不同精粗比日粮对奶牛瘤胃发酵与肝脏VFA代谢及产奶性能的影响
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摘要
试验将6头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管以及门静脉、肝静脉以及股动脉慢性血管瘘的泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,研究不同精粗比日粮对奶牛瘤胃发酵与肝脏VFA代谢以及产奶性能的影响。结果显示:与低精料(LC)日粮组相比,高精料(HC)日粮组瘤胃液pH显著下降(P<0.05),丙酸浓度显著提高(P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸的比值有降低的趋势(P=0.06),但日粮对瘤胃液乙酸、丁酸和TVFA浓度影响不显著(P>0.05)。HC日粮能显著提高门静脉血浆中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和TVFA(P<0.05)浓度。在两种日粮条件下,VFA肝静脉-门静脉血浆浓度差(H-P)均为负值。HC日粮显著增加丙酸和丁酸的H-P值(P<0.05)。与LC日粮相比,HC日粮显著增加乙酸和TVFA(P<0.05)的肝静脉-动脉血浆浓度差(HA),显著降低丙酸(P<0.05)H-A值。HC日粮显著提高门静脉、肝静脉和股动脉血浆中葡萄糖、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸(P<0.05)浓度以及显著提高乳蛋白、乳中总固形物和非脂固形物(P<0.05)含量。试验结果表明,HC日粮可以改善奶牛瘤胃发酵、肝脏的VFA代谢以及生产性能。
Six lactating Holstein cows established ruminal cannula and chronic catheters in portal and hepatic veins and femoral artery were used in a randomized crossover trial to determine the effect of different concentrate to forage ratio on rumen fermentation,VFA metabolism in liver and milk performance.Compared with LC diet,HC diet decreased remarkedly(P<0.05)the average pH value,increased significantly(P<0.05)the propionate concentration and the ratio of propionate to butyrate(P=0.06),and there were no difference in the concentration of acetate,butyrate and total volatile fatty acid(TVFA)(P>0.05)in rumen fluid.The concentrations of acetate,propionate,butyrate and TVFA in the portal vein plasma in HC diets were significantly higher(P<0.05)than in LC diets.The hepatic-portal difference(HP)value of VFAs was negative between two diets.HC diets increased significantly(P<0.05)the HP value of propionate and butyrate and increased remarkably(P<0.05)the hepatic-arterial difference(HA)value of acetate and TVFA,while significantly decreased(P<0.05)the HA value of propionate.The plasma concentrations of glucose,β-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acid were also increased significantly(P<0.05)in portal vein,hepatic vein and femoral artery in cow fed HC diets and increased significantly milk protein(P=0.05),total solid and non-fat solid(P<0.05).The results suggested that HC diets affect rumen fermentation,VFA metabolism of liver and improve milk performance in this experiment.
Six lactating Holstein cows established ruminal cannula and chronic catheters in portal and hepatic veins and femoral artery were used in a randomized crossover trial to determine the effect of different concentrate to forage ratio on rumen fermentation,VFA metabolism in liver and milk performance.Compared with LC diet,HC diet decreased remarkedly(P<0.05)the average pH value,increased significantly(P<0.05)the propionate concentration and the ratio of propionate to butyrate(P=0.06),and there were no difference in the concentration of acetate,butyrate and total volatile fatty acid(TVFA)(P>0.05)in rumen fluid.The concentrations of acetate,propionate,butyrate and TVFA in the portal vein plasma in HC diets were significantly higher(P<0.05)than in LC diets.The hepatic-portal difference(HP)value of VFAs was negative between two diets.HC diets increased significantly(P<0.05)the HP value of propionate and butyrate and increased remarkably(P<0.05)the hepatic-arterial difference(HA)value of acetate and TVFA,while significantly decreased(P<0.05)the HA value of propionate.The plasma concentrations of glucose,β-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acid were also increased significantly(P<0.05)in portal vein,hepatic vein and femoral artery in cow fed HC diets and increased significantly milk protein(P=0.05),total solid and non-fat solid(P<0.05).The results suggested that HC diets affect rumen fermentation,VFA metabolism of liver and improve milk performance in this experiment.
引文
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[2]Cantalapiedra-Hijar G,Yanez-rutz D R,Martin-Garcia A I,et al.Effects of forage:concentrate ratio and forage type on apparent digestibility,ruminal fermentation,and microbial growth in goats[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(2):622-631.
[3]Zhuang S,Zhang T,Chang G J,et al.The metabolism of volatile fatty acids by portal-drained viscera and liver of goats fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratio[J].Pakistan Journal of Zoology,2014,46(2):391-400.
[4]Baird G D,Symonds H W,Ash R.Some observations on metabolite production and utilization in vivo by the gut and liver of adult dairy cows[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,1975,85(2):281-296.
[5]Lomax M A,Baird G D,Blood flow and nutrient exchange across the liver and gut of the dairy cow.Effects of lactation and fasting[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,49(3):481-496.
[6]Huntington G B,Zetina E J,Whitt J M,et al.Effects of dietary concentrate level on nutrient absorption,liver metabolism,and urea kinetics of beef steers fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,1996,74(4):908-916.
[7]Kristensen N B,Danfer A,Tetens V,et al.Portal recovery of intraruminally infused short-chain fatty acids in sheep[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,1996,46(1):26-38.
[8]沈向真,王小静,任明强,等.门、肝、肠系膜静脉和股动脉慢性多血管瘘管的手术安装[J].中国比较医学杂志,2006(4):236-239.
[9]Pit T R,Van Kessel J,Fox D,et al.Prediction of ruminal volatile fatty acids and pH within the net carbohydrate and protein system[J].Journal of Animal Science,1996(74):226-244.
[10]Kennelly J,Robinson B,Khorasani G.Influence of carbohydrate source and buffer on rumen fermentation characteristics,milk yield,and milk composition in early-lactation Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(11):2 486-2 496.
[11]Murphy M,Akerlind M,Holtenius K.Rumen fermentation in lactating cows selected for milk fat content fed two forage to concentrate ratios with hay or silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(4):756-764.
[12]周永康.日粮中SC/NSC对徐淮山羊碳水化合物利用的影响[D].江苏扬州:扬州大学,2008.
[13]王吉峰,王加启,李树聪,等.不同日粮对奶牛瘤胃发酵模式及泌乳性能的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2005,36(6):569-573.
[14]Liu D C,Zhou X L,Zhao P T,et al.Effects of increasing nonfiber carbohydrate to neutral detergent fiber ratio on rumen fermentation and microbiota in goats[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(2):319-326.
[15]韩昊奇,刘大程,高民,等.不同NFC/NDF比对奶山羊瘤胃微生物及瘤胃pH变化的影响[J].动物营养学报,2011,23(4):597-603.
[16]Varga G,Dann H,Ishler V.The use of fiber concentrations for ration formulation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1998,81(11):3 063-3 074.
[17]Khorasani G,Okine E,Kennelly J.Effects of forage source and amount of concentrate on rumen and intestinal digestion of nutrients in late-lactation cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(5):1 156-1 165.
[18]Penner G,Taniguchi M,Guan L,et al.Effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio on volatile fatty acid absorption and the expression of genes related to volatile fatty acid absorption and metabolism in ruminal tissue[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(6):2 767-2 781.
[19]Annison E,Bickerstaffe R,Linzel J.Glucose and fatty acid metabolism in cows producing milk of low fat content[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1974,82(1):87-95.
[20]Hristov A N,Ivan M,Rode L M,et al.Fermentation characteristics and ruminal ciliate protozoal populations in cattle fed mediumor highconcentrate barley-based diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2001,79(2):515-524.
[21]Sutton J,Hart I,Brosters W,et al.Feeding frequency for lactating cows:effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1986,56(1):181-192.
[22]Hook S E,Steele M A,Northwood K S,et al.Impact of highconcentrate feeding and low ruminal pH on methanogens and protozoa in the rumen of dairy cows[J].Microbial Ecology,2011,62(1):94-105.
[23]Brossard L,Martin C,Chaucheyras Durand F.Protozoa involved in butyric rather than lactic fermentative pattern during latent acidosis in sheep[J].Reproduction Nutrition Development,2004,44(3):195-206.
[24]Morgavi D P,Martin C,Jouany J P,et al.Rumen protozoa and methanogenesis:not a simple causeeffect relationship[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2012,107(3):388-397.
[25]Van Houtert M.The production and metabolism of volatile fatty acids by ruminants fed roughages:A review[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1993,43(3):189-225.
[26]Mould F,Orskov E.Manipulation of rumen fluid pH and its influence on cellulolysis in sacco,dry matter degradation and the rumen microflora of sheep offered either hay or concentrate[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1983,10(1):1-14.
[27]Hoover W.Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1986,69(10):2 755-2 766.
[28]Bergman E,Wolff J.Metabolism of volatile fatty acids by liver and portal-drained viscera in sheep[J].American Journal of Physiology,1971,22(2):586-592.
[29]Topping D L,Clifton P M.Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function:roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides[J].Physiological Reviews,2001,81(3):1 031-1 064.
[30]Kristensen N B,Harmon D.Effect of increasing ruminal butyrate absorption on splanchnic metabolism of volatile fatty acids absorbed from the washed reticulorumen of steers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(12):3 549-3 559.
[31]Pennington R J.The metabolism of short-chain fatty acids in the sheep.1.Fatty acid utilization and ketone body production by rumen epithelium and other tissues[J].Biochemical Journal,1952,51(2):251-258.
[32]Berthelot V,Pierzynowski S G.Hepatic metabolism of propionate and methylmalonate in growing lambs[J].Livestock Production Science,2002,74(1):33-43.
[33]Krehbiel C R,Harmon D L,SchneiderJ E.Effect of increasing ruminal butyrate on portal and hepatic nutrient flux in steers[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(3):904-914.
[34]Freetly H,Knapp J,Calvert C,et al.Development of a mechanistic model of liver metabolism in the lactating cow[J].Agricultural Systems,1993,41(2):157-195.
[35]Reynolds C K,Huntington G B,Tyrrell HF,et al.Net metabolism of molatile fatty acids,D-β-hydroxybutyrate,nonesterified fatty acids,and blood gasses by oortal-drained Viscera and liver of lactating Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1988,71(9):2 395-2 405.
[36]Lomax M,Baird G.Blood flow and nutrient exchange across the liver and gut of the dairy cow[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,49(3):481-496.
[37]Nguyen N H,Morland C,Gonzalez S V,et al.Propionate increases neuronal histone acetylation,but is metabolized oxidatively by glia.Relevance for propionic acidemia[J].Journal of Neurochemistry,2007,101(3):806-814.
[38]Duske K,Hammon H,Langhof A K,et al.Metabolism and lactation performance in dairy cows fed a diet containing rumen-protected fat during the last twelve weeks of gestation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(4):1 670-1 684.
[39]翟真真,贾玉东,王振勇,等.不同日粮精粗比对奶牛血脂和血清游离脂肪酸的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2008,30(2):291-296.
[40]Katz M,Bergman E.Hepatic and portal metabolism of glucose,free fatty acids,and ketone bodies in the sheep[J].American Journal of Physiology,1969,216(4):953-960.
[41]Heitmann R N,Dawes D J,Sensenig S C.Hepatic ketogenesis and peripheral ketone body utilization in the ruminant[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(6):1 174-1 180.
[42]Guinard Flament J,Lemosquet S,Delamaire E,et al.Alteration of the nutrient uptake by the udder over an extended milking interval in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(11):5 458-5 468.
[43]OrtiguesMarty I,Vernet J,Majdoub L.Whole body glucose turnover in growing and non-productive adult ruminants:meta-analysis and review[J].Reproduction Nutrition Development,2003,43(4):371-383.
[44]Danfer A.Nutrient metabolism and utilization in the liver[J].Livestock Production Science,1994,39(1):115-127.
[45]Bell A W.Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(9):2 804-2 819.
[46]Jensen R G.The composition of bovine milk lipids:January1995to December 2000[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(2):295-350.
[47]Vazirigohar M,Dehghan-Banadaky M,Rezayazdi K,et al.Fat source and dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio influences milk fatty-acid composition in lactating cows[J].Animal,2014,8(1):163-174.
[48]汪水平,王文娟,王加启,等.日粮精粗比对奶牛瘤胃发酵及泌乳性能的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(6):44-50.
[49]Maulfair D,Heinrichs A.Effects of varying forage particle size and fermentable carbohydrates on feed sorting,ruminal fermentation,and milk and component yields of dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(5):3 085-3 097.
[50]Rius A,Appuhamy J,Cyriac J,et al.Regulation of protein synthesis in mammary glands of lactating dairy cows by starch and amino acids[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(7):3 114-3 127.
[2]Cantalapiedra-Hijar G,Yanez-rutz D R,Martin-Garcia A I,et al.Effects of forage:concentrate ratio and forage type on apparent digestibility,ruminal fermentation,and microbial growth in goats[J].Journal of Animal Science,2009,87(2):622-631.
[3]Zhuang S,Zhang T,Chang G J,et al.The metabolism of volatile fatty acids by portal-drained viscera and liver of goats fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratio[J].Pakistan Journal of Zoology,2014,46(2):391-400.
[4]Baird G D,Symonds H W,Ash R.Some observations on metabolite production and utilization in vivo by the gut and liver of adult dairy cows[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,1975,85(2):281-296.
[5]Lomax M A,Baird G D,Blood flow and nutrient exchange across the liver and gut of the dairy cow.Effects of lactation and fasting[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,49(3):481-496.
[6]Huntington G B,Zetina E J,Whitt J M,et al.Effects of dietary concentrate level on nutrient absorption,liver metabolism,and urea kinetics of beef steers fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,1996,74(4):908-916.
[7]Kristensen N B,Danfer A,Tetens V,et al.Portal recovery of intraruminally infused short-chain fatty acids in sheep[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,1996,46(1):26-38.
[8]沈向真,王小静,任明强,等.门、肝、肠系膜静脉和股动脉慢性多血管瘘管的手术安装[J].中国比较医学杂志,2006(4):236-239.
[9]Pit T R,Van Kessel J,Fox D,et al.Prediction of ruminal volatile fatty acids and pH within the net carbohydrate and protein system[J].Journal of Animal Science,1996(74):226-244.
[10]Kennelly J,Robinson B,Khorasani G.Influence of carbohydrate source and buffer on rumen fermentation characteristics,milk yield,and milk composition in early-lactation Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(11):2 486-2 496.
[11]Murphy M,Akerlind M,Holtenius K.Rumen fermentation in lactating cows selected for milk fat content fed two forage to concentrate ratios with hay or silage[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(4):756-764.
[12]周永康.日粮中SC/NSC对徐淮山羊碳水化合物利用的影响[D].江苏扬州:扬州大学,2008.
[13]王吉峰,王加启,李树聪,等.不同日粮对奶牛瘤胃发酵模式及泌乳性能的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2005,36(6):569-573.
[14]Liu D C,Zhou X L,Zhao P T,et al.Effects of increasing nonfiber carbohydrate to neutral detergent fiber ratio on rumen fermentation and microbiota in goats[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2013,12(2):319-326.
[15]韩昊奇,刘大程,高民,等.不同NFC/NDF比对奶山羊瘤胃微生物及瘤胃pH变化的影响[J].动物营养学报,2011,23(4):597-603.
[16]Varga G,Dann H,Ishler V.The use of fiber concentrations for ration formulation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1998,81(11):3 063-3 074.
[17]Khorasani G,Okine E,Kennelly J.Effects of forage source and amount of concentrate on rumen and intestinal digestion of nutrients in late-lactation cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2001,84(5):1 156-1 165.
[18]Penner G,Taniguchi M,Guan L,et al.Effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio on volatile fatty acid absorption and the expression of genes related to volatile fatty acid absorption and metabolism in ruminal tissue[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(6):2 767-2 781.
[19]Annison E,Bickerstaffe R,Linzel J.Glucose and fatty acid metabolism in cows producing milk of low fat content[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1974,82(1):87-95.
[20]Hristov A N,Ivan M,Rode L M,et al.Fermentation characteristics and ruminal ciliate protozoal populations in cattle fed mediumor highconcentrate barley-based diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2001,79(2):515-524.
[21]Sutton J,Hart I,Brosters W,et al.Feeding frequency for lactating cows:effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1986,56(1):181-192.
[22]Hook S E,Steele M A,Northwood K S,et al.Impact of highconcentrate feeding and low ruminal pH on methanogens and protozoa in the rumen of dairy cows[J].Microbial Ecology,2011,62(1):94-105.
[23]Brossard L,Martin C,Chaucheyras Durand F.Protozoa involved in butyric rather than lactic fermentative pattern during latent acidosis in sheep[J].Reproduction Nutrition Development,2004,44(3):195-206.
[24]Morgavi D P,Martin C,Jouany J P,et al.Rumen protozoa and methanogenesis:not a simple causeeffect relationship[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2012,107(3):388-397.
[25]Van Houtert M.The production and metabolism of volatile fatty acids by ruminants fed roughages:A review[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1993,43(3):189-225.
[26]Mould F,Orskov E.Manipulation of rumen fluid pH and its influence on cellulolysis in sacco,dry matter degradation and the rumen microflora of sheep offered either hay or concentrate[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,1983,10(1):1-14.
[27]Hoover W.Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1986,69(10):2 755-2 766.
[28]Bergman E,Wolff J.Metabolism of volatile fatty acids by liver and portal-drained viscera in sheep[J].American Journal of Physiology,1971,22(2):586-592.
[29]Topping D L,Clifton P M.Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function:roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides[J].Physiological Reviews,2001,81(3):1 031-1 064.
[30]Kristensen N B,Harmon D.Effect of increasing ruminal butyrate absorption on splanchnic metabolism of volatile fatty acids absorbed from the washed reticulorumen of steers[J].Journal of Animal Science,2004,82(12):3 549-3 559.
[31]Pennington R J.The metabolism of short-chain fatty acids in the sheep.1.Fatty acid utilization and ketone body production by rumen epithelium and other tissues[J].Biochemical Journal,1952,51(2):251-258.
[32]Berthelot V,Pierzynowski S G.Hepatic metabolism of propionate and methylmalonate in growing lambs[J].Livestock Production Science,2002,74(1):33-43.
[33]Krehbiel C R,Harmon D L,SchneiderJ E.Effect of increasing ruminal butyrate on portal and hepatic nutrient flux in steers[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(3):904-914.
[34]Freetly H,Knapp J,Calvert C,et al.Development of a mechanistic model of liver metabolism in the lactating cow[J].Agricultural Systems,1993,41(2):157-195.
[35]Reynolds C K,Huntington G B,Tyrrell HF,et al.Net metabolism of molatile fatty acids,D-β-hydroxybutyrate,nonesterified fatty acids,and blood gasses by oortal-drained Viscera and liver of lactating Holstein cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1988,71(9):2 395-2 405.
[36]Lomax M,Baird G.Blood flow and nutrient exchange across the liver and gut of the dairy cow[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,49(3):481-496.
[37]Nguyen N H,Morland C,Gonzalez S V,et al.Propionate increases neuronal histone acetylation,but is metabolized oxidatively by glia.Relevance for propionic acidemia[J].Journal of Neurochemistry,2007,101(3):806-814.
[38]Duske K,Hammon H,Langhof A K,et al.Metabolism and lactation performance in dairy cows fed a diet containing rumen-protected fat during the last twelve weeks of gestation[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(4):1 670-1 684.
[39]翟真真,贾玉东,王振勇,等.不同日粮精粗比对奶牛血脂和血清游离脂肪酸的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2008,30(2):291-296.
[40]Katz M,Bergman E.Hepatic and portal metabolism of glucose,free fatty acids,and ketone bodies in the sheep[J].American Journal of Physiology,1969,216(4):953-960.
[41]Heitmann R N,Dawes D J,Sensenig S C.Hepatic ketogenesis and peripheral ketone body utilization in the ruminant[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1987,117(6):1 174-1 180.
[42]Guinard Flament J,Lemosquet S,Delamaire E,et al.Alteration of the nutrient uptake by the udder over an extended milking interval in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(11):5 458-5 468.
[43]OrtiguesMarty I,Vernet J,Majdoub L.Whole body glucose turnover in growing and non-productive adult ruminants:meta-analysis and review[J].Reproduction Nutrition Development,2003,43(4):371-383.
[44]Danfer A.Nutrient metabolism and utilization in the liver[J].Livestock Production Science,1994,39(1):115-127.
[45]Bell A W.Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation[J].Journal of Animal Science,1995,73(9):2 804-2 819.
[46]Jensen R G.The composition of bovine milk lipids:January1995to December 2000[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2002,85(2):295-350.
[47]Vazirigohar M,Dehghan-Banadaky M,Rezayazdi K,et al.Fat source and dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio influences milk fatty-acid composition in lactating cows[J].Animal,2014,8(1):163-174.
[48]汪水平,王文娟,王加启,等.日粮精粗比对奶牛瘤胃发酵及泌乳性能的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(6):44-50.
[49]Maulfair D,Heinrichs A.Effects of varying forage particle size and fermentable carbohydrates on feed sorting,ruminal fermentation,and milk and component yields of dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2013,96(5):3 085-3 097.
[50]Rius A,Appuhamy J,Cyriac J,et al.Regulation of protein synthesis in mammary glands of lactating dairy cows by starch and amino acids[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(7):3 114-3 127.