Physical processes causing the formation of hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary after Typhoon Chan-hom, 2015
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摘要
Severe hypoxia was observed in the submarine canyon to the east of the Changjiang estuary in July 14, 2015, two days after typhoon Chan-hom. The oxygen concentration reached as low as 2.0 mg/L and occupied a water column of about 25 m. A ROMS model was con?gured to explore the underlying physical processes causing the formation of hypoxia. Chan-hom passed through the Changjiang estuary during the neap tide. The strati?cation was completely destroyed in the shallow nearshore region when typhoon passing. However, it was maintained in the deep canyon, though the surface mixed layer was largely deepened. The residual water in the deep canyon is considered to be the possible source of the later hypoxia. After Chan-hom departure, not only the low salinity plume water spread further of fshore, but also the sea surface temperature(SST) rewarmed quickly. Both changes helped strengthen the strati?cation and facilitate the formation of hypoxia. It was found that the surface heat ?ux, especially the solar short wave radiation dominated the surface re-warming, the of fshore advection of the warmer Changjiang Diluted Water(CDW) also played a role. In addition to the residual water in the deep canyon, the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC) was found to ?ow into the deep canyon pre-and soon post-Chan-hom, which was considered to be the original source of the hypoxia water.
Severe hypoxia was observed in the submarine canyon to the east of the Changjiang estuary in July 14, 2015, two days after typhoon Chan-hom. The oxygen concentration reached as low as 2.0 mg/L and occupied a water column of about 25 m. A ROMS model was con?gured to explore the underlying physical processes causing the formation of hypoxia. Chan-hom passed through the Changjiang estuary during the neap tide. The strati?cation was completely destroyed in the shallow nearshore region when typhoon passing. However, it was maintained in the deep canyon, though the surface mixed layer was largely deepened. The residual water in the deep canyon is considered to be the possible source of the later hypoxia. After Chan-hom departure, not only the low salinity plume water spread further of fshore, but also the sea surface temperature(SST) rewarmed quickly. Both changes helped strengthen the strati?cation and facilitate the formation of hypoxia. It was found that the surface heat flux, especially the solar short wave radiation dominated the surface re-warming, the of fshore advection of the warmer Changjiang Diluted Water(CDW) also played a role. In addition to the residual water in the deep canyon, the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC) was found to flow into the deep canyon pre-and soon post-Chan-hom, which was considered to be the original source of the hypoxia water.
Severe hypoxia was observed in the submarine canyon to the east of the Changjiang estuary in July 14, 2015, two days after typhoon Chan-hom. The oxygen concentration reached as low as 2.0 mg/L and occupied a water column of about 25 m. A ROMS model was con?gured to explore the underlying physical processes causing the formation of hypoxia. Chan-hom passed through the Changjiang estuary during the neap tide. The strati?cation was completely destroyed in the shallow nearshore region when typhoon passing. However, it was maintained in the deep canyon, though the surface mixed layer was largely deepened. The residual water in the deep canyon is considered to be the possible source of the later hypoxia. After Chan-hom departure, not only the low salinity plume water spread further of fshore, but also the sea surface temperature(SST) rewarmed quickly. Both changes helped strengthen the strati?cation and facilitate the formation of hypoxia. It was found that the surface heat flux, especially the solar short wave radiation dominated the surface re-warming, the of fshore advection of the warmer Changjiang Diluted Water(CDW) also played a role. In addition to the residual water in the deep canyon, the Taiwan Warm Current(TWC) was found to flow into the deep canyon pre-and soon post-Chan-hom, which was considered to be the original source of the hypoxia water.
引文
Allen J I,Holt J T,Blackford J,Proctor R.2007.Error quantifi cation of a high-resolution coupled hydrodynamicecosystem coastal-ocean model:part 2.chlorophyll-a,nutrients and SPM.Journal of Marine Systems,68(3-4):381-404.
Barth A,Alvera-Azcárate A,Weisberg R H.2008.Benefi t of nesting a regional model into a large-scale ocean model instead of climatology.Application to the West Florida shelf.Continental Shelf Research,28(4-5):561-573.
Bianchi T S,DiMarco S F,Cowan Jr J H,Hetland R D,Chapman P,Day J W,Allison M A.2010.The science of hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico:a review.Science of the Total Environment,408(7):1 471-1 484.
Bueti M R,Ginis I,Rothstein L M,Griffi es S M.2014.Tropical cyclone-induced thermocline warming and its regional and global impacts.Journal of Climate,27(18):6 978-6 999.
Chapman D C.1985.Numerical treatment of cross-shelf open boundaries in a barotropic coastal ocean model.Journal of Physical Oceanography,15(8):1 060-1 075.
Chen C C,Gong G C,Shiah F K.2007.Hypoxia in the East China Sea:one of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world.Marine Environmental Research,64(4):399-408.
Chen C S,Xue P F,Ding P X,Beardsley R C,Xu Q C,Mao XM,Gao G P,Qi J H,Li C Y,Lin H C,Cowles G,Shi M C.2008.Physical mechanisms for the off shore detachment of the Changjiang Diluted Water in the East China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,113(C2):C02002.
Chen J Y,Ni X B,Liu M L,Chen J F,Mao Z H,Jin H Y,Pan D L.2015.Monitoring the occurrence of seasonal low‐oxygen events off the Changjiang estuary through integration of remote sensing,buoy observations,and modeling.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,119(8):5 311-5 322.
Cloern J E.2010.Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem.Marine Ecology Progress Series,210:223-253.
Dagg M J,Ammerman J W,Amon R M W,Gardner W S,Green R E,Lohrenz S E.2007.A review of water column processes infl uencing hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico.Estuaries and Coasts,30(5):735-752.
Diaz R J,Rosenberg R.2008.Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems.Science,321(5891):926-929.
Diaz R J.2001.Overview of hypoxia around the world.Journal of Environmental Quality,30(2):275-281.
Donlon C J,Martin M,Stark J,Roberts-Jones J,Fiedler E,Wimmer W.2012.The operational sea surface temperature and sea ice analysis(OSTIA)system.Remote Sensing of Environment,116:140-158.
Egbert G D,Bennett A F,Foreman M G G.1994.TOPEX/POSEIDON tides estimated using a global inverse model.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,99(C12):24 821-24 852.
Egbert G D,Erofeeva S Y.2002.Effi cient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,19(2):183-204.
Engle V D,Summers J K,Macauley J M.1999.Dissolved oxygen conditions in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,57(1):1-20.
Flather R A.1976.A tidal model of northwest European continental shelf.Memoires Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege,10(6),141-164.
Go?i M A,Gordon E S,Monacci N M,Clinton R,Gisewhite R,Allison M A,Kineke G.2006.The eff ect of Hurricane Lili on the distribution of organic matter along the inner Louisiana shelf(Gulf of Mexico,USA).Continental Shelf Research,26(17-18):2 260-2 280.
Greatbatch R J.1983.On the response of the ocean to a moving storm:the nonlinear dynamics.Journal of Physical Oceanography,13(3):357-367.
Gu H K.1980.The maximum value of dissolved oxygen in its vertical distribution in Yellow Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2(2):70-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Guan B X.1994.Patterns and structures of the currents in Bohai,Huanghai and East China Seas.In:Zhou D,Liang Y B,Zeng C K eds.Oceanology of China Seas.Springer,Dordrecht,p.17-26.
Haidvogel D B,Arango H G,Hedstrom K,Beckmann A,Malanotte-Rizzoli P,Shchepetkin A F.2000.Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin:simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,32(3-4):239-281.
Hetland R D.2017.Suppression of baroclinic instabilities in buoyancy-driven fl ow over sloping bathymetry.Journal of Physical Oceanography,47(1):49-68.
Isobe A.2004.Ballooning of river-plume bulge and its stabilization by tidal currents.Journal of Physical Oceanography,35(12):2 337-2 351.
Jia G D,Peng P A.2003.Temporal and spatial variations in signatures of sedimented organic matter in Lingding Bay(Pearl estuary),southern China.Marine Chemistry,82(1-2):47-54.
Justi?D,Wang L X.2014.Assessing temporal and spatial variability of hypoxia over the inner Louisiana-upper Texas shelf:application of an unstructured-grid threedimensional coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model.Continental Shelf Research,72:163-179.
Kemp W M,Smith E M,Marvin-DiPasquale M,Boynton W R.1997.Organic carbon balance and net ecosystem metabolism in Chesapeake Bay.Marine Ecology Progress Series,150:229-248.
Li D J,Zhang J,Huang D J,Wu Y,Liang J.2002.Oxygen depletion off the Changjiang(Yangtze River)estuary.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,45(12):1 137-1 146.
Li M,Rong Z R.2012.Eff ects of tides on freshwater and volume transports in the Changjiang River plume.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C6):C06027,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007716.
Lin J,Xu H Z,Cudaback C,Wang D X.2008.Inter-annual variability of hypoxic conditions in a shallow estuary.Journal of Marine Systems,73(1-2):169-184.
Lin J,Yan Q,Zhu J R,Gong F X.2014.Analysis of thermocline and hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary in late summer.Journal of Fisheries of China,38(10):1 747-1 757.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu H X,Li D J,Gao L,Wang W W,Chen W Q.2012.Study on main infl uencing factors of formation and deterioration of summer hypoxia off the Yangtze River estuary.Advances in Marine Science,30(2):186-197.(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Z H,Xu J P,Sun C H,Wu X F.2014.An upper ocean response to Typhoon Bolaven analyzed with Argo profi ling fl oats.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,33(11):90-101.
Nash J E,Sutcliff e J V.1970.River fl ow forecasting through conceptual models part I-a discussion of principles.Journal of Hydrology,10(3):282-290.
Ni X B,Huang D J,Zeng D Y,Zhang T,Li H L,Chen J F.2016.The impact of wind mixing on the variation of bottom dissolved oxygen off the Changjiang estuary during summer.Journal of Marine Systems,154:122-130.
Orlanski I.1976.A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic fl ows.Journal of Computational Physics,21(3):251-269.
Park T,Jang C J,Jungclaus J H,Haak H,Park W,Oh I S.2011.Eff ects of the Changjiang river discharge on sea surface warming in the Yellow and East China Seas in summer.Continental Shelf Research,31(1):15-22.
Price J F,Sanford T B,Forristall G Z.1994.Forced stage response to a moving hurricane.Journal of Physical Oceanography,24(2):233-260.
Price J,Jayne S R,Rainville L,Centurioni L R,Chang Y,Morzel J.2012.Cooling and warming of SST in the wake of typhoon Fanapi(2010).In:American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting 2012,abstract id.OS34B-04.
Rong Z R,Li M.2012.Tidal eff ects on the bulge region of Changjiang River plume.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,97:149-160.
Shchepetkin A F,McWilliams J C.2005.The regional oceanic modeling system(ROMS):a split-explicit,free-surface,topography-following-coordinate oceanic model.Ocean Modelling,9(4):347-404.
Song Y H,Haidvogel D.1994.A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topographyfollowing coordinate system.Journal of Computational Physics,115(1):228-244.
Sotto L P,Jacinto G S,Villanoy C L.2014.Spatiotemporal variability of hypoxia and eutrophication in Manila Bay,Philippines during the northeast and southwest monsoons.Marine Pollution Bulletin,85(2):446-454.
Stark J D,Donlon C J,Martin M J,McCulloch M E.2007.OSTIA:an operational,high resolution,real time,global sea surface temperature analysis system.In:Proceedings of Europe OCEANS 2007.IEEE,Aberdeen,UK,p.1-4.
Su J L,Pan Y Q,Liang X S.1994.Kuroshio intrusion and Taiwan warm current.In:Di Z,Yuan-Bo L,Cheng-Kui Zeds.Oceanology of China Seas.Springer,Dordrecht,p.59-70.
Tyson R V,Pearson T H.1991.Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia.The Geological Society,London.
Umlauf L,Burchard H.2003.A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models.Journal of Marine Research,61(2):235-265.
Wang B D,Wei Q S,Chen J F,Xie L P.2012.Annual cycle of hypoxia off the Changjiang(Yangtze River)estuary.Marine Environmental Research,77:1-5.
Wang B D.2009.Hydromorphological mechanisms leading to hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary.Marine Environmental Research,67(1):53-58.
Warner J C,Geyer W R,Lerczak J A.2005b.Numerical modeling of an estuary:a comprehensive skill assessment.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,110(C5):C05001,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002691.
Warner J C,Sherwood C R,Arango H G,Signell R P.2005a.Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method.Ocean Modelling,8(1-2):81-113.
Wei H,He Y C,Li Q J,Liu Z Y,Wang H T.2007.Summer hypoxia adjacent to the Changjiang estuary.Journal of Marine Systems,67(3-4):292-303.
Wei Q S,Yu Z G,Xia C S,Zang J Y,Ran X B,Zhang X L.2011.A preliminary analysis on the dynamic characteristics of the hypoxic zone adjacent to the Changjiang estuary in summer.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,33(6):100-109.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wilson R E,Swanson R L,Crowley H A.2008.Perspectives on long‐term variations in hypoxic conditions in western Long Island Sound.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,113(C12):C12011.
Winstanley D.1999.Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.Environmental Science and Policy,2(1):1-3.
Yin K D,Lin Z F,Ke Z Y.2004.Temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in the Pearl River estuary and adjacent coastal waters.Continental Shelf Research,24(16):1 935-1 948.
Zhang H,Chen D K,Zhou L,Liu X H,Ding T,Zhou B F.2016.Upper ocean response to Typhoon Kalmaegi(2014).Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(8):6 520-6 535.
Zhang J,Gilbert D,Gooday A J,Levin L,Naqvi S W A,Middelburg J J,Scranton M,Ekau W,Pe?a A,Dewitte B,Oguz T,Monteiro P M S,Urban E,Rabalais N N,Ittekkot V,Kemp W M,Ulloa O,Elmgren R,Escobar-Briones E,van der Plas A.2010.Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas:synthesis and future development.Biogeosciences,7(5):1 443-1 467.
Zheng J J,Gao S,Liu G M,Wang H,Zhu X M.2016.Modeling the impact of river discharge and wind on the hypoxia off Yangtze estuary.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,16(12):2 559-2 576.
Zhu J R,Zhu Z Y,Lin J,Wu H,Zhang J.2015.Distribution of hypoxia and pycnocline off the Changjiang estuary,China.Journal of Marine Systems,154:28-40,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.05.002.
Zhu Z Y,Zhang J,Wu Y,Zhang Y Y,Lin J,Ji Q.2013.Early degradation rate particulate organic carbon and phytoplankton pigments under diff erent dissolved oxygen level off the Changjiang(Yangtze)river estuary.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,44(1):1-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Barth A,Alvera-Azcárate A,Weisberg R H.2008.Benefi t of nesting a regional model into a large-scale ocean model instead of climatology.Application to the West Florida shelf.Continental Shelf Research,28(4-5):561-573.
Bianchi T S,DiMarco S F,Cowan Jr J H,Hetland R D,Chapman P,Day J W,Allison M A.2010.The science of hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico:a review.Science of the Total Environment,408(7):1 471-1 484.
Bueti M R,Ginis I,Rothstein L M,Griffi es S M.2014.Tropical cyclone-induced thermocline warming and its regional and global impacts.Journal of Climate,27(18):6 978-6 999.
Chapman D C.1985.Numerical treatment of cross-shelf open boundaries in a barotropic coastal ocean model.Journal of Physical Oceanography,15(8):1 060-1 075.
Chen C C,Gong G C,Shiah F K.2007.Hypoxia in the East China Sea:one of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world.Marine Environmental Research,64(4):399-408.
Chen C S,Xue P F,Ding P X,Beardsley R C,Xu Q C,Mao XM,Gao G P,Qi J H,Li C Y,Lin H C,Cowles G,Shi M C.2008.Physical mechanisms for the off shore detachment of the Changjiang Diluted Water in the East China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,113(C2):C02002.
Chen J Y,Ni X B,Liu M L,Chen J F,Mao Z H,Jin H Y,Pan D L.2015.Monitoring the occurrence of seasonal low‐oxygen events off the Changjiang estuary through integration of remote sensing,buoy observations,and modeling.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,119(8):5 311-5 322.
Cloern J E.2010.Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem.Marine Ecology Progress Series,210:223-253.
Dagg M J,Ammerman J W,Amon R M W,Gardner W S,Green R E,Lohrenz S E.2007.A review of water column processes infl uencing hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico.Estuaries and Coasts,30(5):735-752.
Diaz R J,Rosenberg R.2008.Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems.Science,321(5891):926-929.
Diaz R J.2001.Overview of hypoxia around the world.Journal of Environmental Quality,30(2):275-281.
Donlon C J,Martin M,Stark J,Roberts-Jones J,Fiedler E,Wimmer W.2012.The operational sea surface temperature and sea ice analysis(OSTIA)system.Remote Sensing of Environment,116:140-158.
Egbert G D,Bennett A F,Foreman M G G.1994.TOPEX/POSEIDON tides estimated using a global inverse model.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,99(C12):24 821-24 852.
Egbert G D,Erofeeva S Y.2002.Effi cient inverse modeling of barotropic ocean tides.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,19(2):183-204.
Engle V D,Summers J K,Macauley J M.1999.Dissolved oxygen conditions in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,57(1):1-20.
Flather R A.1976.A tidal model of northwest European continental shelf.Memoires Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege,10(6),141-164.
Go?i M A,Gordon E S,Monacci N M,Clinton R,Gisewhite R,Allison M A,Kineke G.2006.The eff ect of Hurricane Lili on the distribution of organic matter along the inner Louisiana shelf(Gulf of Mexico,USA).Continental Shelf Research,26(17-18):2 260-2 280.
Greatbatch R J.1983.On the response of the ocean to a moving storm:the nonlinear dynamics.Journal of Physical Oceanography,13(3):357-367.
Gu H K.1980.The maximum value of dissolved oxygen in its vertical distribution in Yellow Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2(2):70-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Guan B X.1994.Patterns and structures of the currents in Bohai,Huanghai and East China Seas.In:Zhou D,Liang Y B,Zeng C K eds.Oceanology of China Seas.Springer,Dordrecht,p.17-26.
Haidvogel D B,Arango H G,Hedstrom K,Beckmann A,Malanotte-Rizzoli P,Shchepetkin A F.2000.Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin:simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans,32(3-4):239-281.
Hetland R D.2017.Suppression of baroclinic instabilities in buoyancy-driven fl ow over sloping bathymetry.Journal of Physical Oceanography,47(1):49-68.
Isobe A.2004.Ballooning of river-plume bulge and its stabilization by tidal currents.Journal of Physical Oceanography,35(12):2 337-2 351.
Jia G D,Peng P A.2003.Temporal and spatial variations in signatures of sedimented organic matter in Lingding Bay(Pearl estuary),southern China.Marine Chemistry,82(1-2):47-54.
Justi?D,Wang L X.2014.Assessing temporal and spatial variability of hypoxia over the inner Louisiana-upper Texas shelf:application of an unstructured-grid threedimensional coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model.Continental Shelf Research,72:163-179.
Kemp W M,Smith E M,Marvin-DiPasquale M,Boynton W R.1997.Organic carbon balance and net ecosystem metabolism in Chesapeake Bay.Marine Ecology Progress Series,150:229-248.
Li D J,Zhang J,Huang D J,Wu Y,Liang J.2002.Oxygen depletion off the Changjiang(Yangtze River)estuary.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,45(12):1 137-1 146.
Li M,Rong Z R.2012.Eff ects of tides on freshwater and volume transports in the Changjiang River plume.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C6):C06027,https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007716.
Lin J,Xu H Z,Cudaback C,Wang D X.2008.Inter-annual variability of hypoxic conditions in a shallow estuary.Journal of Marine Systems,73(1-2):169-184.
Lin J,Yan Q,Zhu J R,Gong F X.2014.Analysis of thermocline and hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary in late summer.Journal of Fisheries of China,38(10):1 747-1 757.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu H X,Li D J,Gao L,Wang W W,Chen W Q.2012.Study on main infl uencing factors of formation and deterioration of summer hypoxia off the Yangtze River estuary.Advances in Marine Science,30(2):186-197.(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Z H,Xu J P,Sun C H,Wu X F.2014.An upper ocean response to Typhoon Bolaven analyzed with Argo profi ling fl oats.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,33(11):90-101.
Nash J E,Sutcliff e J V.1970.River fl ow forecasting through conceptual models part I-a discussion of principles.Journal of Hydrology,10(3):282-290.
Ni X B,Huang D J,Zeng D Y,Zhang T,Li H L,Chen J F.2016.The impact of wind mixing on the variation of bottom dissolved oxygen off the Changjiang estuary during summer.Journal of Marine Systems,154:122-130.
Orlanski I.1976.A simple boundary condition for unbounded hyperbolic fl ows.Journal of Computational Physics,21(3):251-269.
Park T,Jang C J,Jungclaus J H,Haak H,Park W,Oh I S.2011.Eff ects of the Changjiang river discharge on sea surface warming in the Yellow and East China Seas in summer.Continental Shelf Research,31(1):15-22.
Price J F,Sanford T B,Forristall G Z.1994.Forced stage response to a moving hurricane.Journal of Physical Oceanography,24(2):233-260.
Price J,Jayne S R,Rainville L,Centurioni L R,Chang Y,Morzel J.2012.Cooling and warming of SST in the wake of typhoon Fanapi(2010).In:American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting 2012,abstract id.OS34B-04.
Rong Z R,Li M.2012.Tidal eff ects on the bulge region of Changjiang River plume.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,97:149-160.
Shchepetkin A F,McWilliams J C.2005.The regional oceanic modeling system(ROMS):a split-explicit,free-surface,topography-following-coordinate oceanic model.Ocean Modelling,9(4):347-404.
Song Y H,Haidvogel D.1994.A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topographyfollowing coordinate system.Journal of Computational Physics,115(1):228-244.
Sotto L P,Jacinto G S,Villanoy C L.2014.Spatiotemporal variability of hypoxia and eutrophication in Manila Bay,Philippines during the northeast and southwest monsoons.Marine Pollution Bulletin,85(2):446-454.
Stark J D,Donlon C J,Martin M J,McCulloch M E.2007.OSTIA:an operational,high resolution,real time,global sea surface temperature analysis system.In:Proceedings of Europe OCEANS 2007.IEEE,Aberdeen,UK,p.1-4.
Su J L,Pan Y Q,Liang X S.1994.Kuroshio intrusion and Taiwan warm current.In:Di Z,Yuan-Bo L,Cheng-Kui Zeds.Oceanology of China Seas.Springer,Dordrecht,p.59-70.
Tyson R V,Pearson T H.1991.Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia.The Geological Society,London.
Umlauf L,Burchard H.2003.A generic length-scale equation for geophysical turbulence models.Journal of Marine Research,61(2):235-265.
Wang B D,Wei Q S,Chen J F,Xie L P.2012.Annual cycle of hypoxia off the Changjiang(Yangtze River)estuary.Marine Environmental Research,77:1-5.
Wang B D.2009.Hydromorphological mechanisms leading to hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary.Marine Environmental Research,67(1):53-58.
Warner J C,Geyer W R,Lerczak J A.2005b.Numerical modeling of an estuary:a comprehensive skill assessment.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,110(C5):C05001,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002691.
Warner J C,Sherwood C R,Arango H G,Signell R P.2005a.Performance of four turbulence closure models implemented using a generic length scale method.Ocean Modelling,8(1-2):81-113.
Wei H,He Y C,Li Q J,Liu Z Y,Wang H T.2007.Summer hypoxia adjacent to the Changjiang estuary.Journal of Marine Systems,67(3-4):292-303.
Wei Q S,Yu Z G,Xia C S,Zang J Y,Ran X B,Zhang X L.2011.A preliminary analysis on the dynamic characteristics of the hypoxic zone adjacent to the Changjiang estuary in summer.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,33(6):100-109.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wilson R E,Swanson R L,Crowley H A.2008.Perspectives on long‐term variations in hypoxic conditions in western Long Island Sound.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,113(C12):C12011.
Winstanley D.1999.Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.Environmental Science and Policy,2(1):1-3.
Yin K D,Lin Z F,Ke Z Y.2004.Temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in the Pearl River estuary and adjacent coastal waters.Continental Shelf Research,24(16):1 935-1 948.
Zhang H,Chen D K,Zhou L,Liu X H,Ding T,Zhou B F.2016.Upper ocean response to Typhoon Kalmaegi(2014).Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(8):6 520-6 535.
Zhang J,Gilbert D,Gooday A J,Levin L,Naqvi S W A,Middelburg J J,Scranton M,Ekau W,Pe?a A,Dewitte B,Oguz T,Monteiro P M S,Urban E,Rabalais N N,Ittekkot V,Kemp W M,Ulloa O,Elmgren R,Escobar-Briones E,van der Plas A.2010.Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas:synthesis and future development.Biogeosciences,7(5):1 443-1 467.
Zheng J J,Gao S,Liu G M,Wang H,Zhu X M.2016.Modeling the impact of river discharge and wind on the hypoxia off Yangtze estuary.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,16(12):2 559-2 576.
Zhu J R,Zhu Z Y,Lin J,Wu H,Zhang J.2015.Distribution of hypoxia and pycnocline off the Changjiang estuary,China.Journal of Marine Systems,154:28-40,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.05.002.
Zhu Z Y,Zhang J,Wu Y,Zhang Y Y,Lin J,Ji Q.2013.Early degradation rate particulate organic carbon and phytoplankton pigments under diff erent dissolved oxygen level off the Changjiang(Yangtze)river estuary.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,44(1):1-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)