从地壳上地幔构造看洋陆转换作用
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摘要
根据近年来全球地壳上地幔探测的成果,分析了洋陆转换、地壳和岩石圈加厚的作用过程。洋陆转换作用可分为以下五个演化阶段:①同大洋扩张期的地壳增厚;②海沟发生与早期俯冲;③俯冲带成熟与沟弧盆体系形成;④俯冲带汇聚和位移;⑤陆—岛碰撞和陆壳连接。同大洋扩张期的地壳增厚作用指发生在被动大陆边缘的地质作用。包括沉积作用,岩浆底侵作用,下地壳和岩石圈地幔压裂,形成海沟等。海沟形成后陆缘转变为主动大陆边缘,大地构造机制转换为板块俯冲作用。成熟期的洋—陆转换作用特征是海盆扩张和板块俯冲造成的洋壳缩短取得平衡。弧后盆地和弧后边缘海的打开,表明俯冲带进入完全成熟的阶段。洋脊俯冲之后过成熟期的洋—陆转换作用,其特征是海盆逐渐缩小而且板块俯冲带汇聚。这里既有密集的俯冲带又有短期打开的边缘海岭;俯冲带不断位移,既可后撤也可前冲;俯冲板块经常发生断裂和拆沉。过成熟期的板块俯冲结果是边缘海微板块的萎缩。经过陆—岛碰撞,岛弧地壳增厚,与大陆板块连为一体,成为大陆内部的一个构造单元,即显生宙的"古洋—陆转换带"。
Based on geophysical investigations of worldwide crust and upper mantle,this paper analyzes ocean—continent transition process and lithospheric thickening process. The ocean—continent transition process contains five stages:① crustal thickening during co-expansion of an ocean,② trench formation of and early subduction,③ mature subduction and formation of trench—arc—basin belts,④ convergence and migration of subduction zones,and ⑤ island—continent collision and connection to a continent. Geophysical profiles show that the crustal thickening during co-expansion occurs in passive continental margins,sedimentation,magma underplating and ultra-pressure hydraulic fracturing resulting in formation of trenches. After formation of trenches the passive continental margins become active,tectonic mechanics tends to subduction. In the mature subduction stage the expansion of ocean basins keeps compensation with the crustal shortening of the subduction,while opening of back-arc basins or marginal seas indicates the mature subduction stage. During the post-mature subduction stage, marginal sea micro-plates are narrowing and subduction zones are convergence and migrating. Crowded and short subduction zones with different subduction directions can cause local extension basins,they all mix together. As crustal thickening and gravity equilibrium go on,the arc belts would uplift and finally connecting to a continent via island—continent collision,becoming a special unit of continental lithosphere,i. e. the phanerozoic eon ocean—continent zone.
Based on geophysical investigations of worldwide crust and upper mantle,this paper analyzes ocean—continent transition process and lithospheric thickening process. The ocean—continent transition process contains five stages:① crustal thickening during co-expansion of an ocean,② trench formation of and early subduction,③ mature subduction and formation of trench—arc—basin belts,④ convergence and migration of subduction zones,and ⑤ island—continent collision and connection to a continent. Geophysical profiles show that the crustal thickening during co-expansion occurs in passive continental margins,sedimentation,magma underplating and ultra-pressure hydraulic fracturing resulting in formation of trenches. After formation of trenches the passive continental margins become active,tectonic mechanics tends to subduction. In the mature subduction stage the expansion of ocean basins keeps compensation with the crustal shortening of the subduction,while opening of back-arc basins or marginal seas indicates the mature subduction stage. During the post-mature subduction stage, marginal sea micro-plates are narrowing and subduction zones are convergence and migrating. Crowded and short subduction zones with different subduction directions can cause local extension basins,they all mix together. As crustal thickening and gravity equilibrium go on,the arc belts would uplift and finally connecting to a continent via island—continent collision,becoming a special unit of continental lithosphere,i. e. the phanerozoic eon ocean—continent zone.
引文
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Richards M A,Gordon R G,Van der Hilst.2000.The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions.AGU Monograph 121.
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Smith R I.1990.Tertiary plate tectonics and evolution of Papua New Guinea.In:Carman G J and???Z.eds.Petroleum Exploration and Development in Papua New Guinea:Proceedings of the Second PNG Petroleum Convention.Brisbane:Port.Moresby.
Stern R J.1998.A Subduction Primer for Instructors of Introductory Geology Courses and Authors of Introductory Geology Textbooks:J.Geoscience Education,46:221~228.
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Taylor B.1989.Island arcs,deep-sea trenches,and back-arc basins.Oceanus,17~25.
Taylor S R.Mclennan S M.1995.The geochemical evolution of the continental crust.Review of Geophys,33:241~265.
Turco E,Macchiavelli C,Mazzoli S,et al.2012.Kinematic evolution of Alpine Corsica in the framework of Mediterranean mountain belts.Tectonophysics,579:193~206.
Yan P,Zhou D,Liu Z S.2001.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics,338 :1~21.
宋海斌.2013.南海形成演化与大陆边缘动力学研究进展.见:第一届“板块构造与大陆动力学”研讨会(摘要).2013年9月9~13日,北京香山.
邓晋福,冯艳芳,苏尚国,等.2013.洋陆转换与中国大陆的拼合组装:来自火成岩构造组合的观察.见:第一届“板块构造与大陆动力学”研讨会(摘要).2013年9月9~13日,北京香山.
杨文采.2013.从岩石圈结构看洋陆转换的作用过程.见:第一届“板块构造与大陆动力学”研讨会(摘要).2013年9月9~13日,北京香山.
杨文采.东亚古特提斯域大地构造物理学.北京:石油工业出版社,2009.
Clift P D and Vannuchi P.1994.Controls on tectonic accretion versus erosion in subduction zones:implication for the origin and recycling of the continent crust.Res.Geophys.,42,RG 2001,doi:10.1029/2003RG000127.
Dott R H and Batten R L.1989.Evolution of the Earth.New York:McGraw-Hill.
Escalona A,Mann P.2011.Tectonics,basin subsidence mechanisms,and paleogeography of the Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone.Marine and Petroleum Geology,28(1):8-39.doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.016.
Fountain D M,Arculus R,Kay R W.1992.Continental Lower Crust.Amsterdam:Elsevier.
Gubbins D.1989.Seismology and Plate Tectonics.Cambridge:Cambridge Univ.Press.
James D E.1989.Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics.New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold Com.
Jolivet L and Hataf H-C.2001,Geodynamics.Lisse:A.A.Balkema Pub.
King S D.2001.Subduction zones:observation and geodynamic models.Phys.Earth Planet.Interiors,127:9~24.
Klemperer S L.1989.Deep seismic reflection profiling and the growth of the continental crust.Tectonophysics,161:232~244.
Marone F,van der Lee S and Gardini D.2004.Three dimensional upper-mantle S-velocity model for the Eurasia—Africa region.
Geophys.J.Int.,158:109~130.
Moores E M,Twiss R J.1995.Tectonics.New York:W.H.Freeman and Company..
Oliver J.1986.Fluids expelled tectonically from orogenic belts:their role in hydrocarbon migration and other phenomena.Geology,14:99 ~102.
Pakiser L C,Mooney W D.1989.Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States,Geological Society of America,Memoir172.
Park P R.1998.Geological Structures and Moving plates.San Francisco:Blackie&Son Ltd.
Pigram C J and Symonds P A.1993.Eastern Papuan basins——a new model for the tectonic development and implications for petroleum prospectivity.In:Carman G J,et al.eds.Petroleum Exploration and Development in Papua New Guinea:Proceedings of the Second PNG Petroleum Convention.Brisbane:Port.Moresby.
Qiu X L,Ye S Y,Wu S M,et al.2001.Crustal structure across the Xisha Trough,northwestern South China Sea.Tectonophysics,341:179 ~193.
Richards M A,Gordon R G,Van der Hilst.2000.The History and Dynamics of Global Plate Motions.AGU Monograph 121.
Rogers J W.2004.Continents and Supercontinents.Oxford:Oxford Univ.Press.
Smith R I.1990.Tertiary plate tectonics and evolution of Papua New Guinea.In:Carman G J and???Z.eds.Petroleum Exploration and Development in Papua New Guinea:Proceedings of the Second PNG Petroleum Convention.Brisbane:Port.Moresby.
Stern R J.1998.A Subduction Primer for Instructors of Introductory Geology Courses and Authors of Introductory Geology Textbooks:J.Geoscience Education,46:221~228.
Stern R J.2002.Subduction zones:Reviews of Geophysics,v.40,1012,doi:10.1029/2001RG000108.
Taylor B.1989.Island arcs,deep-sea trenches,and back-arc basins.Oceanus,17~25.
Taylor S R.Mclennan S M.1995.The geochemical evolution of the continental crust.Review of Geophys,33:241~265.
Turco E,Macchiavelli C,Mazzoli S,et al.2012.Kinematic evolution of Alpine Corsica in the framework of Mediterranean mountain belts.Tectonophysics,579:193~206.
Yan P,Zhou D,Liu Z S.2001.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of the South China Sea.Tectonophysics,338 :1~21.
宋海斌.2013.南海形成演化与大陆边缘动力学研究进展.见:第一届“板块构造与大陆动力学”研讨会(摘要).2013年9月9~13日,北京香山.
邓晋福,冯艳芳,苏尚国,等.2013.洋陆转换与中国大陆的拼合组装:来自火成岩构造组合的观察.见:第一届“板块构造与大陆动力学”研讨会(摘要).2013年9月9~13日,北京香山.
杨文采.2013.从岩石圈结构看洋陆转换的作用过程.见:第一届“板块构造与大陆动力学”研讨会(摘要).2013年9月9~13日,北京香山.