不同属性资源非使用价值构成比及影响因素——基于跨案例视角
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摘要
存在价值、遗产价值和选择价值共同构成了资源的非使用价值,但资源的属性差异是否会对非使用价值构成比产生影响尚存争议,研究此问题既可以从理论的角度平衡资源价值评估中的偏倚,也可以给实践生产管理和政策制定提供导向性。本研究采用双边界二分式引导技术,引入心理认知强度,基于跨案例视角研究不同属性资源的非使用价值构成比及影响因素。研究结果显示:①资源的形态属性和产权安排属性对非使用价值构成比产生显著影响;②基于行为经济学理论研究显示受访者对不同属性资源的认知存在搭便车效应和惩罚效应;③SPIKE模型对高抗议支付研究结果的修正具有积极意义;④在非使用价值的研究中应重点考虑资源属性的差异对其产生的影响。
In the study of non-use values of resources,existence value,heritage value and option value are three important components;however,the constituent ratio between them and its influencing factors are not clear.This study we adopts the Double-bounded Contingent Valuation Method and introduces The Psychological Cognition Strength Test via a cross-case perspective to calculate non-material cultural heritage resources.Focal objects were the non-use values and its constituent ratio of The Shangsi festival(case 1) and resources which have a transnational coownership attributes;and Detian waterfall scenic area(case 2).We found that according to a Logit model,the willingness to pay per capita of case land 2 is 99.6978 CNY/(person·a) and 92.5152CNY/(person·a).After correction using SPIKE,the data is 73.9511 CNY/(person·a) and 40.9568CNY/(person·a).The higher the protest pay rate is,the more conspicuous the correction effect will be.Research shows that income limitation,the government's inaction and community conflict are main reasons which can lead to protest pay.The Logit(odds)model calculation shows that the bid value design significantly influences the results,and proves the significance of the bid value deviation to CVM research.The income factor has negative flexibility,age factor has a positive effect while educational factors show points alienation.Different from the natural resources which have both entity attributes and property rights only,the non-use values composition ratio of these two cases are approximately equal,in which the option value is minimum.This shows the morphological attributes and property right arrangement of resources have significant influence.Looking at the morphological attributes and property right arrangement attributes of resources has positive significance to non-use value composition ratio.
In the study of non-use values of resources,existence value,heritage value and option value are three important components;however,the constituent ratio between them and its influencing factors are not clear.This study we adopts the Double-bounded Contingent Valuation Method and introduces The Psychological Cognition Strength Test via a cross-case perspective to calculate non-material cultural heritage resources.Focal objects were the non-use values and its constituent ratio of The Shangsi festival(case 1) and resources which have a transnational coownership attributes;and Detian waterfall scenic area(case 2).We found that according to a Logit model,the willingness to pay per capita of case land 2 is 99.6978 CNY/(person·a) and 92.5152CNY/(person·a).After correction using SPIKE,the data is 73.9511 CNY/(person·a) and 40.9568CNY/(person·a).The higher the protest pay rate is,the more conspicuous the correction effect will be.Research shows that income limitation,the government's inaction and community conflict are main reasons which can lead to protest pay.The Logit(odds)model calculation shows that the bid value design significantly influences the results,and proves the significance of the bid value deviation to CVM research.The income factor has negative flexibility,age factor has a positive effect while educational factors show points alienation.Different from the natural resources which have both entity attributes and property rights only,the non-use values composition ratio of these two cases are approximately equal,in which the option value is minimum.This shows the morphological attributes and property right arrangement of resources have significant influence.Looking at the morphological attributes and property right arrangement attributes of resources has positive significance to non-use value composition ratio.
引文
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[3]Weisbrod B A.Collective-consumption service of individualconsumption goods[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1964,78(3):471-477.
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[8]周军,何小芊,张涛,等.屈原故里景区旅游总经济价值评估研究[J].旅游学刊,2011,26(12):64-70.[Zhou J,He X Q,Zhang T,et al.Study on the assessment of tourism total economic value in the scenic spots of Qu Yuan Hometown[J].Tourism Tribune,2011,26(12):64-70.]
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[10]崔丽娟.扎龙湿地价值货币化评估[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(4):451-456.[Cui L J.Assessment on Zhalong Wetland value[J].Journal of Nature Resources,2002,17(4):451-456.]
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[12]王凤珍,周志翔,郑忠明.城郊过渡带湖泊湿地生态服务功能价值评估[J].生态学报,2011,31(7):1946-1954.[Wang F Z,Zhou Z X,Zheng Z M.Evaluation on service value of ecosystem of peri-urban transition zone lake:A case study in Wuhan city[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(7):1946-1954.]
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[14]陈珂,苏丹,王秋兵,等.意愿调查评估法在生物多样性非使用价值评估中的应用-以辽宁老秃顶子自然保护区为例[J].林业经济问题,2009,29(4):301-309.[Chen K,Su D,Wang Q B,et al.Application of contingent value method on evaluation of the non-use values of biodiversity[J].Issues of Forest Economics,2009,29(4):301-309.]
[15]Holmes T,Adamowicz W.Attribute Based Method[A].Champ P A,Boyle K J,Brown T C.A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation[M].Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2003.
[16]Moore C C,Holmes T P,Bell K P.An attribute approach to contingent valuation of forest protection programs[J].Journal of Forest Economics,2011,17(1):35-52.
[17]Mell I C,Henneberry J,Hehl-Lange S,et al.Promoting urban greening:Valuation the development of green infrastructure investment in the urban core of Manchester,UK[J].Urban Forest&Urban Greening,2013,12(3):296-306.
[18]Cerda C,Ponce A,Zappi M.Using choice experiment to understand public demand for conservation of nature:A case study in a protested area of Chile[J].Journal for Nature Conservation,2013,21(3):143-153.
[19]Komarek T M,Lupi F,Kaplowitz M D.Valuing energy policy attributes for environmentally management:A choice experiment evidence from a research institution[J].Energy Policy,2011,39(9):5105-5115.
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[22]Cumming R G,Harrison G W.The measurement and decomposition of nonuse value:A critical review[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,1995,5(3):225-247.
[23]Carson R T.Contingent Valuation Surveys and Test of Insensitivity to Scope[A].Kopp R J,Pommerehne W W,Schwarz N.Determining the Value of Non-Market Goods:Economic,Psychological and Policy Relevant Aspects of Contingent Valuation Methods[M].Boston:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1997.
[24]张翼飞.CVM研究中支付意愿问卷“内容依赖”性实证研究-以上海市内河生态系统恢复CVM评估为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(6):170-176.[Zhang Y F.Empirical study on“content-dependency”of WTP for ecological service in CVM research:A case study of CVM in water environment restoration of urban river in Shanghai[J].China Population,Resource and Environment,2012,22(6):170-176.]
[25]Carson R T.Contingent valuation:A user’s guide[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(8):1413-1418.
[26]Luzar E J,Cosse K J.Willing to pay or intention to pay:The attitude behavior relationship in contingent valuation[J].Journal of Socio-Economics,1998,27(3):427-444.
[27]Heberlein T A,Wilson M A,Bishop R C,et al.Rethinking the scope test as a criterion for validity in contingent valuation[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2005,50(1-2):1-22.
[28]Cooper P,Peo G L,Bateman I J.The structure of motivation for contingent values:A case study of lake water quality improvement[J].Ecological Economics,2004,50(1-2):69-82.
[29]张明军,孙美平,姚晓军,等.不确定性影响下的平均支付意愿参数估计[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3852-3859.[Zhang M J,Sun M P,Yao X J,et al.Parameter estimation of average willingness to pay under uncertainty effect[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3852-3859.]
[30]冯立骥.心理评估学[M].合肥:安徽大学出版社,2004.[Feng L J.Psychological Evaluation[M].Hefei:Anhui Normal University Press,2004.]
[31]Ciriacy-Wantrup S V.Capital returns from soil-conservation practices[J].Journal of Farm Economics,1947,29(4):1181-1196.
[32]Davis R K.Recreation planting as an economic problem[J].Natural Resources Journal,1963,3(2):239-249.
[33]Bjornstand D J,Kahn J R.The Contingent Valuation of Environmentally Resource:Methodological Issues and Research Need[M].Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999.
[34]Loomis J B,Walsh R G.Recreation Economic Decisions:Comparing Benefits and Costs[M].Pennsylvania:Venture Publishing,1997.
[35]Batman I J,Willis K G.Valuation Environmental Preferences:Theory and Practice of contingent Valuation Method in the US,EU and Developing Countries[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[36]Bishop R C,Heberlien T A.Measuring value of extra-market goods:Are indirect measuring biased[J].American Journal of Agriculture Economics,1979,61(5):926-930.
[37]Hanemann W M.Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiments with discrete responses[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1984,66(3):332-341.
[38]Hanemann W M,Kanninen B J.The Statistical Analysis of Discrete-Response CV Data[A].Bateman I J,Willis K G.Valuing Environmental Preference:Theory and Practice of the Contingent Valuation Method in the US,EU,and Developing Countries[C].New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[39]Arrow K J,Solow R,Portney P R,et al.Report to the NOAA panel on contingent valuation[J].Federal Register,1993,58(10):48-56.
[40]Venkatachalam L.The contingent valuation method:A review[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2004,24(1):89-124.
[41]董雪旺,张捷,刘传华,等.条件价值法中的偏差分析及信度和效度检验-以九寨沟游憩价值评估为例[J].地理学报,2011,66(2):267-278.[Dong X W,Zhang J,Liu C H,et al.Bias analysis and reliability and validity test in contingent valuation method:A case study of assessment of Jiuzhaigou's recreational value[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(2):267-278.]
[42]Dillman D A.Mail and Internet Survey:The Tailored Design Method[M].New Jersey:Wiley,2007.
[43]Amigues J P,Boulatoff C,Desigues B,et al.The benefits and cost of riparian analysis habit preservation:A willingness to accept/willingness to pay using contingent valuation[J].Ecological Economics,2002,43(1):17-43.
[44]Green D,Jacowits K E,Kahneman D,et al.Referendum contingent valuation,anchoring and willingness to pay for public good[J].Resource and Energy Economics,1998,20(2):85-116.
[45]Candice C.Tourism development and resistance in China[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2015,52:29-43.
[46]Zarkin A G,Gates S C,Bala M V.Estimating the willingness to pay for drug abuse treatment-a pilot study[J].Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,2000,18(2):149-159.
[47]Meyerhoff J,Bartczak A,Liebe U.Protester or non-protester:A binary stat?On the use(and non-use)of latent class models to analyses protesting in economics valuation[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,2012,56(3):438-454.
[48]Kristr?m B.Spike models in contingent valuation[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1997,79(3):1013-1023.
[49]Yoo S H,Shin C O,Kwak S K.Using a spike model to deal with zero response data from double bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation surveys[J].Applied Economics Letters,2004,9(4):922-932.
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(1)依据随机抽样公式n=(Z2σ2)/E2,在置信区间为95%水平下,Z统计量取值Z=1.96;误差率E不超过5%,σ为标准差,一般取σ=0.5,计算可得最小有效样本量n=384.15≈385。
(1)计算正WTP样本个体支付强度认知动机归一化统计的样本总体均值,该数据可直接在STATA12.1软件中得到。
[2]Carson R T,Conaway M B,Hanemann W M.Valuing Oil Spill Prevention:A Case Study of California’s Central Coast[M].Norwell MA:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2004.
[3]Weisbrod B A.Collective-consumption service of individualconsumption goods[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1964,78(3):471-477.
[4]Cameron T A,Englin J.Welfare effects of changes in environmental quality under individual uncertainty about use[J].The RAND Journal of Economics,1997,28(9):S45-S70.
[5]Krutilla J V.Conservation reconsidered[J].American Economic Reviewed,1967,57(4):777-786.
[6]Carson R T.Contingent Valuation[A].Maler K G,Vincent J.Handbook of Environmental Economics[M].Amsterdam:North Holland,1989.
[7]钟满秀,许丽忠,杨净.基于认知水平的非使用价值支付动机研究[J].生态学报,2011,31(22):6926-6935.[Zhong M X,Xu L Z,Yang J.A novel cognitive-based approach to motivation for non-use value[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(22):6926-6935.]
[8]周军,何小芊,张涛,等.屈原故里景区旅游总经济价值评估研究[J].旅游学刊,2011,26(12):64-70.[Zhou J,He X Q,Zhang T,et al.Study on the assessment of tourism total economic value in the scenic spots of Qu Yuan Hometown[J].Tourism Tribune,2011,26(12):64-70.]
[9]曾贤刚,王克,程磊磊,等.三江源区生态资源非使用价值评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(6):589-593.[Zeng X G,Wang K,Cheng L L,et al.Non-use value evaluation of ecological resources in Sanjiang Region[J].China Environment Science,2009,29(6):589-593.]
[10]崔丽娟.扎龙湿地价值货币化评估[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(4):451-456.[Cui L J.Assessment on Zhalong Wetland value[J].Journal of Nature Resources,2002,17(4):451-456.]
[11]王凤珍,周志翔,郑忠明.武汉市典型城市湖泊湿地资源非使用价值评价[J].生态学报,2010,30(12):3261-3269.[Wang F Z,Zhou Z X,Zheng Z M.Evaluation on non-use values of typical lake wetlands in Wuhan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(12):3261-3269.]
[12]王凤珍,周志翔,郑忠明.城郊过渡带湖泊湿地生态服务功能价值评估[J].生态学报,2011,31(7):1946-1954.[Wang F Z,Zhou Z X,Zheng Z M.Evaluation on service value of ecosystem of peri-urban transition zone lake:A case study in Wuhan city[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(7):1946-1954.]
[13]李惠,黄硕琳.基于意愿价值评估法的三门湾资源环境非使用价值研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2010,19(1):86-90.[Li H,Huang S L.Non-use value research on resource environment of Sanmen Bay by contingent valuation method[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2010,19(1):86-90.]
[14]陈珂,苏丹,王秋兵,等.意愿调查评估法在生物多样性非使用价值评估中的应用-以辽宁老秃顶子自然保护区为例[J].林业经济问题,2009,29(4):301-309.[Chen K,Su D,Wang Q B,et al.Application of contingent value method on evaluation of the non-use values of biodiversity[J].Issues of Forest Economics,2009,29(4):301-309.]
[15]Holmes T,Adamowicz W.Attribute Based Method[A].Champ P A,Boyle K J,Brown T C.A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation[M].Boston:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2003.
[16]Moore C C,Holmes T P,Bell K P.An attribute approach to contingent valuation of forest protection programs[J].Journal of Forest Economics,2011,17(1):35-52.
[17]Mell I C,Henneberry J,Hehl-Lange S,et al.Promoting urban greening:Valuation the development of green infrastructure investment in the urban core of Manchester,UK[J].Urban Forest&Urban Greening,2013,12(3):296-306.
[18]Cerda C,Ponce A,Zappi M.Using choice experiment to understand public demand for conservation of nature:A case study in a protested area of Chile[J].Journal for Nature Conservation,2013,21(3):143-153.
[19]Komarek T M,Lupi F,Kaplowitz M D.Valuing energy policy attributes for environmentally management:A choice experiment evidence from a research institution[J].Energy Policy,2011,39(9):5105-5115.
[20]Bateman I J,Georgiou S,Landford I H,et al.Investigating the Characteristics of Expressed Preferences for Reducing the Impact of Air Pollution:A Contingent Valuation[R].CSERGE Working Paper,2002.
[21]Mitchell R C,Carson R T.Using Survey to Value Public Goods:The Contingent Valuation Method[M].Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1989.
[22]Cumming R G,Harrison G W.The measurement and decomposition of nonuse value:A critical review[J].Environmental and Resource Economics,1995,5(3):225-247.
[23]Carson R T.Contingent Valuation Surveys and Test of Insensitivity to Scope[A].Kopp R J,Pommerehne W W,Schwarz N.Determining the Value of Non-Market Goods:Economic,Psychological and Policy Relevant Aspects of Contingent Valuation Methods[M].Boston:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1997.
[24]张翼飞.CVM研究中支付意愿问卷“内容依赖”性实证研究-以上海市内河生态系统恢复CVM评估为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22(6):170-176.[Zhang Y F.Empirical study on“content-dependency”of WTP for ecological service in CVM research:A case study of CVM in water environment restoration of urban river in Shanghai[J].China Population,Resource and Environment,2012,22(6):170-176.]
[25]Carson R T.Contingent valuation:A user’s guide[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(8):1413-1418.
[26]Luzar E J,Cosse K J.Willing to pay or intention to pay:The attitude behavior relationship in contingent valuation[J].Journal of Socio-Economics,1998,27(3):427-444.
[27]Heberlein T A,Wilson M A,Bishop R C,et al.Rethinking the scope test as a criterion for validity in contingent valuation[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2005,50(1-2):1-22.
[28]Cooper P,Peo G L,Bateman I J.The structure of motivation for contingent values:A case study of lake water quality improvement[J].Ecological Economics,2004,50(1-2):69-82.
[29]张明军,孙美平,姚晓军,等.不确定性影响下的平均支付意愿参数估计[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3852-3859.[Zhang M J,Sun M P,Yao X J,et al.Parameter estimation of average willingness to pay under uncertainty effect[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3852-3859.]
[30]冯立骥.心理评估学[M].合肥:安徽大学出版社,2004.[Feng L J.Psychological Evaluation[M].Hefei:Anhui Normal University Press,2004.]
[31]Ciriacy-Wantrup S V.Capital returns from soil-conservation practices[J].Journal of Farm Economics,1947,29(4):1181-1196.
[32]Davis R K.Recreation planting as an economic problem[J].Natural Resources Journal,1963,3(2):239-249.
[33]Bjornstand D J,Kahn J R.The Contingent Valuation of Environmentally Resource:Methodological Issues and Research Need[M].Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,1999.
[34]Loomis J B,Walsh R G.Recreation Economic Decisions:Comparing Benefits and Costs[M].Pennsylvania:Venture Publishing,1997.
[35]Batman I J,Willis K G.Valuation Environmental Preferences:Theory and Practice of contingent Valuation Method in the US,EU and Developing Countries[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[36]Bishop R C,Heberlien T A.Measuring value of extra-market goods:Are indirect measuring biased[J].American Journal of Agriculture Economics,1979,61(5):926-930.
[37]Hanemann W M.Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiments with discrete responses[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1984,66(3):332-341.
[38]Hanemann W M,Kanninen B J.The Statistical Analysis of Discrete-Response CV Data[A].Bateman I J,Willis K G.Valuing Environmental Preference:Theory and Practice of the Contingent Valuation Method in the US,EU,and Developing Countries[C].New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[39]Arrow K J,Solow R,Portney P R,et al.Report to the NOAA panel on contingent valuation[J].Federal Register,1993,58(10):48-56.
[40]Venkatachalam L.The contingent valuation method:A review[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2004,24(1):89-124.
[41]董雪旺,张捷,刘传华,等.条件价值法中的偏差分析及信度和效度检验-以九寨沟游憩价值评估为例[J].地理学报,2011,66(2):267-278.[Dong X W,Zhang J,Liu C H,et al.Bias analysis and reliability and validity test in contingent valuation method:A case study of assessment of Jiuzhaigou's recreational value[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(2):267-278.]
[42]Dillman D A.Mail and Internet Survey:The Tailored Design Method[M].New Jersey:Wiley,2007.
[43]Amigues J P,Boulatoff C,Desigues B,et al.The benefits and cost of riparian analysis habit preservation:A willingness to accept/willingness to pay using contingent valuation[J].Ecological Economics,2002,43(1):17-43.
[44]Green D,Jacowits K E,Kahneman D,et al.Referendum contingent valuation,anchoring and willingness to pay for public good[J].Resource and Energy Economics,1998,20(2):85-116.
[45]Candice C.Tourism development and resistance in China[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2015,52:29-43.
[46]Zarkin A G,Gates S C,Bala M V.Estimating the willingness to pay for drug abuse treatment-a pilot study[J].Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,2000,18(2):149-159.
[47]Meyerhoff J,Bartczak A,Liebe U.Protester or non-protester:A binary stat?On the use(and non-use)of latent class models to analyses protesting in economics valuation[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,2012,56(3):438-454.
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(1)依据随机抽样公式n=(Z2σ2)/E2,在置信区间为95%水平下,Z统计量取值Z=1.96;误差率E不超过5%,σ为标准差,一般取σ=0.5,计算可得最小有效样本量n=384.15≈385。
(1)计算正WTP样本个体支付强度认知动机归一化统计的样本总体均值,该数据可直接在STATA12.1软件中得到。