一个改进的电磁波传输激波管实验
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摘要
在中国科学院力学研究所Φ800 mm高温低密度激波管上进行电磁波在等离子体中传输机理研究时,低密度和强激波条件下,由于气体解离和电离等非平衡过程,使得激波后2区宽度显著减小;同时由于边界层效应造成激波衰减和接触面加速,使得激波后2区长度进一步减小.这两个效应导致激波管2区实验观测时间减小,2区气体处于非平衡状态,增加了观察数据的不稳定性和数据分析的难度.本文提出在Φ800 mm高温低密度激波管中采用氩气(Ar)和空气(Air)混合气替代纯空气作为激波管实验介质气体.利用Ar不解离和难电离的特性,减小激波前后压缩比,从而增加激波后2区实验时间和气体长度.采用Langmuir静电探针和微波透射诊断技术测量激波后电子密度,同时利用探针测量激波后2区实验时间.结果显示,在Ar+Air混合气实验中,激波波后电子密度可达与纯Air同样的10~(13)cm~(-3)量级.在与纯Air相同的电子密度和碰撞频率条件下,采用95%Ar+5%Air和90%Ar+10%Air两种混合气,激波后2区实验时间和气体长度约为纯Air条件下的5～10倍,其中2区实验时间为300～800μs,2区气体长度1～1.5 m.在Φ800 mm激波管中采用Ar+Air介质气体进行电磁波传输实验,获得了比在纯Air介质中与理论预测更一致的结果.
In the study of the transmission mechanism of electromagnetic wave in plasma in Φ800 mm high temperature and low density shock tube in the Institute of Mechanics,CAS,under conditions of low density and strong shock,the experimental time at region 2 behind shock is significantly reduced due to the non-equilibrium processes such as gas dissociation and ionization.At the same time,the boundary layer effect leads to both the attenuation of the shock wave and the acceleration of the contact surface towards the shock front.Therefore,the experimental time at region 2 will be further reduced.These two effects lead to the reduction of the experimental observation time and the non-equilibrium state of test gas at region 2,resulting in the instability of data observation and the difficulty of data analysis.A mixture of argon and air is used to replace the pure air as the experimental test gas in Φ800 mm shock tube.Since argon does not dissociate and is difficult to ionize,the compression ratio of shock is significantly reduced,thereby the test time and the gas length at region 2 are largely increased.The electron densities behind shock were measured with both the Langmuir electrostatic probe and the microwave transmission attenuation method.Meanwhile,the test times at region 2 were measured with the Langmuir probe.The results show that the electron densities in the mixtures of argon and air are in the same order of 10~(13)cm~(-3) as in the pure air.Under the same electron density and collision frequency conditions,the test times and the gas lengths at region 2 in two mixtures of 90%Ar+10%Air and 95%Ar+5%Air are about 5-10 times than those in the pure air.The test times at region 2 are about 300～800 μs,and the gas lengths at region 2 are about 1-1.5 meter.In electromagnetic wave transmission experiments in Φ800 mm shock tube by using the argon and air mixture as the test gas,the results are more consistent with the theoretical prediction than those in the pure air.
In the study of the transmission mechanism of electromagnetic wave in plasma in Φ800 mm high temperature and low density shock tube in the Institute of Mechanics,CAS,under conditions of low density and strong shock,the experimental time at region 2 behind shock is significantly reduced due to the non-equilibrium processes such as gas dissociation and ionization.At the same time,the boundary layer effect leads to both the attenuation of the shock wave and the acceleration of the contact surface towards the shock front.Therefore,the experimental time at region 2 will be further reduced.These two effects lead to the reduction of the experimental observation time and the non-equilibrium state of test gas at region 2,resulting in the instability of data observation and the difficulty of data analysis.A mixture of argon and air is used to replace the pure air as the experimental test gas in Φ800 mm shock tube.Since argon does not dissociate and is difficult to ionize,the compression ratio of shock is significantly reduced,thereby the test time and the gas length at region 2 are largely increased.The electron densities behind shock were measured with both the Langmuir electrostatic probe and the microwave transmission attenuation method.Meanwhile,the test times at region 2 were measured with the Langmuir probe.The results show that the electron densities in the mixtures of argon and air are in the same order of 10~(13)cm~(-3) as in the pure air.Under the same electron density and collision frequency conditions,the test times and the gas lengths at region 2 in two mixtures of 90%Ar+10%Air and 95%Ar+5%Air are about 5-10 times than those in the pure air.The test times at region 2 are about 300～800 μs,and the gas lengths at region 2 are about 1-1.5 meter.In electromagnetic wave transmission experiments in Φ800 mm shock tube by using the argon and air mixture as the test gas,the results are more consistent with the theoretical prediction than those in the pure air.
引文
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2 Dunn MG,Kang SW.Theoretical and experimental studies of reentry plasmas.NASA-CR2232
3 Hartunian RH,Stewart GE,Fergason SD.Cause and mitigation of radio frequency(RF)blackout during reentry of reusable launch vehicle.ATR-20075309
4 Iamesp R,Rybak J,Churchill W.Progress in reentry communications.IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems1971,7(1):879-894
5刘铁军.国外再入通讯中断研究重要文献集.王柏懿译.北京:航天工业部预研局,1983(Liu Tiejun.Important Literature on Reentry Communication Interruption.Wang Baiyi,Transl.Beijing:Institute of Aerospace Industry,1983(in Chinese))
6吴承康,卞荫贵.再入通讯可行途径研究//乐嘉陵主编,空气动力学获奖成果汇编.1991(Wu Chengkang,Bian Yinggui.A study of possible approaches to reentry communications//Le Jialing,ed Compilation of Aerodynamics Award-winning Results,1991(in Chinese))
7乐嘉陵.再入物理.北京:国防工业出版社,2005(Le Jialing Reentry into Physics.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press2005(in Chinese))
8 Kim M,Keidar M,Boyd ID,et al.Analysis of an electromagnetic mitigation scheme for reentry telemetry through plasma.Journal o Spacecraft&Rockets,2008,45(6):1223-1229
9 Keidar M,Kim M,Boyd I.Electromagnetic reduction of plasma density during atmospheric reentry and hypersonic flights.Journa of Spacecraft&Rockets,2008,45(2):445-453
10 Boyer DW,Tournyan KJ,Russo AJ.Experimental and numerica studies of flush-mounted electrostatic probes in hypersonic ionized flows.AIAA-72-0104,1972
11 Russo AJ,Tournyan KJ.Experimental and numerical studies of flush electrostatic probes in hypersonic ionized flows.II-Theory.AIAAJournal,2015,10(12):1675-1678
12 Chadwick KM,Boyer DW,Andre SN.Plasma and flowfield induced effects on the re-entry vehicles for L-band near-broadside aspect angles.ADA317594,1996
13 Destler WW,Degrange JE,Fleischmann HH,et al.Experimenta studies of high-power microwave reflection,transmission,and absorption from a plasma-covered plane conducting boundary.Journa of Applied Physics,1991,69(9):6313-6318
14袁忠才,时家明,汪家春.大气中固体燃烧等离子体与微波相互作用的实验研究.强激光与粒子束,2005,17(5):707-710(Yuan Zhongcai,Shi Jiaming,Wang Jiachun.Experimental study on the interaction between plasma and microwave in atmospheric solid combustion.Intense Laser and Particle Beam,2005,17(5):707-710(in Chinese))
15王柏懿.铱丝静电探针及其在高温风洞中应用.力学学报,1982,18(1):100-106(Wang Baiyi.Iridium wire electrostatic probe and its application in high temperature wind tunnel.Acta Mechanica Sinica,1982,18(1):100-106(in Chinese))
16曹金祥,赵红波,林毅君等.多道扫描探针系统在电弧风洞中的应用.宇航学报,1999,20(1):83-87(Cao Jinxiang,Zhao Hongbo,Lin Yijun,et al.Application of multi-channel scanning probe system in arc wind tunnel.Journal of Astronautics,1999,20(1):83-87(in Chinese))
17 Zhu NY,Li XF,Huang LS,et al.An investigation of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasma by shock tube.Acta Mechanica Sinica,2004,20(2):212-218
18郑灵,赵青,罗先刚等.等离子体中电磁波传输特性理论与实验研究.物理学报.2012,61(15):343-349(Zheng Ling,Zhao Qing,Luo Xiangang,et al.Theory and experimental study of electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics in plasma.Acta Physics Sinica,2012,61(15):343-349(in Chinese))
19马平,曾学军,石安华等.电磁波在等离子体高温气体中传输特性实验研究.实验流体力学.2010,24(5):51-56(Ma Ping,Zeng Xuejun,Shi Anhua,et al.Experimental study on electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics in high-temperature plasma gas.Experimental Fluid Mechanics,2010,24(5):51-56(in Chinese))
20于哲峰,马平,张志成等.微波在薄层等离子体中传输效应研究.实验流体力学,2013,27(2):60-64(Yu Zhefeng,Ma Ping,Zhang Zhicheng,et al.Study of microwave transmission effect in thin plasma.Experimental Fluid Mechanics,2013,27(2):60-64(in Chinese))
21 Zhu NY,Huang LS,Wu B,et al.Transmission characteristics of EM wave in a finite thickness plasma.Acta Mechanica Sinica,2013,29(1):189-195
22陈熙.高温电离气体的传热与流动.北京:科学出版社,1993(Chen Xi.Heat Transfer And Flow Of High-Temperature Ionized Gas.Beijing:Science Press,1993(in Chinese))
23 Swift JD,Schwar MJR.Electrical probes for plasma diagnostics.Analytical Chemistry,1971,42(14):S73-S74
24王苏,崔季平,何宇中等.钠离子与电子非平衡复合电离动力学的激波管研究.力学学报,2001,33:472-477(Wang Su,Cui Jiping,He Yuzhong,et al.Shock tube study of sodium ion and electron non-equilibrium combined ionization dynamics.Acta Mechanica Sinica,2001,33:472-477(in Chinese))
25 Wang S,Cui JP,Fan BC,et al.Measurement of electron density profile behind strong shock waves with a Langmuir probe//Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Shock Waves,Beijing,July,2004:82
26金兹堡.电磁波在等离子体中的传播.北京:科学出版社,1978(Kentzberg.Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma.Beijing:Science Press,1978(in Chinese))
27 Auciello O,Flamm DL.等离子体诊断.郑少百,胡建芳,郭淑静等译.北京:电子工业出版社,1994(Auciello O,Flamm DL.Plasma Diagnosis.Zheng Shaobai,Hu Jianfang,Guo Shujing,et al.transl Beijing:Electronic Industry Press,1994(in Chinese))
28崔季平,何宇中,范秉诚.用磁探针测定慢电子平均散射截面.核聚变与等离子体物理,1984,4(1):24(Cui Jiping,He Yuzhong,Fan Bingcheng.Determination of slow electron average scattering cross section by magnetic probe.Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics,1984,4(1):24(in Chinese))
29 Massey HSW,Burhop EHS,Morse PM.Electronic and ionic impact phenomena.Physics Today,1953,6(1):15
30 Center RE.Measurement of electron density behind shock waves by free-molecular Langmuir probes.SAMSO-TR-69-369,1969
2 Dunn MG,Kang SW.Theoretical and experimental studies of reentry plasmas.NASA-CR2232
3 Hartunian RH,Stewart GE,Fergason SD.Cause and mitigation of radio frequency(RF)blackout during reentry of reusable launch vehicle.ATR-20075309
4 Iamesp R,Rybak J,Churchill W.Progress in reentry communications.IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems1971,7(1):879-894
5刘铁军.国外再入通讯中断研究重要文献集.王柏懿译.北京:航天工业部预研局,1983(Liu Tiejun.Important Literature on Reentry Communication Interruption.Wang Baiyi,Transl.Beijing:Institute of Aerospace Industry,1983(in Chinese))
6吴承康,卞荫贵.再入通讯可行途径研究//乐嘉陵主编,空气动力学获奖成果汇编.1991(Wu Chengkang,Bian Yinggui.A study of possible approaches to reentry communications//Le Jialing,ed Compilation of Aerodynamics Award-winning Results,1991(in Chinese))
7乐嘉陵.再入物理.北京:国防工业出版社,2005(Le Jialing Reentry into Physics.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press2005(in Chinese))
8 Kim M,Keidar M,Boyd ID,et al.Analysis of an electromagnetic mitigation scheme for reentry telemetry through plasma.Journal o Spacecraft&Rockets,2008,45(6):1223-1229
9 Keidar M,Kim M,Boyd I.Electromagnetic reduction of plasma density during atmospheric reentry and hypersonic flights.Journa of Spacecraft&Rockets,2008,45(2):445-453
10 Boyer DW,Tournyan KJ,Russo AJ.Experimental and numerica studies of flush-mounted electrostatic probes in hypersonic ionized flows.AIAA-72-0104,1972
11 Russo AJ,Tournyan KJ.Experimental and numerical studies of flush electrostatic probes in hypersonic ionized flows.II-Theory.AIAAJournal,2015,10(12):1675-1678
12 Chadwick KM,Boyer DW,Andre SN.Plasma and flowfield induced effects on the re-entry vehicles for L-band near-broadside aspect angles.ADA317594,1996
13 Destler WW,Degrange JE,Fleischmann HH,et al.Experimenta studies of high-power microwave reflection,transmission,and absorption from a plasma-covered plane conducting boundary.Journa of Applied Physics,1991,69(9):6313-6318
14袁忠才,时家明,汪家春.大气中固体燃烧等离子体与微波相互作用的实验研究.强激光与粒子束,2005,17(5):707-710(Yuan Zhongcai,Shi Jiaming,Wang Jiachun.Experimental study on the interaction between plasma and microwave in atmospheric solid combustion.Intense Laser and Particle Beam,2005,17(5):707-710(in Chinese))
15王柏懿.铱丝静电探针及其在高温风洞中应用.力学学报,1982,18(1):100-106(Wang Baiyi.Iridium wire electrostatic probe and its application in high temperature wind tunnel.Acta Mechanica Sinica,1982,18(1):100-106(in Chinese))
16曹金祥,赵红波,林毅君等.多道扫描探针系统在电弧风洞中的应用.宇航学报,1999,20(1):83-87(Cao Jinxiang,Zhao Hongbo,Lin Yijun,et al.Application of multi-channel scanning probe system in arc wind tunnel.Journal of Astronautics,1999,20(1):83-87(in Chinese))
17 Zhu NY,Li XF,Huang LS,et al.An investigation of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasma by shock tube.Acta Mechanica Sinica,2004,20(2):212-218
18郑灵,赵青,罗先刚等.等离子体中电磁波传输特性理论与实验研究.物理学报.2012,61(15):343-349(Zheng Ling,Zhao Qing,Luo Xiangang,et al.Theory and experimental study of electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics in plasma.Acta Physics Sinica,2012,61(15):343-349(in Chinese))
19马平,曾学军,石安华等.电磁波在等离子体高温气体中传输特性实验研究.实验流体力学.2010,24(5):51-56(Ma Ping,Zeng Xuejun,Shi Anhua,et al.Experimental study on electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics in high-temperature plasma gas.Experimental Fluid Mechanics,2010,24(5):51-56(in Chinese))
20于哲峰,马平,张志成等.微波在薄层等离子体中传输效应研究.实验流体力学,2013,27(2):60-64(Yu Zhefeng,Ma Ping,Zhang Zhicheng,et al.Study of microwave transmission effect in thin plasma.Experimental Fluid Mechanics,2013,27(2):60-64(in Chinese))
21 Zhu NY,Huang LS,Wu B,et al.Transmission characteristics of EM wave in a finite thickness plasma.Acta Mechanica Sinica,2013,29(1):189-195
22陈熙.高温电离气体的传热与流动.北京:科学出版社,1993(Chen Xi.Heat Transfer And Flow Of High-Temperature Ionized Gas.Beijing:Science Press,1993(in Chinese))
23 Swift JD,Schwar MJR.Electrical probes for plasma diagnostics.Analytical Chemistry,1971,42(14):S73-S74
24王苏,崔季平,何宇中等.钠离子与电子非平衡复合电离动力学的激波管研究.力学学报,2001,33:472-477(Wang Su,Cui Jiping,He Yuzhong,et al.Shock tube study of sodium ion and electron non-equilibrium combined ionization dynamics.Acta Mechanica Sinica,2001,33:472-477(in Chinese))
25 Wang S,Cui JP,Fan BC,et al.Measurement of electron density profile behind strong shock waves with a Langmuir probe//Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Shock Waves,Beijing,July,2004:82
26金兹堡.电磁波在等离子体中的传播.北京:科学出版社,1978(Kentzberg.Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma.Beijing:Science Press,1978(in Chinese))
27 Auciello O,Flamm DL.等离子体诊断.郑少百,胡建芳,郭淑静等译.北京:电子工业出版社,1994(Auciello O,Flamm DL.Plasma Diagnosis.Zheng Shaobai,Hu Jianfang,Guo Shujing,et al.transl Beijing:Electronic Industry Press,1994(in Chinese))
28崔季平,何宇中,范秉诚.用磁探针测定慢电子平均散射截面.核聚变与等离子体物理,1984,4(1):24(Cui Jiping,He Yuzhong,Fan Bingcheng.Determination of slow electron average scattering cross section by magnetic probe.Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics,1984,4(1):24(in Chinese))
29 Massey HSW,Burhop EHS,Morse PM.Electronic and ionic impact phenomena.Physics Today,1953,6(1):15
30 Center RE.Measurement of electron density behind shock waves by free-molecular Langmuir probes.SAMSO-TR-69-369,1969