黄土高原关键带全剖面土壤水分空间变异性
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摘要
土壤水分是黄土高原关键带水循环、地下水补给和植被恢复的关键因素。为揭示黄土高原关键带黄土整个剖面的土壤水分空间变化特征,通过土芯钻探的方式获取了黄土高原关键带5个典型样点(杨凌、长武、富县、安塞和神木)从地表到基岩的土壤水分样品,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法分析了剖面土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及空间结构。结果表明:黄土高原关键带剖面土壤水分从南往北,土壤平均含水量由高变低;5个样点的土壤水分均为中等变异,随着深度由40 m增加到200 m,土壤水分变异性变弱,且样点之间的土壤含水量差异降低;地统计学分析表明样点的半方差函数能被理论模型较好地拟合(杨凌除外),指数模型能够描述大部分样点深剖面的空间变异结构。相关结果有助于了解黄土高原深层土壤水分状况及分布规律,对于黄土高原土壤水资源估算和区域植被恢复具有重要价值。
Soil water is central to our understanding of water cycle,groundwater recharge and vegetation restoration in the critical zone of the Loess Plateau. To ascertain the spatial variability of soil water for the entire profile in the critical zone of the Loess Plateau,we obtained soil samples from the top of soil profile to bedrock in five typical sites( Yangling,Changwu,Fuxian,Ansai and Shenmu) based on soil core drilling and analyzed soil water vertical distribution,variation character and spatial structure in the entire soil profiles by classic statistics combining with geo-statistics. Results indicated that mean soil water content in the entire profile decreased at south-north direction in the critical zone of the Loess Plateau. Variabilities of soil water in the five sites all were moderate. Soil water variation in each site became weak gradually and difference in soil water content between the sites decreased as soil depth increased from 40 m to 200 m. Geo-statistics analysis demonstrated that semi-variogram of soil water content in the sites could be fitted well by theory model except Yangling site and exponential model could describe spatial variation structure in the most profiles. These results can benefit the understanding of soil water status and distribution regime in ultra-deep soil profile and are valuable for soil water resources estimation and vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau.
Soil water is central to our understanding of water cycle,groundwater recharge and vegetation restoration in the critical zone of the Loess Plateau. To ascertain the spatial variability of soil water for the entire profile in the critical zone of the Loess Plateau,we obtained soil samples from the top of soil profile to bedrock in five typical sites( Yangling,Changwu,Fuxian,Ansai and Shenmu) based on soil core drilling and analyzed soil water vertical distribution,variation character and spatial structure in the entire soil profiles by classic statistics combining with geo-statistics. Results indicated that mean soil water content in the entire profile decreased at south-north direction in the critical zone of the Loess Plateau. Variabilities of soil water in the five sites all were moderate. Soil water variation in each site became weak gradually and difference in soil water content between the sites decreased as soil depth increased from 40 m to 200 m. Geo-statistics analysis demonstrated that semi-variogram of soil water content in the sites could be fitted well by theory model except Yangling site and exponential model could describe spatial variation structure in the most profiles. These results can benefit the understanding of soil water status and distribution regime in ultra-deep soil profile and are valuable for soil water resources estimation and vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau.
引文
[1]LIN H.Earth's critical zone and hydropedology:concepts,characteristics,and advances[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2009,6(2):3417-3481.
[2]BALLHAUS C G,STUMPFL E F.Occurrence and petrological significance of graphite in the Upper Critical Zone,western Bushveld Complex,South Africa[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,1985,74(1):58-68.
[3]BANWART S,BERNASCONI S M,BLOEM J.Soil processes and functions in critical zone observatories:hypotheses and experimental design[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2011,10(3):974-987.
[4]刘东生,丁仲礼.中国黄土研究新进展(二)古气候与全球变化[J].第四纪研究,1990,10(1):1-9.(LIU D S,DING Z L.Progresses of loess research in China:part 2:paleoclimatology and global change[J].Quaternary Sciences,1990,10(1):1-9.(in Chinese))
[5]刘东生,安芷生,袁宝印.中国的黄土与风尘堆积[J].第四纪研究,1985,6(1):113-125.(LIU D S,AN Z S,YUAN B Y.Eolian process and dust mantle(loess)in China[J].Quaternary Sciences,1985,6(1):113-125.(in Chinese))
[6]刘东生,孙继敏,吴文祥.中国黄土研究的历史,现状和未来:一次事实与故事相结合的讨论[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(3):185-207.(LIU D S,SUN J M,WU W X.Past,present,and future of the Chinese loess research:a discussion on the reality of facts and myth[J].Quaternary Sciences,2001,21(3):185-207.(in Chinese))
[7]丁仲礼,安芷生.250万年以来的37个气候旋回[J].科学通报,1989,34(19):1494-1496.(DING Z L,AN Z S.Climate cy-cle of 37 times since 2.5 million[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1989,34(19):1494-1496.(in Chinese))
[8]王云强,邵明安,刘志鹏.黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分空间变异性[J].水科学进展,2012,23(3):310-316..(WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P.Spatial variability of soil moisture at a regional scale in the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(3):310-316.(in Chinese))
[9]WANG Y Q,HU W,ZHU Y J,et al.Vertical distribution and temporal stability of soil water in 21-m profiles under different land uses on the Loess Plateau in China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,527:543-554.
[10]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P.Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21-m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Geoderma,2013,193/194(2):300-310.
[11]潘成忠,上官周平.黄土半干旱丘陵区陡坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(6):5-9.(PAN C Z,SHANGGUAN Z P.Spatial variability of soil moisture on steep slopeland in loess hill region[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2003,19(6):5-9.(in Chinese))
[12]王晓军,武江涛,王兵,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(9):2568-2575.(WANG X J,WU J T,WANG B,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture in hilly and gully Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(9):2568-2575.(in Chinese))
[13]贾小旭,邵明安,张晨成,等.黄土高原南北样带不同土层土壤水分变异与模拟[J].水科学进展,2016,27(4):520-528.(JIA X X,SHAO M A,ZHANG C C,et al.Variation and simulation of soil water content within different soil depths along the south-north transect of the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(4):520-528.(in Chinese))
[14]傅子洹,王云强,安芷生,等.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同植被类型下土壤水分动态特征[J].地球环境学报,2015,6(3):188-194.(FU Z H,WANG Y Q,AN Z S,et al.Dynamics of deep soil moisture under different vegetation types in the windwater erosion crisscross on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2015,6(3):188-194.(in Chinese))
[15]段良霞,黄明斌,张洛丹,等.黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤水分状态空间模拟[J].水科学进展,2015,26(5):649-659.(DUAN L X,HUANG M B,ZHANG L D,et al.State-space prediction of soil water content on a hillslope in the gully region of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(5):649-659.(in Chinese))
[16]张瑞,曹华,王云强,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因素[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(5):52-58.(ZHANG R,CAO H,WANG Y Q,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture and its influence fators in watershed of gully region on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(5):52-58.(in Chinese))
[17]LI H,REYNOLDS J F.On definition and quantification of heterogeneity[J].OIKOS,1995,73(2):280-284.
[18]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,SHAO H B.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,381(1):9-17.
[19]李小英,段争虎.基于SMOS的黄土高原区域尺度表层土壤水分时空变化[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(1):133-139.(LI X Y,DUAN Z H.Spatial variability of surface soil moisture at a regional scale in the loess plateau based on SMOS[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(1):133-139.(in Chinese))
[20]刘志鹏,邵明安.黄土高原小流域土壤水分及全氮的垂直变异[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):71-77.(LIU Z P,SHAO M A.Vertical variations of soil moisture and total nitrogen in small catchment on Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(5):71-77.(in Chinese))
[21]张晨成,邵明安,王云强,等.黄土区切沟对不同植被下土壤水分时空变异的影响[J].水科学进展,2016,27(5):679-686.(ZHANG C C,SHAO M A,WANG Y Q,et al.Effects of gullies on the spatiotemporal variability of soil-water under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(5):679-686.(in Chinese))
[22]高晓东,吴普特,张宝庆.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤有效水空间变异及其季节性特征[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):57-67.(GAO X D,WU P T,ZHANG B Q.Spatial variability of available soil moisture and its seasonality in a samll watershed in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):57-67.(in Chinese))
[23]王云强,邵明安,胡伟.黄土高原关键带土壤水分空间分异特征[J].地球与环境,2016,44(4):391-397.(WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,HU W.Spatial variations of soil water content in the critical zone of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Earth and Environment,2016,44(4):391-397.(in Chinese))
[24]马欢,朱清科,赵维军,等.陕北黄土区缓台土壤水分空间变异性[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(2):192-196.(MA H,ZHU Q K,ZHAO W J,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture of micro-topography platform on Loess Slope in North Shaanxi Province[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(2):192-196.(in Chinese))
[2]BALLHAUS C G,STUMPFL E F.Occurrence and petrological significance of graphite in the Upper Critical Zone,western Bushveld Complex,South Africa[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,1985,74(1):58-68.
[3]BANWART S,BERNASCONI S M,BLOEM J.Soil processes and functions in critical zone observatories:hypotheses and experimental design[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2011,10(3):974-987.
[4]刘东生,丁仲礼.中国黄土研究新进展(二)古气候与全球变化[J].第四纪研究,1990,10(1):1-9.(LIU D S,DING Z L.Progresses of loess research in China:part 2:paleoclimatology and global change[J].Quaternary Sciences,1990,10(1):1-9.(in Chinese))
[5]刘东生,安芷生,袁宝印.中国的黄土与风尘堆积[J].第四纪研究,1985,6(1):113-125.(LIU D S,AN Z S,YUAN B Y.Eolian process and dust mantle(loess)in China[J].Quaternary Sciences,1985,6(1):113-125.(in Chinese))
[6]刘东生,孙继敏,吴文祥.中国黄土研究的历史,现状和未来:一次事实与故事相结合的讨论[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(3):185-207.(LIU D S,SUN J M,WU W X.Past,present,and future of the Chinese loess research:a discussion on the reality of facts and myth[J].Quaternary Sciences,2001,21(3):185-207.(in Chinese))
[7]丁仲礼,安芷生.250万年以来的37个气候旋回[J].科学通报,1989,34(19):1494-1496.(DING Z L,AN Z S.Climate cy-cle of 37 times since 2.5 million[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1989,34(19):1494-1496.(in Chinese))
[8]王云强,邵明安,刘志鹏.黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分空间变异性[J].水科学进展,2012,23(3):310-316..(WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P.Spatial variability of soil moisture at a regional scale in the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(3):310-316.(in Chinese))
[9]WANG Y Q,HU W,ZHU Y J,et al.Vertical distribution and temporal stability of soil water in 21-m profiles under different land uses on the Loess Plateau in China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,527:543-554.
[10]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,LIU Z P.Vertical distribution and influencing factors of soil water content within 21-m profile on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Geoderma,2013,193/194(2):300-310.
[11]潘成忠,上官周平.黄土半干旱丘陵区陡坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(6):5-9.(PAN C Z,SHANGGUAN Z P.Spatial variability of soil moisture on steep slopeland in loess hill region[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2003,19(6):5-9.(in Chinese))
[12]王晓军,武江涛,王兵,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(9):2568-2575.(WANG X J,WU J T,WANG B,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture in hilly and gully Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(9):2568-2575.(in Chinese))
[13]贾小旭,邵明安,张晨成,等.黄土高原南北样带不同土层土壤水分变异与模拟[J].水科学进展,2016,27(4):520-528.(JIA X X,SHAO M A,ZHANG C C,et al.Variation and simulation of soil water content within different soil depths along the south-north transect of the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(4):520-528.(in Chinese))
[14]傅子洹,王云强,安芷生,等.黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同植被类型下土壤水分动态特征[J].地球环境学报,2015,6(3):188-194.(FU Z H,WANG Y Q,AN Z S,et al.Dynamics of deep soil moisture under different vegetation types in the windwater erosion crisscross on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Earth Environment,2015,6(3):188-194.(in Chinese))
[15]段良霞,黄明斌,张洛丹,等.黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤水分状态空间模拟[J].水科学进展,2015,26(5):649-659.(DUAN L X,HUANG M B,ZHANG L D,et al.State-space prediction of soil water content on a hillslope in the gully region of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(5):649-659.(in Chinese))
[16]张瑞,曹华,王云强,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因素[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(5):52-58.(ZHANG R,CAO H,WANG Y Q,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture and its influence fators in watershed of gully region on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(5):52-58.(in Chinese))
[17]LI H,REYNOLDS J F.On definition and quantification of heterogeneity[J].OIKOS,1995,73(2):280-284.
[18]WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,SHAO H B.A preliminary investigation of the dynamic characteristics of dried soil layers on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,381(1):9-17.
[19]李小英,段争虎.基于SMOS的黄土高原区域尺度表层土壤水分时空变化[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(1):133-139.(LI X Y,DUAN Z H.Spatial variability of surface soil moisture at a regional scale in the loess plateau based on SMOS[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(1):133-139.(in Chinese))
[20]刘志鹏,邵明安.黄土高原小流域土壤水分及全氮的垂直变异[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(5):71-77.(LIU Z P,SHAO M A.Vertical variations of soil moisture and total nitrogen in small catchment on Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(5):71-77.(in Chinese))
[21]张晨成,邵明安,王云强,等.黄土区切沟对不同植被下土壤水分时空变异的影响[J].水科学进展,2016,27(5):679-686.(ZHANG C C,SHAO M A,WANG Y Q,et al.Effects of gullies on the spatiotemporal variability of soil-water under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(5):679-686.(in Chinese))
[22]高晓东,吴普特,张宝庆.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤有效水空间变异及其季节性特征[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):57-67.(GAO X D,WU P T,ZHANG B Q.Spatial variability of available soil moisture and its seasonality in a samll watershed in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):57-67.(in Chinese))
[23]王云强,邵明安,胡伟.黄土高原关键带土壤水分空间分异特征[J].地球与环境,2016,44(4):391-397.(WANG Y Q,SHAO M A,HU W.Spatial variations of soil water content in the critical zone of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Earth and Environment,2016,44(4):391-397.(in Chinese))
[24]马欢,朱清科,赵维军,等.陕北黄土区缓台土壤水分空间变异性[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(2):192-196.(MA H,ZHU Q K,ZHAO W J,et al.Spatial variability of soil moisture of micro-topography platform on Loess Slope in North Shaanxi Province[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,34(2):192-196.(in Chinese))