Development of a global high-resolution marine dynamic environmental forecasting system
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摘要
全球海洋环境安全预报保障能力的提升,是我国海洋强国战略和参与全球海洋治理的重要保障。在过去的五年中,国家海洋环境预报中心完成了没有全球保障能力到初步建立的过程,但是现有的全球海洋环境安全保障系统,无论是在精度还是深度上都不能满足需求,因此建立具有自主知识产权高分辨率的全球海洋动力环境数值预报系统迫在眉睫。因此,科技部海洋环境安全保障专项支持了‘全球高分辨率海洋动力环境数值预报系统研制’项目的立项。本项目(1)通过开展现场观测与实验室试验,研究海洋多尺度混合并优化物理参数化方案;(2)发展自主全球高分辨海洋环流、潮汐潮流、海浪及浪-潮-流耦合数值模式,发展海气耦合预报技术;(3)建立自主知识产权高分辨率的全球海洋动力环境数值预报系统,开展集成应用研发,全面提升我国自主能力与预报水平,实现中尺度现象的稳定识别和业务预报,精度达到国际同类预报产品水平。
A project entitled ‘Development of a Global High-resolution Marine Dynamic Environmental Forecasting System' has been funded by ‘The Program on Marine Environmental Safety Guarantee' of The National Key Research and Development Program of China. This project will accomplish its objectives through basic theoretical research, model development and expansion,and system establishment and application, with a focus on four key issues separated into nine tasks. A series of research achievements have already been obtained, including datasets, observations, theories, and model results.
A project entitled ‘Development of a Global High-resolution Marine Dynamic Environmental Forecasting System' has been funded by ‘The Program on Marine Environmental Safety Guarantee' of The National Key Research and Development Program of China. This project will accomplish its objectives through basic theoretical research, model development and expansion,and system establishment and application, with a focus on four key issues separated into nine tasks. A series of research achievements have already been obtained, including datasets, observations, theories, and model results.
引文
Baumert,H.,J.Simpson,and J.Sündermann.2005.Marine Turbulence:Theories,Observations,and Models.Results of the CARTUM Project.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Cai,S.G.,and Z.J.Gan.2001.“Progress in the study of the internal solution in the northern south China sea.”Advances in Earth Science 16(2):215-219.
Crosnier,L.,and C.Le Provost.2007.“Inter-Comparing Five Forecast Operational Systems in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Basins:The MERSEA-strand1 Methodology.”Journal Marine Systems 65(1-4):354-375.doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.01.003.
Dai,D.J.,F.Qiao,W.Sulisz,L.Han,and A.Babanin.2010.“An Experiment on the Nonbreaking Surface-Wave-induced Vertical Mixing.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 40:2180-2188.doi:10.1175/2010JPO4378.1.
Dai,D.J.,F.L.Qiao,and Y.L.Yuan.2007.“Generation of Internal Tide under Weak Topography Approximation 1.The Theoretical Frame Work and Analytical Solutions.”Advances in Marine Science 25(2):123-130.(in Chinese).
Desai,S.D.,and J.M.Wahr.1999.“Monthly and Fortnightly Tidal Variations of the Earth’s Rotation Rate Predicted by a TOPEX/POSEIDON Empirical Ocean Tide Model.?Geophysical ResearchLetters 26(8):1035-1038.doi:10.1029/1999GL900182.
Ezer,T.2000.“On the Seasonal Mixed Layer Simulated by a Basin-Scale Ocean Model and the Mellor-Yamada Turbulence Scheme.”Journal of Geophysical Research 105:16843-16855.doi:10.1029/2000JC900088.
Fan,Z.S.2002.Research FundamentaIs of Ocean Interior Mixing[M].Beijing:Ocean Press.(in Chinese).
Fujii,Y.,and M.Kamachi.2003.“Three-Dimensional Analysis of Temperature and Salinity in the Equatorial Pacific Using a Variational Method with Vertical Coupled TemperatureSalinity Empirical Orthogonal Function Modes.”Journal of Geophysical Research 108(C9):3297.doi:10.1029/2002JC001745.
Garrett,C.1996.“Processes in the Surface Mixed Layer of the Ocean.”Dynamics of Amospheres and Oceans 23:19-34.doi:10.1016/0377-0265(95)00421-1.
Gerkema,T.,and V.I.Shrira.2005.“Near-Inertial Waves in the Ocean:Beyond the‘Traditional Approximation’.”Journal of Fluid Mechanics 529:195-219.doi:10.1017/S0022112005003411.
Hernandez,F.,L.Bertino,G.B.Brassington,E.Chassignet,J.Cummings,F.Davidson,M.Drévillon.2009.“Validation and Intercomparison Studies within GODAE.”Oceanography 22(3):128-143.doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.71.
Hernandez,F.,E.Blockley,G.B.Brassington,F.Davidson,P.Divakaran,M.Drévillon,S.Ishizaki,2015.“Recent Progress in Performance Evaluations and near Real-Time Assessment of Operational Ocean Products.”Journal of Operational Oceanography 8(S2):221-238.doi:10.1080/1755876X.2015.1050282.
Huang,C.,F.Qiao,Z.Song,and T.Ezer.2011.“Improving Simulation of the Upper Ocean by Inclusion of Surface Waves in the Mellor-Yamada Turbulence Scheme.”Journal of Geophysical Research 116:C01007.doi:10.1029/2010JC006320.
Huang,R.,X.Jin,and X.Zhang.2001.“An Oceanic General Circulation Model in Pressure Coordinates.”Advances in Sciences 18:1-22.doi:10.1007/s00376-001-0001-9.
Huang,R.X.1999.“Mixing and Energetics of the Thermohaline Circulation in the Ocean.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 29:727-746.doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0727:MAEOTO>2.0.CO;2.
Jin,X.Z.,X.Zhang,and T.Zhou.1999.“Fundamental Framework and Experiments of the Third Generation of IAP/LASG World Ocean General Circulation Model.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 16:197-215.doi:10.1007/BF02973082.
Khatiwala,S.2003.“Generation of Internal T Ides in an Ocean of Finite Depth:Analytical and Numerical Calculations.”Deep-Sea Researcher 50:3-21.doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00132-2.
Kitaigorodskii,S.A.,M.A.Donelan,J.L.Lumley,and E.A.Terray.1983.“Wave-Turbulence Interactions in the Upper Ocean,Part II.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 13:1988-1999.doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<1988:WTIITU>2.0.CO;2.
Lellouche,J.-M.,O.Le Galloudec,M.Drévillon,C.Régnier,E.Greiner,G.Garric,N.Ferry,et al.2013.“Evaluation of Global Monitoring and Forecasting Systems at Mercator Océan.”Ocean Science 9(1):57-81.doi:10.5194/os-9-57-2013.
Lellouche,J.M.,O.Legalloudec,R.Bourdallé-Badie,G.Garric,E.Greiner,M.Drévillon,C.Regnier,C.Testut,M.Benkiran,and Y.Drillet.2015.“The Global Mercator Ocean Analysis and Forecasting High Resolution System and Its Main Future Updates.”Geophysical Research Abstracts 17:EGU2015-12234.
Ling,T.J.,L.Y.Wan,and Y.Liu.2017.Technical Report of Global High-Resolution Numerical Forecasting System for the Hydrodynamic Environment in 2017(Submitted to Ministry of Science and Technology in Chinese).
Liu,H.L.,P.Lin,Y.Yu,and X.Zhang.2012.“The Baseline Evaluation of LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model(LICOM)Version 2.”Acta Meteorologica Sinica 26(3):318-329.doi:10.1007/s13351-012-0305-y.
Liu,H.L.,X.Zhang,W.Li,Y.Yu,and R.Yu.2004a.“An Eddy Permitting Oceanic General Circulation Model and Its Preliminary Evaluation.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences21(5):675-690.doi:10.1007/BF02916365.
Liu H.L.,Y.Yu,W.Li,and X.Zhang.2004b.Manual for LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model(LICOM1.0),128.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese).
Liu,X.D.,S.Osher,and T.Chan.1994.“Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory Schemes.”Journal of Computational Physics115:200-212.doi:10.1006/jcph.1994.1187.
Liu,Y.,and Z.Fan.2005.“An Application of Parameterization Scheme of Ocean Fine Structure Mixing to the Numerical Experiment of OGCM.”Periodical of Ocean University of China 35(4):534-538.(in Chinese).
Martin,M.2011.“Ocean Forecasting Systems:Product Evaluation and Skill.”In Operational Oceanography in the21st Century,edited by A.Schiller and G.B.Brassington,611-632.Switzerland:Springer Science+Business Media B.V.doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0332-2_22.
Oke,P.R.,D.A.Griffin,A.Schiller,R.J.Matear,R.Fiedler,J.Mansbridge,A.Lenton,M.Cahill,M.A.Chamberlain,and K.Ridgway.2013.“Evaluation of a Near-Global Eddy-Resolving Ocean Model.”Geosci Model Dev 6(3):591-615.doi:10.5194/gmd-6-591-2013.
Ou,N.S.,Y.H.Lin,X.Q.Bi,and Y.Zhang.2016.“Baseline Evaluation of a Pressure Coordinate Ocean Model(PCOM1.0).”Climatic and Environmental Research 21(1):56-64.(in Chinese).doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2015.15078.
Qiao,F.L.,Y.Yuan,T.Ezer,C.Xia,Y.Yang,X.Lü,and Z.Song.2010.“A Three-Dimensional Surface Wave-Ocean Circulation Coupled Model and Its Initial Testing.”Ocean Dynamics 60(5):1339-1355.doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0326-y.
Qiao,F.L.,Y.Yuan,Y.Yang,Q.Zheng,C.Xia,and J.Ma.2004.“Wave-Induce Mixing in the Upper Ocean:Distribution and Application to a Global Ocean Circulation Model.”Geophysical Research Letters 31:L11303.doi:10.1029/2004GL019824.
Rose,K.A.,B.M.Roth,and E.P.Smith.2009.“Skill Assessment of Spatial Maps for Oceanographic Modeling.”Journal Marine Systems 76(1-2):34-48.doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.013.
Ryan,A.G.,C.Regnier,P.Divakaran,T.Spindler,A.Mehra,G.C.Smith,F.Davidson,F.Hernandez,J.Maksymczuk,and Y.Liu.2015.“GODAE OceanView Class 4 Forecast Verification Framework:Global Ocean Inter-Comparison.”Journal of Operational Oceanography 8(S1):98-111.doi:10.1080/1755876X.2015.1022330.
Schiller,A.,E.Dombrowsky,and GOVST.2012.“Work Plan V9 of GODAE Ocean View Science Team 2009-2013.”https://www.godae-oceanview.org/documents/q/category/general-docu ments/work-plan-archive/
Shen,C.,and J.Zuo.2006.“Comparation and Analysis of World Ocean Tides.”Periodical of Ocean University of China 36(4):523-529.
Simmons,H.L.,S.R.Jayne,L.C.S.Laurent,and A.J.Weaver.2003.“Tidally Driven Mixing in a Numerical Model of the Ocean General Circulation.”Ocean Modelling 6(2004):245-263.doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00011-8.
Sun,Q.,J.Song,and C.Guan.2005.“Simulation of the Ocean Surface Mixed Layer under the Wave Breaking.”Acta Oceanologica Sinica 24(3):9-15.
Thorpe,S.A.1995.“Dynamical Processes at the Sea Surface.”Progress in Oceanography 35:315-352.doi:10.1016/0079-6611(95)80002-B.
Tonani,M.,M.Balmaseda,L.Bertino,E.Blockley,G.Brassington,F.Davidson,Y.Drillet,et al.2015.“Status and Future of Global and Regional Ocean Prediction Systems.”Journal of Operational Oceanography 8(s2):s201-s220.doi:10.1080/1755876X.2015.1049892.
Veron,F.,W.K.Melville,and L.Lenain.2009.“Measurements of Ocean Surface Turbulence and Wave-Turbulence Interactions.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 39:2310-2323.doi:10.1175/2009JPO4019.1.
Wang,H.,L.Y.Wan,Y.H.Qin,Y.Wang,X.L.Yang,Y.Liu,J.Y.Xing.2016.“Development and Application of Global Operational Oceanography Forecasting System in China.”Advances in Earth Science 31(10):1090-1104.(in Chinese).
Wang,Y.,G.H.Fang,Z.X.Wei,Y.G.Wang,and X.Y.Wang.2010.“Accuracy Assessment of Global Ocean Tide Models Base on Satellite Altimetry.”Advances in Earth Sciences 25(4):353-359.
Wang,Z.,and K.Wu.2013.“Research on Impact of Stokes-Drift on the Ocean Upper Mixed Layer.”Periodical of Ocean University of China 43(1):1-10.in Chinese.
Xie,J.,J.Zhu,and Y.Li.2008.“Assessment and Inter-Comparison of Five High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Products in the Shelf and Coastal Seas around China.”Continental Shelf Research 28(10-11):1286-1293.doi:10.1016/j.csr.2008.02.020.
Zhang,S.W.,R.X.Cao,and F.Q.Zhu.2011.“A Review of the Turbulent Mixing by Wind Wave Breaking.”Acta Physica Sinica 60(11):119201.in Chinese.
Zhang,X.H.,K.M.Chen,X.Z.Jin,W.Y.Lin,and Y.Q.Yu.1996.“Simulation of Thermohaline Circulation with a Twenty-Layer Oceanic General Circulation Model.”Theoretical and Applied Climatology 55(1-4):65-87.doi:10.1007/BF00864703.
Zhang,X.H.,and X.Z.Liang.1989.“A Numerical World Ocean General Circulation Model.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 6(1):43-61.
Zhang,Y.,Y.Lin,and R.Huang.2014a.“Impact of Vertical Turbulence on Ocean Gravitational Potential Energy and the Tracer Mixing Process”.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 38(5):838-848(in Chinese).
Zhang,Y.,Y.H.Lin,and R.X.Huang.2014b.“A Climatic Dataset of Ocean Vertical Turbulent Mixing Coefficient Based on Real Energy Sources.”Science China:Earth Sciences.doi:10.1007/s11430-014-4904-6.
Zheng P.N.,J.Song,F.R.Zhang,and X.W.Bao.2008.“Common Instruction of Some OGCM.”Marine Forecasts25(4):108-120(in Chinese).
Cai,S.G.,and Z.J.Gan.2001.“Progress in the study of the internal solution in the northern south China sea.”Advances in Earth Science 16(2):215-219.
Crosnier,L.,and C.Le Provost.2007.“Inter-Comparing Five Forecast Operational Systems in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Basins:The MERSEA-strand1 Methodology.”Journal Marine Systems 65(1-4):354-375.doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.01.003.
Dai,D.J.,F.Qiao,W.Sulisz,L.Han,and A.Babanin.2010.“An Experiment on the Nonbreaking Surface-Wave-induced Vertical Mixing.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 40:2180-2188.doi:10.1175/2010JPO4378.1.
Dai,D.J.,F.L.Qiao,and Y.L.Yuan.2007.“Generation of Internal Tide under Weak Topography Approximation 1.The Theoretical Frame Work and Analytical Solutions.”Advances in Marine Science 25(2):123-130.(in Chinese).
Desai,S.D.,and J.M.Wahr.1999.“Monthly and Fortnightly Tidal Variations of the Earth’s Rotation Rate Predicted by a TOPEX/POSEIDON Empirical Ocean Tide Model.?Geophysical ResearchLetters 26(8):1035-1038.doi:10.1029/1999GL900182.
Ezer,T.2000.“On the Seasonal Mixed Layer Simulated by a Basin-Scale Ocean Model and the Mellor-Yamada Turbulence Scheme.”Journal of Geophysical Research 105:16843-16855.doi:10.1029/2000JC900088.
Fan,Z.S.2002.Research FundamentaIs of Ocean Interior Mixing[M].Beijing:Ocean Press.(in Chinese).
Fujii,Y.,and M.Kamachi.2003.“Three-Dimensional Analysis of Temperature and Salinity in the Equatorial Pacific Using a Variational Method with Vertical Coupled TemperatureSalinity Empirical Orthogonal Function Modes.”Journal of Geophysical Research 108(C9):3297.doi:10.1029/2002JC001745.
Garrett,C.1996.“Processes in the Surface Mixed Layer of the Ocean.”Dynamics of Amospheres and Oceans 23:19-34.doi:10.1016/0377-0265(95)00421-1.
Gerkema,T.,and V.I.Shrira.2005.“Near-Inertial Waves in the Ocean:Beyond the‘Traditional Approximation’.”Journal of Fluid Mechanics 529:195-219.doi:10.1017/S0022112005003411.
Hernandez,F.,L.Bertino,G.B.Brassington,E.Chassignet,J.Cummings,F.Davidson,M.Drévillon.2009.“Validation and Intercomparison Studies within GODAE.”Oceanography 22(3):128-143.doi:10.5670/oceanog.2009.71.
Hernandez,F.,E.Blockley,G.B.Brassington,F.Davidson,P.Divakaran,M.Drévillon,S.Ishizaki,2015.“Recent Progress in Performance Evaluations and near Real-Time Assessment of Operational Ocean Products.”Journal of Operational Oceanography 8(S2):221-238.doi:10.1080/1755876X.2015.1050282.
Huang,C.,F.Qiao,Z.Song,and T.Ezer.2011.“Improving Simulation of the Upper Ocean by Inclusion of Surface Waves in the Mellor-Yamada Turbulence Scheme.”Journal of Geophysical Research 116:C01007.doi:10.1029/2010JC006320.
Huang,R.,X.Jin,and X.Zhang.2001.“An Oceanic General Circulation Model in Pressure Coordinates.”Advances in Sciences 18:1-22.doi:10.1007/s00376-001-0001-9.
Huang,R.X.1999.“Mixing and Energetics of the Thermohaline Circulation in the Ocean.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 29:727-746.doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0727:MAEOTO>2.0.CO;2.
Jin,X.Z.,X.Zhang,and T.Zhou.1999.“Fundamental Framework and Experiments of the Third Generation of IAP/LASG World Ocean General Circulation Model.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 16:197-215.doi:10.1007/BF02973082.
Khatiwala,S.2003.“Generation of Internal T Ides in an Ocean of Finite Depth:Analytical and Numerical Calculations.”Deep-Sea Researcher 50:3-21.doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00132-2.
Kitaigorodskii,S.A.,M.A.Donelan,J.L.Lumley,and E.A.Terray.1983.“Wave-Turbulence Interactions in the Upper Ocean,Part II.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 13:1988-1999.doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<1988:WTIITU>2.0.CO;2.
Lellouche,J.-M.,O.Le Galloudec,M.Drévillon,C.Régnier,E.Greiner,G.Garric,N.Ferry,et al.2013.“Evaluation of Global Monitoring and Forecasting Systems at Mercator Océan.”Ocean Science 9(1):57-81.doi:10.5194/os-9-57-2013.
Lellouche,J.M.,O.Legalloudec,R.Bourdallé-Badie,G.Garric,E.Greiner,M.Drévillon,C.Regnier,C.Testut,M.Benkiran,and Y.Drillet.2015.“The Global Mercator Ocean Analysis and Forecasting High Resolution System and Its Main Future Updates.”Geophysical Research Abstracts 17:EGU2015-12234.
Ling,T.J.,L.Y.Wan,and Y.Liu.2017.Technical Report of Global High-Resolution Numerical Forecasting System for the Hydrodynamic Environment in 2017(Submitted to Ministry of Science and Technology in Chinese).
Liu,H.L.,P.Lin,Y.Yu,and X.Zhang.2012.“The Baseline Evaluation of LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model(LICOM)Version 2.”Acta Meteorologica Sinica 26(3):318-329.doi:10.1007/s13351-012-0305-y.
Liu,H.L.,X.Zhang,W.Li,Y.Yu,and R.Yu.2004a.“An Eddy Permitting Oceanic General Circulation Model and Its Preliminary Evaluation.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences21(5):675-690.doi:10.1007/BF02916365.
Liu H.L.,Y.Yu,W.Li,and X.Zhang.2004b.Manual for LASG/IAP Climate System Ocean Model(LICOM1.0),128.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese).
Liu,X.D.,S.Osher,and T.Chan.1994.“Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory Schemes.”Journal of Computational Physics115:200-212.doi:10.1006/jcph.1994.1187.
Liu,Y.,and Z.Fan.2005.“An Application of Parameterization Scheme of Ocean Fine Structure Mixing to the Numerical Experiment of OGCM.”Periodical of Ocean University of China 35(4):534-538.(in Chinese).
Martin,M.2011.“Ocean Forecasting Systems:Product Evaluation and Skill.”In Operational Oceanography in the21st Century,edited by A.Schiller and G.B.Brassington,611-632.Switzerland:Springer Science+Business Media B.V.doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0332-2_22.
Oke,P.R.,D.A.Griffin,A.Schiller,R.J.Matear,R.Fiedler,J.Mansbridge,A.Lenton,M.Cahill,M.A.Chamberlain,and K.Ridgway.2013.“Evaluation of a Near-Global Eddy-Resolving Ocean Model.”Geosci Model Dev 6(3):591-615.doi:10.5194/gmd-6-591-2013.
Ou,N.S.,Y.H.Lin,X.Q.Bi,and Y.Zhang.2016.“Baseline Evaluation of a Pressure Coordinate Ocean Model(PCOM1.0).”Climatic and Environmental Research 21(1):56-64.(in Chinese).doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2015.15078.
Qiao,F.L.,Y.Yuan,T.Ezer,C.Xia,Y.Yang,X.Lü,and Z.Song.2010.“A Three-Dimensional Surface Wave-Ocean Circulation Coupled Model and Its Initial Testing.”Ocean Dynamics 60(5):1339-1355.doi:10.1007/s10236-010-0326-y.
Qiao,F.L.,Y.Yuan,Y.Yang,Q.Zheng,C.Xia,and J.Ma.2004.“Wave-Induce Mixing in the Upper Ocean:Distribution and Application to a Global Ocean Circulation Model.”Geophysical Research Letters 31:L11303.doi:10.1029/2004GL019824.
Rose,K.A.,B.M.Roth,and E.P.Smith.2009.“Skill Assessment of Spatial Maps for Oceanographic Modeling.”Journal Marine Systems 76(1-2):34-48.doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.013.
Ryan,A.G.,C.Regnier,P.Divakaran,T.Spindler,A.Mehra,G.C.Smith,F.Davidson,F.Hernandez,J.Maksymczuk,and Y.Liu.2015.“GODAE OceanView Class 4 Forecast Verification Framework:Global Ocean Inter-Comparison.”Journal of Operational Oceanography 8(S1):98-111.doi:10.1080/1755876X.2015.1022330.
Schiller,A.,E.Dombrowsky,and GOVST.2012.“Work Plan V9 of GODAE Ocean View Science Team 2009-2013.”https://www.godae-oceanview.org/documents/q/category/general-docu ments/work-plan-archive/
Shen,C.,and J.Zuo.2006.“Comparation and Analysis of World Ocean Tides.”Periodical of Ocean University of China 36(4):523-529.
Simmons,H.L.,S.R.Jayne,L.C.S.Laurent,and A.J.Weaver.2003.“Tidally Driven Mixing in a Numerical Model of the Ocean General Circulation.”Ocean Modelling 6(2004):245-263.doi:10.1016/S1463-5003(03)00011-8.
Sun,Q.,J.Song,and C.Guan.2005.“Simulation of the Ocean Surface Mixed Layer under the Wave Breaking.”Acta Oceanologica Sinica 24(3):9-15.
Thorpe,S.A.1995.“Dynamical Processes at the Sea Surface.”Progress in Oceanography 35:315-352.doi:10.1016/0079-6611(95)80002-B.
Tonani,M.,M.Balmaseda,L.Bertino,E.Blockley,G.Brassington,F.Davidson,Y.Drillet,et al.2015.“Status and Future of Global and Regional Ocean Prediction Systems.”Journal of Operational Oceanography 8(s2):s201-s220.doi:10.1080/1755876X.2015.1049892.
Veron,F.,W.K.Melville,and L.Lenain.2009.“Measurements of Ocean Surface Turbulence and Wave-Turbulence Interactions.”Journal of Physical Oceanography 39:2310-2323.doi:10.1175/2009JPO4019.1.
Wang,H.,L.Y.Wan,Y.H.Qin,Y.Wang,X.L.Yang,Y.Liu,J.Y.Xing.2016.“Development and Application of Global Operational Oceanography Forecasting System in China.”Advances in Earth Science 31(10):1090-1104.(in Chinese).
Wang,Y.,G.H.Fang,Z.X.Wei,Y.G.Wang,and X.Y.Wang.2010.“Accuracy Assessment of Global Ocean Tide Models Base on Satellite Altimetry.”Advances in Earth Sciences 25(4):353-359.
Wang,Z.,and K.Wu.2013.“Research on Impact of Stokes-Drift on the Ocean Upper Mixed Layer.”Periodical of Ocean University of China 43(1):1-10.in Chinese.
Xie,J.,J.Zhu,and Y.Li.2008.“Assessment and Inter-Comparison of Five High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Products in the Shelf and Coastal Seas around China.”Continental Shelf Research 28(10-11):1286-1293.doi:10.1016/j.csr.2008.02.020.
Zhang,S.W.,R.X.Cao,and F.Q.Zhu.2011.“A Review of the Turbulent Mixing by Wind Wave Breaking.”Acta Physica Sinica 60(11):119201.in Chinese.
Zhang,X.H.,K.M.Chen,X.Z.Jin,W.Y.Lin,and Y.Q.Yu.1996.“Simulation of Thermohaline Circulation with a Twenty-Layer Oceanic General Circulation Model.”Theoretical and Applied Climatology 55(1-4):65-87.doi:10.1007/BF00864703.
Zhang,X.H.,and X.Z.Liang.1989.“A Numerical World Ocean General Circulation Model.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 6(1):43-61.
Zhang,Y.,Y.Lin,and R.Huang.2014a.“Impact of Vertical Turbulence on Ocean Gravitational Potential Energy and the Tracer Mixing Process”.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 38(5):838-848(in Chinese).
Zhang,Y.,Y.H.Lin,and R.X.Huang.2014b.“A Climatic Dataset of Ocean Vertical Turbulent Mixing Coefficient Based on Real Energy Sources.”Science China:Earth Sciences.doi:10.1007/s11430-014-4904-6.
Zheng P.N.,J.Song,F.R.Zhang,and X.W.Bao.2008.“Common Instruction of Some OGCM.”Marine Forecasts25(4):108-120(in Chinese).