“谁”——疑问,虚指,还是任指?
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摘要
"谁"仅有两种用法,一是疑问,一是虚指;所谓"谁"的任指用法实际上是虚指的"谁"同全称量化词融合的产物;"谁"的疑问用法只能在它作为句子焦点时才能实现;"谁"是天然的焦点,可是诸如句法、音系以及语用因素都可以动摇"谁"的焦点地位;句法因素是最有力的影响"谁"的释义的因素,音系次之,语用最次;音系因素在同语法因素共同作用时仅起到衬托、烘托的作用;句子的焦点获得重音,哪个成分动摇了焦点,哪个成分接替成为焦点,"谁"同全称量化词融合后,二者共同构成句子焦点,共同承载重音;在这个语法融合物的内部,全称量化词为句法中心。
Chinese character shui has only two usages: one for raising question, the other for indefinite reference. The so called universal reference of shui is actually the fusing product of indefinite reference shui and universal quantifier dou and ye. The questioning usage of shui can only be realized when it is the focus of the sentence. Shui is the natural focus, but factors such as syntax, phonology, and pragmatics can all change the focus status of shui. Syntactic factors are the most powerful factors that affect the interpretation of shui, followed by phonology and pragmatics. Phonological factors can only act in accordance with syntactic factors intheir effect. The focus of sentence is stressed and the element that changes the status of the former focus will become the new focus. Shui and the universal quantifier fuse together to form the focus of the sentence and carry the stress together. Within the grammatical fusing product, universal quantifier serves as the syntactic center.
Chinese character shui has only two usages: one for raising question, the other for indefinite reference. The so called universal reference of shui is actually the fusing product of indefinite reference shui and universal quantifier dou and ye. The questioning usage of shui can only be realized when it is the focus of the sentence. Shui is the natural focus, but factors such as syntax, phonology, and pragmatics can all change the focus status of shui. Syntactic factors are the most powerful factors that affect the interpretation of shui, followed by phonology and pragmatics. Phonological factors can only act in accordance with syntactic factors intheir effect. The focus of sentence is stressed and the element that changes the status of the former focus will become the new focus. Shui and the universal quantifier fuse together to form the focus of the sentence and carry the stress together. Within the grammatical fusing product, universal quantifier serves as the syntactic center.
引文
[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语小词典[M].北京:商务印书馆,1980:514.
[2]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1980:18.
[3]Huang,C.-T.J.Logic relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar[M].MIT:Massachusetts University Press,1980:23-25.
[4]袁毓林,刘彬.疑问代词“谁”的虚指和否定意义的形成机制[J].语言科学,2017(2):113-125.
[5]张定.汉语疑问词虚指用法的来源[J].中国语文,2013(2):142-154.
[6]熊仲儒.“总”与“都”量化对象的差异[J].中国语文,2016(3):276-288.
[2]吕叔湘.中国文法要略[M].北京:商务印书馆,1980:18.
[3]Huang,C.-T.J.Logic relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar[M].MIT:Massachusetts University Press,1980:23-25.
[4]袁毓林,刘彬.疑问代词“谁”的虚指和否定意义的形成机制[J].语言科学,2017(2):113-125.
[5]张定.汉语疑问词虚指用法的来源[J].中国语文,2013(2):142-154.
[6]熊仲儒.“总”与“都”量化对象的差异[J].中国语文,2016(3):276-288.