「遠い」和「近い」的格助词选择机制及其语用功能——从“虚拟位移”的角度分析
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摘要
日语表示空间距离远近的形容词「遠い「」近い」在格助词的选择上呈现出了明显的不对称「:近い」既可选择「から」也可选择「に」,而「遠い」基本不可以与「に」共现。针对上述现象,本文从认知语言学的"虚拟位移"的角度做出了进一步的分析「。Xから近い」侧重为X与另一个地点Y之间的距离长度定量,即"量度功能";而「Xに近い」则侧重通过X来确定Y的位置,即"定位功能"。这种语用功能的差异产生于二者在虚拟位移类型上的不同「:Xから近い」把X与Y之间的距离识解为某个虚拟的位移实体由X移动到Y的过程,即"指示路径";而「Xに近い」则把X与Y的位置关系识解为Y向着X靠近后的结果,即"出现路径"。而「Xに遠い」之所以很难成立,是因为当X与Y相距甚远时,无论是用X去为Y定位,还是把二者的位置关系想象为Y向X靠近后的结果,都不符合人们的一般认知规律。
Tooi and chikai, Japanese adjectives that indicate spatial distance, show markedly asymmetrical patterns when selecting case markers: chikai can choose both kara and ni, whereas tooi can only co-occur with kara in most cases. This paper makes further analysis from the viewpoint of "fictive motion". While X kara chikai he former serves to measure the distance between X and another location Y, X ni chikai serves to locate Y by invoking X as a reference point. These differences of functions are based on contrasting types of fictive motion: X kara chikai views the distance between X and Y as an "access path",along which a fictive entity moves from X to Y, whereas X ni chikai construes the spatial relationship between X and Y as an "advent path", which results from Y itself approaching X. The marginality of X ni tooi comes from the fact that when Y is a long way from X, neither locating Y via X nor regarding the spatial relationship between them as a result of Y approaching X accords with the way the mind usually works.
Tooi and chikai, Japanese adjectives that indicate spatial distance, show markedly asymmetrical patterns when selecting case markers: chikai can choose both kara and ni, whereas tooi can only co-occur with kara in most cases. This paper makes further analysis from the viewpoint of "fictive motion". While X kara chikai he former serves to measure the distance between X and another location Y, X ni chikai serves to locate Y by invoking X as a reference point. These differences of functions are based on contrasting types of fictive motion: X kara chikai views the distance between X and Y as an "access path",along which a fictive entity moves from X to Y, whereas X ni chikai construes the spatial relationship between X and Y as an "advent path", which results from Y itself approaching X. The marginality of X ni tooi comes from the fact that when Y is a long way from X, neither locating Y via X nor regarding the spatial relationship between them as a result of Y approaching X accords with the way the mind usually works.
引文
周彤.现代日语形容词词组研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2012.
まつもとひろたけ.二格の名詞と形容詞との組み合わせ[C]//言語の研究.東京:むぎ書房,1979.
杉村泰.イメージで教える日本語の格助詞[J].言語文化研究叢書1(名古屋大学言語文化部?国際言語文化研究科),2002.
鈴木重幸.日本語文法?形態論[M].東京:むぎ書房,1972.
Langacker,Ronald,W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar.Vol.1:Theoretical Prerequisites[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987.
Matsumoto,Yo.Subjective motion and English and Japanaese verbs[J].Cognitive Linguistics 7.1996a.
Matsumoto,Yo.How abstract is subjective motion?A comparison of coverage path expressions and access path expressions[C]//Conceptual structure,discourse and language.1996b.
Talmy,Leonard.How language structures space[C]//Herbert L.Pick&Linda P.Acredolo.Spatial orientation:Theory,research and application.New York:Plenum Press,1983.
[1]平塚徹.日本語の遠近を表す形容詞「近い?遠い」と格助詞「に?から」[J].京都産業大学論集(人文科学系列),2013(46):281.
[2]周彤.从词组学的角度看「遠い「」近い」的多义结构[C]//日语研究(第5辑).北京:商务印书馆,2007:107.
[3]松本曜.空間移動の言語表現とその拡張[C]//空間と移動の表現(日英比較選書6).東京:研究社出版,1997:207.
[4] Talmy, Leonard. Fictive motion in language and“ception”[C]//Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Vol.1:Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge,MA:MIT Press, 2000:135.
[5]马玄思,郭曙纶.基于语料库的“接近”和“靠近”辨析[J].国际汉语学报,2016,6(2):195.
まつもとひろたけ.二格の名詞と形容詞との組み合わせ[C]//言語の研究.東京:むぎ書房,1979.
杉村泰.イメージで教える日本語の格助詞[J].言語文化研究叢書1(名古屋大学言語文化部?国際言語文化研究科),2002.
鈴木重幸.日本語文法?形態論[M].東京:むぎ書房,1972.
Langacker,Ronald,W.Foundations of Cognitive Grammar.Vol.1:Theoretical Prerequisites[M].Stanford:Stanford University Press,1987.
Matsumoto,Yo.Subjective motion and English and Japanaese verbs[J].Cognitive Linguistics 7.1996a.
Matsumoto,Yo.How abstract is subjective motion?A comparison of coverage path expressions and access path expressions[C]//Conceptual structure,discourse and language.1996b.
Talmy,Leonard.How language structures space[C]//Herbert L.Pick&Linda P.Acredolo.Spatial orientation:Theory,research and application.New York:Plenum Press,1983.
[1]平塚徹.日本語の遠近を表す形容詞「近い?遠い」と格助詞「に?から」[J].京都産業大学論集(人文科学系列),2013(46):281.
[2]周彤.从词组学的角度看「遠い「」近い」的多义结构[C]//日语研究(第5辑).北京:商务印书馆,2007:107.
[3]松本曜.空間移動の言語表現とその拡張[C]//空間と移動の表現(日英比較選書6).東京:研究社出版,1997:207.
[4] Talmy, Leonard. Fictive motion in language and“ception”[C]//Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Vol.1:Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge,MA:MIT Press, 2000:135.
[5]马玄思,郭曙纶.基于语料库的“接近”和“靠近”辨析[J].国际汉语学报,2016,6(2):195.