微生物菌剂对枸杞枝条粉发酵堆体腐熟效果的影响
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摘要
为探讨外源微生物对枸杞枝条粉基质化发酵堆体腐熟进程的影响,采用随机区组设计[T1(CK),枸杞枝条粉150 kg;T2,枸杞枝条粉150 kg+尿素4.15 kg;T3,T2+粗纤维降解菌Ⅰ75 g;T4,T2+粗纤维降解菌Ⅱ75 g;T5,T2+锯末专用复合益菌75 g;T6,T2+EM菌液75 g;T7,T2+纤维素酶制剂75 g],以尿素为氮源,研究添加外源微生物对枸杞枝条粉基质化发酵过程中发酵指标参数的影响.结果表明:堆腐发酵至第6天时,各处理组的温度均达到最高值,其中,T3的温度达到68.2℃,T2～T7内部温度超过50℃的时间依次为6、9、9、7、8、7 d.外源微生物菌剂的施用增加了枸杞枝条粉腐熟发酵后的湿容重、干容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙、持水孔隙.至发酵结束后,各处理组的湿容重在0.43～0.47 g/cm~3之间,T6的增幅最大.堆腐发酵过程中w(NH_4~+-N)变化呈先增后减的变化规律,发酵至第21天时,T4达784.81 mg/kg;w(NO_3~--N)呈逐渐增加的趋势,在发酵14～49 d之间的增幅最大,其中,T3的平均日增加值最大,为16.02 mg/(kg·d),而发酵70 d后各处理组w(NO_3~--N)逐渐趋于平稳.发酵前21 d w(TOC)呈近直线下降,发酵前14 d w(TN)呈直线上升;堆腐发酵至第49天时,T2～T7的GI(germination index,发芽指数)均高于50%,其中,T7为73.92%,较T1(CK)高出26.52%;发酵至第91天时,T1～T7的GI均超过85%.研究显示,枸杞枝条发酵堆体基质化过程中添加尿素+粗纤维降解菌Ⅰ(Ⅱ)、尿素+EM菌液、尿素+锯末专用复合益菌等更有助于加快基质化进程、缩短发酵时间、提高发酵效率,可为枸杞枝条基质化工厂利用提供理论支撑.
To investigate the effects of microbial inoculum( MI) on the fermentation process of Chinese wolfberry( goji)( Lycium barbarum L.),a randomized block design was conducted in this study. The treatments include( 1) 150 kg goji powder( GP),( 2) 150 kg GP plus 4. 15 kg urea( GPU),( 3) GPU plus 75 g crude fiber degradation bacteria( CFDB) Ⅰ,( 4) GPU plus 75 g CFDB Ⅱ,( 5) GPU plus 75 g sawdust special compound beneficial bacteria,( 6) GPU plus 75 g EM fluid and( 7) GPU plus 75 g cellulose enzyme preparation. The urea served as the nitrogen source for microbes. The results showed that on day 6 after treatment,all treatments showed the highest temperatures( HT),and for the T3 treatment the HT was 68. 2 ℃. The treatments T2,T3,T4,T5,T6 and T7 showed temperatures higher than 50 ℃ on days 6,9,9,7,8 and 7,respectively. The MI increased the wet and dry quality,total porosity,aeration pore and water holding porosity. By the end of fermentation,the wet mass volumes among treatments varied from 0. 43 to 0. 47 g/cm3,with the largest increase for the T6 treatment. Generally,ammonium-N content first increased and then decreased during the process of heap decay,and for the T4 treatment it reached 784. 81 mg/kg on day 21 after fermentation. The nitrate-N increased gradually until peaked on days 14-49 after fermentation( T3 had the largest value of 16. 02 mg/( kg·d)),and then decreased gradually and reachedrelatively stable levels on day 70 after fermentation. The TOC decreased rapidly from day 0 to 21,while the TN content increased gradually and reached a peak on day 49 after fermentation. The germination index( GI) was higher than 50% for the treatments T2-T7. The T7 treatment increased the GI by 73. 92% when compared to T1. The GI of T1-T7 was over 85% on day 91 after fermentation. These results suggested that GP fermentation was improved by the addition of urea and microbial inoculums( crude fiber degradation bacteriaⅠ( Ⅱ),EM bacteria liquid,sawdust composite beneficial bacteria),through enhancing the process of the matrix,decreasing the fermentation time,and improving the efficiency of fermentation.
To investigate the effects of microbial inoculum( MI) on the fermentation process of Chinese wolfberry( goji)( Lycium barbarum L.),a randomized block design was conducted in this study. The treatments include( 1) 150 kg goji powder( GP),( 2) 150 kg GP plus 4. 15 kg urea( GPU),( 3) GPU plus 75 g crude fiber degradation bacteria( CFDB) Ⅰ,( 4) GPU plus 75 g CFDB Ⅱ,( 5) GPU plus 75 g sawdust special compound beneficial bacteria,( 6) GPU plus 75 g EM fluid and( 7) GPU plus 75 g cellulose enzyme preparation. The urea served as the nitrogen source for microbes. The results showed that on day 6 after treatment,all treatments showed the highest temperatures( HT),and for the T3 treatment the HT was 68. 2 ℃. The treatments T2,T3,T4,T5,T6 and T7 showed temperatures higher than 50 ℃ on days 6,9,9,7,8 and 7,respectively. The MI increased the wet and dry quality,total porosity,aeration pore and water holding porosity. By the end of fermentation,the wet mass volumes among treatments varied from 0. 43 to 0. 47 g/cm3,with the largest increase for the T6 treatment. Generally,ammonium-N content first increased and then decreased during the process of heap decay,and for the T4 treatment it reached 784. 81 mg/kg on day 21 after fermentation. The nitrate-N increased gradually until peaked on days 14-49 after fermentation( T3 had the largest value of 16. 02 mg/( kg·d)),and then decreased gradually and reachedrelatively stable levels on day 70 after fermentation. The TOC decreased rapidly from day 0 to 21,while the TN content increased gradually and reached a peak on day 49 after fermentation. The germination index( GI) was higher than 50% for the treatments T2-T7. The T7 treatment increased the GI by 73. 92% when compared to T1. The GI of T1-T7 was over 85% on day 91 after fermentation. These results suggested that GP fermentation was improved by the addition of urea and microbial inoculums( crude fiber degradation bacteriaⅠ( Ⅱ),EM bacteria liquid,sawdust composite beneficial bacteria),through enhancing the process of the matrix,decreasing the fermentation time,and improving the efficiency of fermentation.
引文
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[19] ABAD M,NOGUERA P,BURES S. National inventory of organic wastes for use as growing media for ornamental potted plant production:a case study in Spain[J]. Bioresource Technology,2001,77(2):197-200.
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[26]李成学,郭建芳,何忠俊,等.微生物菌剂对油枯堆肥过程中理化性质的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(2):389-394.LI Chengxue,GUO Jianfang,HE Zhongjun,et al. Microbial strains affect the physical and chemical properties when composting canola meal[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(2):389-394.
[27]胡菊,秦莉,吕振宇,等.VT菌剂接种堆肥的作用效果及生物效应[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,26(S1):604-608.HU Ju,QIN Li,LV Zhenyu,et al.Function and field test of compost inoculated with VT microbes[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(S1):604-608.
[28]徐智,汤利,李少明,等.两种微生物菌剂对西番莲果渣高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(6):1270-1274.XU Zhi,TANG Li,LI Shaoming,et al. Effects of two microbial agents on high temperature composting of passion fruit marc[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(6):1270-1274.
[29]李洋,席北斗,赵越,等.不同物料堆肥腐熟度评价指标的变化特性[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(6):623-627.LI Yang,XI Beidou,ZHAO Yue,et al. Study of maturity parameter characteristics in composting process using different materials[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(6):623-627.
[30] ZUCCONI F,MONACO A,FORTE M,et al.Phytotoxins during the stabilization of organic matter[M].London:Elsevier,1985:73-86.
[2]冯春,杨光,杜俊,等.污水污泥堆肥重金属总量及形态变化[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(1):97-102.FENG Chun,YANG Guang,DU Jun,et al.Stady on the changes of total contents and the status of heavy metals for sewage sludge composting[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(1):97-102.
[3]宁夏枸杞产业2017年将迎来三大利好因素[EB/OL].银川:宁夏新闻网,2017[2017-01-10]. http://www. nxnews. net/yc/jrww/201701/t20170110_4197587.html.
[4] CATIA S,PIEBIEP G,JOAO F,et al.Effect of lignocellulosic and phenolic compounds on ammonia,nitric oxide and greenhouse gas emissions during composting[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,171:548-556.
[5] RAFARLA C,NARCIS C,KRYSTYNA M,et al.Nitrification during extended co-composting of extreme mixtures of green waste and solid fraction of cattle slurry to obtain growing media[J]. Waste Management,2016,58:118-125.
[6] RAFARLA C,NARCIS C,KRYSTYNA M,et al. Evolution of process control parameters during extended co-composting of green waste and solid fraction of cattle slurry to obtain growing media[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,179:398-406.
[7] NIETOA A,GASCO G,PAZ J,et al. The effect of pruning waste and biochar addition on brown peat based growing media properties[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2016,199:142-148.
[8] JACO E B,LUCIA C,GIAMPAOLO Z. Environmental and agronomic performance of fresh rice hulls used as growing medium component for Cyclamen persicum L. pot plants[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,142:2125-2132.
[9]曲继松,郭文忠,张丽娟,等.柠条粉作基质对西瓜幼苗生长发育及干物质积累的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(8):291-295.QU Jisong,GUO Wenzhong,ZHANG Lijuan,et al.Influence on the growth and accumulation of dry matter of watermelon seedlings based on caragana-straw as nursery substrate[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(8):291-295.
[10]冯海萍,杨志刚,杨冬艳,等.枸杞枝条基质化发酵工艺及参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(5):252-260.FENG Haiping,YANG Zhigang,YANG Dongyan,et al. Parameter optimization of fermented substrate from wolfberry shoots[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(5):252-260.
[11]任春晓,席北斗,赵越,等.有机生活垃圾不同微生物接种工艺堆肥腐熟度评价[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(2):226-231.REN Chunxiao,XI Beidou,ZHAO Yue,et al.Maturity evaluation of organic waste composted with different microbial inoculation techniques[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(2):226-231.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M]. 3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:67-71.
[13]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986:84-91.
[14] ELVIRAl E Z,EMIL M I,PETR Y V,et al. Comparison of anaerobic digestion strategies of nitrogen-rich substrates:performance of anaerobic reactors and microbial community diversity[J].Waste Management,2017,59:160-171.
[15] LLORACH-MASSANA P,MUOZ P,ROSA RIERA M,et al.N2O emissions from protected soilless crops for more precise food and urban agriculture life cycle assessments[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,149:1118-1126.
[16] SEAN S,DEARBHAIL N C,OWEN D,et al. Comparison of bacterial succession in green waste composts amended with inorganic fertiliser and wastewater treatment plant sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2015,179:71-77.
[17] IVAN P,AZRA H,EDISA A A. Evolution of process parameters and determination of kinetics for co-composting of organic fraction of municipal solid waste with poultry manure[J]. Bioresource Technology,2012,117:107-116.
[18]陈汉才,李桂花,廖森泰,等.农业废物无害化处理技术规范[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(8):222-239.CHEN Hancai, LI Guihua, LIAO Sentai, et al. Technical specifications for harmless treatment of agricultural wastes[J].Guangdong Agricultural Science,2010,37(8):222-239.
[19] ABAD M,NOGUERA P,BURES S. National inventory of organic wastes for use as growing media for ornamental potted plant production:a case study in Spain[J]. Bioresource Technology,2001,77(2):197-200.
[20]李谦盛.芦苇末基质的应用基础研究及园艺基质质量标准的探讨[D].南京:南京农业大学,2003.
[21]连兆煌,李式军.无土栽培原理与技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994:16-18.
[22]程斐,孙朝晖,赵玉国,等.芦苇末有机栽培基质的基本理化性能分析[J].南京农业大学学报,2001,24(3):19-22.CHENG Fei,SUN Zhaohui,ZHAO Yuguo,et al. Analysis of physical and chemical properties of reed residue substrate[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2001,24(3):19-22.
[23]蒋卫杰,杨其长.小康之路无土栽培特选项目与技术[M].北京:科学普及出版社,2008:39-40.
[24] GUARDIA A,MALLARD P,TEGLIA C,et al.Comparison of five organic wastes regarding their behaviour during composting.Part 2:nitrogen dynamic[J].Waste Management,2010,30:415-425.
[25] JURDO M M,SUAREZ F,LOPEZ M J,et al.Enhanced turnover of organic matter fractions by microbial stimulation during lignocellulosic waste composting[J]. Bioresource Technology,2015,186:15-24.
[26]李成学,郭建芳,何忠俊,等.微生物菌剂对油枯堆肥过程中理化性质的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(2):389-394.LI Chengxue,GUO Jianfang,HE Zhongjun,et al. Microbial strains affect the physical and chemical properties when composting canola meal[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(2):389-394.
[27]胡菊,秦莉,吕振宇,等.VT菌剂接种堆肥的作用效果及生物效应[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,26(S1):604-608.HU Ju,QIN Li,LV Zhenyu,et al.Function and field test of compost inoculated with VT microbes[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(S1):604-608.
[28]徐智,汤利,李少明,等.两种微生物菌剂对西番莲果渣高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(6):1270-1274.XU Zhi,TANG Li,LI Shaoming,et al. Effects of two microbial agents on high temperature composting of passion fruit marc[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(6):1270-1274.
[29]李洋,席北斗,赵越,等.不同物料堆肥腐熟度评价指标的变化特性[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(6):623-627.LI Yang,XI Beidou,ZHAO Yue,et al. Study of maturity parameter characteristics in composting process using different materials[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(6):623-627.
[30] ZUCCONI F,MONACO A,FORTE M,et al.Phytotoxins during the stabilization of organic matter[M].London:Elsevier,1985:73-86.