等.水氮供应对温室黄瓜氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮分布的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2017, 36(3):52-58.
[3]童有为,陈淡飞.温室土壤次生盐渍化的形成和治理途径研究[J].园艺学报, 1991(2):159-162.
[4]王学军.日光温室土壤次生盐渍化分析[J].北方园艺, 1998(Z1):12-13.
[5]李刚,张乃明,毛昆明,等.大棚土壤盐分累积特征与调控措施研究[J].农业工程学报, 2004, 20(3):44-47.
[6]刘磊.蔬菜温室大棚土壤盐渍化成因分析[J].山东农业科学, 2012, 44(7):69-72.
[7]李俊良,崔德杰,孟祥霞,等.山东寿光保护地蔬菜施肥现状及问题的研究[J].土壤通报, 2002, 33(2):126-128.
[8]袁巧霞,武雅娟,艾平,等.温室土壤硝态氮积累的温度、水分、施氮量耦合效应[J].农业工程学报, 2007, 23(10):192-198.
[9] YU Haiying, LI Tingxuan, ZHANG Xizhou. Nutrient Budget and Soil Nutrient Status in Greenhouse System[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2010,9(6):871-879.
[10]毕晓庆,山楠,杜连凤,等.氮肥用量对设施滴灌栽培番茄产量品质及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(11):2 246-2 250.
[11] DECLERCQ P, GERTSIS A C, HOFMAN G, et al. Nutrient Management Legislation in European Countries[M]. Ghent:Department of Soil Management and Soil Care, Ghent University, 2001:56-77.
[12]袁静超,张玉龙,虞娜,等.水肥耦合条件下保护地土壤硝态氮动态变化[J].土壤通报, 2011, 42(6):1 335-1 340.
[13] ZHU J H, LI X L, CHRISTIE P, et al. Environmental implications of low nitrogen use efficiency in excessively fertilizer hot pepper(Capsicum frutescens L.)cropping systems[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment, 2005, 111(1):70-80.
[14]李若楠,武雪萍,张彦才,等.节水减氮对温室土壤硝态氮与氮素平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2016, 49(4):695-704.
[15]刘德平,杨树青,史海滨,等.氮磷钾平衡施肥对作物收获后土壤硝态氮残留的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2013, 32(5):42-46.
[16]杨合法,范聚芳,梁丽娜,等.长期不同施肥模式对日光温室土壤硝态氮时空分布及累积的影响[J].中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(2):246-252.
[17]张迪,赵牧秋,牛明芬,等.有机肥对设施土壤硝态氮垂直分布的影响[J].土壤通报, 2011, 42(5):1 148-1 152.
[18] GREGORY E, CAROLINE S, JOHN S, et al. Soil and water environmental effects of fertilizer-, manure-, and compost-based fertility practices in an organic vegetable cropping system[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment, 2008, 127(1/2):50-58.
[19]上海师范大学数学系概率统计教研组编.回归分析及其试验设计[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 1978:12-18.
[20]王小勇.关于多元二次回归模型因子效应分析的一点改进意见[J].甘肃农业科技, 1987(9):15-20.
[21]高亚军,李生秀,李世清,等.施肥与灌水对硝态氮在土壤中残留的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2005, 19(6):61-64.
[22]薛亮,马忠明,杜少平.水氮耦合对绿洲灌区土壤硝态氮运移及甜瓜氮素吸收的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(1):139-147.
[23]梁运江,依艳丽,许广波,等.水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响[J].农村生态环境, 2004, 20(3):32-36.
[24]王晓英,贺明荣,刘永环,等.水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥吸收及土壤硝态氮残留淋溶的影响[J].生态学报, 2008, 28(2):685-694.
[25]赵建生,焦晓燕,杨治平,等.有机肥料使用量对土壤环境、夏甘蓝产量和品质的影响[J].华北农学报, 2006, 21(5):123-126.
[26]黄锦法,李艾芬,马树国,等.蔬菜保护地土壤障害的调查及矫治措施[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2002(2):42-44.
[27]刘方春,聂俊华,刘春生,等.不同施肥措施对土壤硝态氮垂直分布的特征影响[J].土壤通报, 2005, 36(1):50-53.
[28] REN T, CHRISTIE P, WANG J, et al. Root zone soil nitrogen management to maintain high tomato yields and minimum nitrogen losses to the environment[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2010, 125(1):25-33.
[2]李静,张富仓,江明杰,等.水氮供应对温室黄瓜氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮分布的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2017, 36(3):52-58.
[3]童有为,陈淡飞.温室土壤次生盐渍化的形成和治理途径研究[J].园艺学报, 1991(2):159-162.
[4]王学军.日光温室土壤次生盐渍化分析[J].北方园艺, 1998(Z1):12-13.
[5]李刚,张乃明,毛昆明,等.大棚土壤盐分累积特征与调控措施研究[J].农业工程学报, 2004, 20(3):44-47.
[6]刘磊.蔬菜温室大棚土壤盐渍化成因分析[J].山东农业科学, 2012, 44(7):69-72.
[7]李俊良,崔德杰,孟祥霞,等.山东寿光保护地蔬菜施肥现状及问题的研究[J].土壤通报, 2002, 33(2):126-128.
[8]袁巧霞,武雅娟,艾平,等.温室土壤硝态氮积累的温度、水分、施氮量耦合效应[J].农业工程学报, 2007, 23(10):192-198.
[9] YU Haiying, LI Tingxuan, ZHANG Xizhou. Nutrient Budget and Soil Nutrient Status in Greenhouse System[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2010,9(6):871-879.
[10]毕晓庆,山楠,杜连凤,等.氮肥用量对设施滴灌栽培番茄产量品质及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(11):2 246-2 250.
[11] DECLERCQ P, GERTSIS A C, HOFMAN G, et al. Nutrient Management Legislation in European Countries[M]. Ghent:Department of Soil Management and Soil Care, Ghent University, 2001:56-77.
[12]袁静超,张玉龙,虞娜,等.水肥耦合条件下保护地土壤硝态氮动态变化[J].土壤通报, 2011, 42(6):1 335-1 340.
[13] ZHU J H, LI X L, CHRISTIE P, et al. Environmental implications of low nitrogen use efficiency in excessively fertilizer hot pepper(Capsicum frutescens L.)cropping systems[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment, 2005, 111(1):70-80.
[14]李若楠,武雪萍,张彦才,等.节水减氮对温室土壤硝态氮与氮素平衡的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2016, 49(4):695-704.
[15]刘德平,杨树青,史海滨,等.氮磷钾平衡施肥对作物收获后土壤硝态氮残留的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2013, 32(5):42-46.
[16]杨合法,范聚芳,梁丽娜,等.长期不同施肥模式对日光温室土壤硝态氮时空分布及累积的影响[J].中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19(2):246-252.
[17]张迪,赵牧秋,牛明芬,等.有机肥对设施土壤硝态氮垂直分布的影响[J].土壤通报, 2011, 42(5):1 148-1 152.
[18] GREGORY E, CAROLINE S, JOHN S, et al. Soil and water environmental effects of fertilizer-, manure-, and compost-based fertility practices in an organic vegetable cropping system[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment, 2008, 127(1/2):50-58.
[19]上海师范大学数学系概率统计教研组编.回归分析及其试验设计[M].上海:上海教育出版社, 1978:12-18.
[20]王小勇.关于多元二次回归模型因子效应分析的一点改进意见[J].甘肃农业科技, 1987(9):15-20.
[21]高亚军,李生秀,李世清,等.施肥与灌水对硝态氮在土壤中残留的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2005, 19(6):61-64.
[22]薛亮,马忠明,杜少平.水氮耦合对绿洲灌区土壤硝态氮运移及甜瓜氮素吸收的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(1):139-147.
[23]梁运江,依艳丽,许广波,等.水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响[J].农村生态环境, 2004, 20(3):32-36.
[24]王晓英,贺明荣,刘永环,等.水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥吸收及土壤硝态氮残留淋溶的影响[J].生态学报, 2008, 28(2):685-694.
[25]赵建生,焦晓燕,杨治平,等.有机肥料使用量对土壤环境、夏甘蓝产量和品质的影响[J].华北农学报, 2006, 21(5):123-126.
[26]黄锦法,李艾芬,马树国,等.蔬菜保护地土壤障害的调查及矫治措施[J].中国土壤与肥料, 2002(2):42-44.
[27]刘方春,聂俊华,刘春生,等.不同施肥措施对土壤硝态氮垂直分布的特征影响[J].土壤通报, 2005, 36(1):50-53.
[28] REN T, CHRISTIE P, WANG J, et al. Root zone soil nitrogen management to maintain high tomato yields and minimum nitrogen losses to the environment[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2010, 125(1):25-33.