钢球在液体中振动磨损量的研究
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摘要
润滑和磨损特性一直为机械工业所密切关注。通过振动式混合机对镀锌钢球在液体中的振动磨损实验,研究了磨损量和润滑油特性之间的关系。分别选用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和不锈钢两种小瓶,选用合成润滑油等四种液体,在不同温度下进行钢球的振动磨损实验,测得相应的磨损量。磨损量采用差重法获得,采用标准砝码调零的称量方法来提高差重法的准确性。从钢球在润滑油中运动的角度结合流体力学理论推导了磨损量与润滑油特性的关系;根据此关系对使用聚四氟乙烯小瓶和不锈钢小瓶得到的实验数据进行了关联,发现使用不同的小瓶时小球在润滑油中的运动规律是一致的。此外,所提出的磨损实验方法可用于润滑油润滑性能的评定。
Lubrication and wear characteristics have been closely watched by the machinery industry. In this paper,relationship between attrition amount and lubricating oil characteristics was studied by attrition test of galvanized steel balls in liquid with vibrating mixer. Two kinds of vials made of Teflon(PTFE) and stainless steel were used and four kinds of liquids including synthetic lubricating oil were selected, the attrition test was carried out at different temperatures and then corresponding attrition amount was measured. The amount of attrition was obtained by different method, zeroing with standard weights was implemented to improve the accuracy of the method. From the perspective of movement of steel balls in the lubricating oil, combined with the theory of fluid mechanics,relationship between attrition amount and characteristics of lubricating oil was derived. Based on this relationship,experimental data obtained when using PFTE vials and stainless steel vials were correlated respectively. It was found that the motion of steel balls in lubricating oil was consistent when using different vials. In addition, the attrition test method proposed in this paper could be used to evaluate the lubricating performance of other lubricating oils.
Lubrication and wear characteristics have been closely watched by the machinery industry. In this paper,relationship between attrition amount and lubricating oil characteristics was studied by attrition test of galvanized steel balls in liquid with vibrating mixer. Two kinds of vials made of Teflon(PTFE) and stainless steel were used and four kinds of liquids including synthetic lubricating oil were selected, the attrition test was carried out at different temperatures and then corresponding attrition amount was measured. The amount of attrition was obtained by different method, zeroing with standard weights was implemented to improve the accuracy of the method. From the perspective of movement of steel balls in the lubricating oil, combined with the theory of fluid mechanics,relationship between attrition amount and characteristics of lubricating oil was derived. Based on this relationship,experimental data obtained when using PFTE vials and stainless steel vials were correlated respectively. It was found that the motion of steel balls in lubricating oil was consistent when using different vials. In addition, the attrition test method proposed in this paper could be used to evaluate the lubricating performance of other lubricating oils.
引文
[1] Shram V G, Lysyannikov A V, Kovaleva M A. The mechanism of lubricants protective layers formation in friction sliding[J].Procedia Engineering, 2016, 150:458-463.
[2] Kragelsky I V, Alisin V V. Friction, Wear, Lubrication:Tribology Handbook[M]. Mir Publishers, 1981.
[3]湛永钟,张国定,蔡宏伟.颗粒增强金属基复合材料的干摩擦性能与磨损机理[J].材料科学与工程学报, 2003, 21(5):748-752.Zhan Y Z, Zhang G D, Cai H W. Tribological properties and wear mechanisms of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites[J].Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 2003, 21(5):748-752.
[4] Yadav G, Tiwari S, Jain M L. Tribological analysis of extreme pressure and anti-wear properties of engine lubricating oil using four ball tester[J]. Materials Today Proceedings, 2018, 5(1):248-253.
[5]宋世远.四球机及其应用[M].北京:中国石化出版社, 2016.Song S Y. Four-ball Machine and Its Application[M]. Beijing:China Petrochemical Press, 2016.
[6]陆强,张健,孙书生,等.用四球机测定生物油的润滑性能[J].太阳能学报, 2008, 29(10):1303-1307.Lu Q, Zhang J, Sun S S, et al. Determination of lubricating properties of bio-oil by four-ball tester[J]. Journal of Solar Energy, 2008, 29(10):1303-1307.
[7]倪琲. MHK-500环块摩擦磨损试验机智能测试系统的研制[D].合肥:合肥工业大学, 2007.Ni B. Development of the intelligent testing system for MHK-500ring block tribometer[D]. Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2007.
[8]平田,盖子,波边,等.用梯姆肯试验研究硫-磷型工业齿轮油的摩擦行为[J].润滑与密封, 1980,(5):69-74.Ping T, Gai Z, Bo B, et al. Study on friction behavior of sulfurphosphorus industrial gear oils using timken tester[J]. Lubrication and Sealing, 1980,(5):69-74.
[9]姚俊兵.润滑油脂抗磨极压添加剂研究进展[J].润滑油, 2006,21(3):29-37.Yao J B. Research progress on anti-wear extreme pressure additives of lubricating grease[J]. Lubricating Oil, 2006, 21(3):29-37.
[10] Yao M, Liang Y, Xia Y, et al. High-temperature tribological properties of 2-substituted imidazolium ionic liquids for Si3N4-steel contacts[J]. Tribology Letters, 2008, 32(2):73-79.
[11]王渊渊,熊春华,乔小溪,等.基于SRV的润滑油高温润滑性能测试方法的研究[J].润滑与密封, 2011, 36(8):35-37.Wang Y Y, Xiong C H, Qiao X X, et al. Investigation on the hightemperature lubrication property of oil using SRV[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2011, 36(8):35-37.
[12]吕文继.《极压润滑油摩擦磨损性能测定SRV试验机法》解读[J].石油商技, 2011, 29(2):76-77.Lyu W J. Interpretation of SRV testing machine method for measuring friction and wear performance of extreme pressure lubricating oil[J]. Petroleum Products Application Research,2011, 29(2):76-77.
[13]刘泊天,高鸿,周晖,等.四球试验机在液体润滑剂评价中的应用[J].理化检验-物理分册, 2015, 51(11):795-798.Liu B T, Gao H, Zhou H, et al. Application of four ball tester in evaluation of liquid lubricants[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis–Physical Testing, 2015, 51(11):795-798.
[14]倪高增.梯姆肯OK值意义的探讨[J].润滑与密封, 1979,(6):13-20.Ni G Z. Discussion on the significance of Timken OK value[J].Lubrication Engineering, 1979,(6):13-20.
[15]李同生,孙守镁,胡廷永,等.聚四氟乙烯磨损机理的探讨[J].摩擦学学报, 1992, 12(3):222-232.Li T S, Sun S M, Hu T Y, et al. Discussion on the wear mechanism of PTFE[J]. Tribology, 1992, 12(3):222-232.
[16]周松青,肖汉宁.碳化硅陶瓷摩擦化学磨损机理及磨损图的研究[J].硅酸盐学报, 2002, 30(5):641-644.Zhou S Q, Xiao H N.Tribo-chemistry and wear map of silicon carbide ceramics[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2002,30(5):641-644.
[17]陈卓君,杨文通.磨损理论的研究和控制磨损的发展趋势[J].机械设计与制造, 1999,(1):58-59.Chen Z J, Yang W T. Research on wear theory and development trend of controlled wear[J]. Mechanical Design and Manufacturing, 1999,(1):58-59.
[18]邵本逑.脱层磨损理论的应用[J].润滑与密封, 1983,(3):50-53.Shao B Q. Application of delamination wear theory[J].Lubrication Engineering, 1983,(3):50-53.
[19] Rutherford K L, Hutchings I M. Theory and application of a micro-scale abrasive wear test[J]. Arkiv F?r Matematik, 1997, 8(3):259-270.
[20]黄智文.谈谈磨粒磨损[J].表面技术, 2000, 29(4):34-36.Huang Z W. Talk about abrasive wear[J]. Surface Technology,2000, 29(4):34-36.
[21]温诗铸.润滑理论研究的进展与思考[J].摩擦学学报, 2007, 27(6):497-503.Wen S Z. Progress and thinking of lubrication theory research[J].Tribology, 2007, 27(6):497-503.
[22] Hardy W B, Hardy J K. Noteonstatic friction and on the lubricating properties of certain chemical substances[J].Philosophical Magazine, 1919, 38:33-48.
[23]刘维民.纳米颗粒及其在润滑油脂中的应用[J].摩擦学学报,2003, 23(4):265-267.Liu W M. Application of nanoparticles in lubricants[J]. Tribology,2003, 23(4):265-267.
[24]陈爽,刘维民,欧忠文,等.油酸表面修饰PbO纳米微粒作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能研究[J].摩擦学学报, 2001, 21(5):344-347.Chen S, Liu W M, Ou Z W, et al. Tribological behavior of oleic acid coated PbO nanoparticles as additive in liquid paraffin[J].Tribology, 2001, 21(5):344-347.
[25]曹智,李小红,张治军,等.表面修饰SiO2纳米微粒对锂基脂抗磨性能影响的研究[J].摩擦学学报, 2005, 25(4):390-393.Cao Z, Li X H, Zhang Z J, et al. Effect of SiO2nanoparticles as additive on antiwear and extreme pressure properties of lithium grease[J].Tribology, 2005, 25(4):390-393.
[26]李新芳,王学业,文小红,等.有机二硫化物极压添加剂结构与润滑性能的理论研究[J].摩擦学学报, 2005, 25(1):39-44.Li X F, Wang X Y, Wen X H, et al. Theoretical study on the structure and lubricating properties of disulfide compounds as extreme pressure additive[J].Tribology, 2005, 25(1):39-44.
[27]万勇,薛群基.含磷抗磨、极压添加剂在铝-钢摩擦副中摩擦学特性的研究[J].石油学报(石油加工), 1996,(4):108-114.Wan Y, Xue Q J.Study on tribological properties of phosphorusresistant and extreme pressure additives in aluminum-steel friction pairs[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica(Petroleum Processing Section), 1996,(4):108-114.
[28]闻振中.高碱值复合磺酸钙系列轴承润滑脂的制备及摩擦学机理研究[D].保定:华北电力大学, 2013.Wen Z Z. Sythesize and tribological mechanism of series bearing grease compound with overbased complex calcium sulfonate[D].Baoding:North China Electric Power University, 2013.
[29]梅焕谋,黄柏玲,李茂生.用四球机测试润滑性能的探讨[J].润滑与密封, 1993,(2):29-31.Mei H M, Huang B L, Li M S. Study on lubricant performance through a four-ball tester[J]. Lubrication and Sealing, 1993,(2):29-31.
[30]陈继新.浅谈摩擦现象[J].技术物理教学, 2005, 13(4):40.Chen J X. Talking about friction phenomenon[J]. Technical Physics Teaching, 2005, 13(4):40.
[2] Kragelsky I V, Alisin V V. Friction, Wear, Lubrication:Tribology Handbook[M]. Mir Publishers, 1981.
[3]湛永钟,张国定,蔡宏伟.颗粒增强金属基复合材料的干摩擦性能与磨损机理[J].材料科学与工程学报, 2003, 21(5):748-752.Zhan Y Z, Zhang G D, Cai H W. Tribological properties and wear mechanisms of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites[J].Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 2003, 21(5):748-752.
[4] Yadav G, Tiwari S, Jain M L. Tribological analysis of extreme pressure and anti-wear properties of engine lubricating oil using four ball tester[J]. Materials Today Proceedings, 2018, 5(1):248-253.
[5]宋世远.四球机及其应用[M].北京:中国石化出版社, 2016.Song S Y. Four-ball Machine and Its Application[M]. Beijing:China Petrochemical Press, 2016.
[6]陆强,张健,孙书生,等.用四球机测定生物油的润滑性能[J].太阳能学报, 2008, 29(10):1303-1307.Lu Q, Zhang J, Sun S S, et al. Determination of lubricating properties of bio-oil by four-ball tester[J]. Journal of Solar Energy, 2008, 29(10):1303-1307.
[7]倪琲. MHK-500环块摩擦磨损试验机智能测试系统的研制[D].合肥:合肥工业大学, 2007.Ni B. Development of the intelligent testing system for MHK-500ring block tribometer[D]. Hefei:Hefei University of Technology,2007.
[8]平田,盖子,波边,等.用梯姆肯试验研究硫-磷型工业齿轮油的摩擦行为[J].润滑与密封, 1980,(5):69-74.Ping T, Gai Z, Bo B, et al. Study on friction behavior of sulfurphosphorus industrial gear oils using timken tester[J]. Lubrication and Sealing, 1980,(5):69-74.
[9]姚俊兵.润滑油脂抗磨极压添加剂研究进展[J].润滑油, 2006,21(3):29-37.Yao J B. Research progress on anti-wear extreme pressure additives of lubricating grease[J]. Lubricating Oil, 2006, 21(3):29-37.
[10] Yao M, Liang Y, Xia Y, et al. High-temperature tribological properties of 2-substituted imidazolium ionic liquids for Si3N4-steel contacts[J]. Tribology Letters, 2008, 32(2):73-79.
[11]王渊渊,熊春华,乔小溪,等.基于SRV的润滑油高温润滑性能测试方法的研究[J].润滑与密封, 2011, 36(8):35-37.Wang Y Y, Xiong C H, Qiao X X, et al. Investigation on the hightemperature lubrication property of oil using SRV[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2011, 36(8):35-37.
[12]吕文继.《极压润滑油摩擦磨损性能测定SRV试验机法》解读[J].石油商技, 2011, 29(2):76-77.Lyu W J. Interpretation of SRV testing machine method for measuring friction and wear performance of extreme pressure lubricating oil[J]. Petroleum Products Application Research,2011, 29(2):76-77.
[13]刘泊天,高鸿,周晖,等.四球试验机在液体润滑剂评价中的应用[J].理化检验-物理分册, 2015, 51(11):795-798.Liu B T, Gao H, Zhou H, et al. Application of four ball tester in evaluation of liquid lubricants[J]. Physical Testing and Chemical Analysis–Physical Testing, 2015, 51(11):795-798.
[14]倪高增.梯姆肯OK值意义的探讨[J].润滑与密封, 1979,(6):13-20.Ni G Z. Discussion on the significance of Timken OK value[J].Lubrication Engineering, 1979,(6):13-20.
[15]李同生,孙守镁,胡廷永,等.聚四氟乙烯磨损机理的探讨[J].摩擦学学报, 1992, 12(3):222-232.Li T S, Sun S M, Hu T Y, et al. Discussion on the wear mechanism of PTFE[J]. Tribology, 1992, 12(3):222-232.
[16]周松青,肖汉宁.碳化硅陶瓷摩擦化学磨损机理及磨损图的研究[J].硅酸盐学报, 2002, 30(5):641-644.Zhou S Q, Xiao H N.Tribo-chemistry and wear map of silicon carbide ceramics[J].Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society, 2002,30(5):641-644.
[17]陈卓君,杨文通.磨损理论的研究和控制磨损的发展趋势[J].机械设计与制造, 1999,(1):58-59.Chen Z J, Yang W T. Research on wear theory and development trend of controlled wear[J]. Mechanical Design and Manufacturing, 1999,(1):58-59.
[18]邵本逑.脱层磨损理论的应用[J].润滑与密封, 1983,(3):50-53.Shao B Q. Application of delamination wear theory[J].Lubrication Engineering, 1983,(3):50-53.
[19] Rutherford K L, Hutchings I M. Theory and application of a micro-scale abrasive wear test[J]. Arkiv F?r Matematik, 1997, 8(3):259-270.
[20]黄智文.谈谈磨粒磨损[J].表面技术, 2000, 29(4):34-36.Huang Z W. Talk about abrasive wear[J]. Surface Technology,2000, 29(4):34-36.
[21]温诗铸.润滑理论研究的进展与思考[J].摩擦学学报, 2007, 27(6):497-503.Wen S Z. Progress and thinking of lubrication theory research[J].Tribology, 2007, 27(6):497-503.
[22] Hardy W B, Hardy J K. Noteonstatic friction and on the lubricating properties of certain chemical substances[J].Philosophical Magazine, 1919, 38:33-48.
[23]刘维民.纳米颗粒及其在润滑油脂中的应用[J].摩擦学学报,2003, 23(4):265-267.Liu W M. Application of nanoparticles in lubricants[J]. Tribology,2003, 23(4):265-267.
[24]陈爽,刘维民,欧忠文,等.油酸表面修饰PbO纳米微粒作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能研究[J].摩擦学学报, 2001, 21(5):344-347.Chen S, Liu W M, Ou Z W, et al. Tribological behavior of oleic acid coated PbO nanoparticles as additive in liquid paraffin[J].Tribology, 2001, 21(5):344-347.
[25]曹智,李小红,张治军,等.表面修饰SiO2纳米微粒对锂基脂抗磨性能影响的研究[J].摩擦学学报, 2005, 25(4):390-393.Cao Z, Li X H, Zhang Z J, et al. Effect of SiO2nanoparticles as additive on antiwear and extreme pressure properties of lithium grease[J].Tribology, 2005, 25(4):390-393.
[26]李新芳,王学业,文小红,等.有机二硫化物极压添加剂结构与润滑性能的理论研究[J].摩擦学学报, 2005, 25(1):39-44.Li X F, Wang X Y, Wen X H, et al. Theoretical study on the structure and lubricating properties of disulfide compounds as extreme pressure additive[J].Tribology, 2005, 25(1):39-44.
[27]万勇,薛群基.含磷抗磨、极压添加剂在铝-钢摩擦副中摩擦学特性的研究[J].石油学报(石油加工), 1996,(4):108-114.Wan Y, Xue Q J.Study on tribological properties of phosphorusresistant and extreme pressure additives in aluminum-steel friction pairs[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica(Petroleum Processing Section), 1996,(4):108-114.
[28]闻振中.高碱值复合磺酸钙系列轴承润滑脂的制备及摩擦学机理研究[D].保定:华北电力大学, 2013.Wen Z Z. Sythesize and tribological mechanism of series bearing grease compound with overbased complex calcium sulfonate[D].Baoding:North China Electric Power University, 2013.
[29]梅焕谋,黄柏玲,李茂生.用四球机测试润滑性能的探讨[J].润滑与密封, 1993,(2):29-31.Mei H M, Huang B L, Li M S. Study on lubricant performance through a four-ball tester[J]. Lubrication and Sealing, 1993,(2):29-31.
[30]陈继新.浅谈摩擦现象[J].技术物理教学, 2005, 13(4):40.Chen J X. Talking about friction phenomenon[J]. Technical Physics Teaching, 2005, 13(4):40.