人工智能时代无人驾驶汽车刑事风险的刑法应对
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摘要
作为人工智能无人驾驶技术运用的典型产品,无人驾驶汽车迎合驾驶安全需求。但是,人工智能的逻辑演绎,在操作上仍与人类本能反应存在偏差,致使以"人类行为"为中心的现行刑法及刑事责任的传统理论在应对自动驾驶造成的交通损害中捉襟见肘。因此,应分别处理无人驾驶汽车所带来的刑事风险:一是人为风险,将无人驾驶汽车所造成的风险对行为人进行非难,二是自然风险,法律应对动态的演变及时地做出回应与调整,对人工智能阶段无人驾驶汽车赋予刑事拟制人格。
As a typical product of the application of artificial intelligence driverless technology, driverless cars meet the needs of driving safety. However, the logic deduction of artificial intelligence is still deviated from the human instinctive reaction in operation, which makes the current criminal law centering on "human behavior" and the traditional theory of criminal responsibility insufficient to deal with the traffic damage caused by automatic driving. Therefore, it should be dealt with separately criminal risk brought by the driverless cars. One is the man-made risks and the driverless cars caused by risk to censure of actor, the other is the natural risk and the evolution of the law to deal with the dynamic response in a timely manner and adjustment for the strong artificial intelligence phase of driverless cars given criminal artificial personality.
As a typical product of the application of artificial intelligence driverless technology, driverless cars meet the needs of driving safety. However, the logic deduction of artificial intelligence is still deviated from the human instinctive reaction in operation, which makes the current criminal law centering on "human behavior" and the traditional theory of criminal responsibility insufficient to deal with the traffic damage caused by automatic driving. Therefore, it should be dealt with separately criminal risk brought by the driverless cars. One is the man-made risks and the driverless cars caused by risk to censure of actor, the other is the natural risk and the evolution of the law to deal with the dynamic response in a timely manner and adjustment for the strong artificial intelligence phase of driverless cars given criminal artificial personality.
引文
[1]刘宪权.人工智能时代的“内忧”、“外患”与刑事责任[J].东方法学,2018(1):134-142.
[2]王冠.人工智能:刑法的时代挑战[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2018:157.
[3]王子正,程丽.无人驾驶汽车简介[J].时代汽车,2016(8):82-85.
[4]潘凌飞.无人驾驶第一命案———特拉斯制造[EB/OL].(2016-07-01)[2019-01-14].https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/252149.
[5] Sabine Gless&Emily Silverman&Thomas Weigend.Who Is to Blame:Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liabili ty,19 New Crim.L.Rev.412(2016).
[6]钟菁.人工智能:刑法的时代挑战[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2018:71.
[7]陈晓林.无人驾驶汽车对现行法律的挑战及应对[J].理论学刊,2016(1):124-131.
[8]特拉斯公布致死事故调查结果:司机离手方向盘6秒[EB/OL].(2018-03-31)[2019-01-15].http://www.sohu.com/a/226894688_160565.
[9]刘宪权.人工智能时代的刑事风险与刑法应对[J].中国检察官,2018(9):79.
[10]郑慧.人工智能:刑法的时代挑战[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2018:184.
[11]吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学,2017(5):128-136.
(1)无人驾驶汽车又称为“智能汽车”,2018年3月1日《国家车联网产业标准体系建设指南》就对此作出了概念界定:“是指搭载先进的车载传感器、控制器、执行器等装置,并融合现代通信与网络技术,实现车与X(车、路、人、云端等)智能信息交换、共享,具备复杂环境感知、智能决策、协同控制等功能,可实现‘安全、高效、舒适、节能'行驶,并最终可实现替代人来操作的新一代汽车。”2014年,国际自动车工程师学会(SAE International,简称SAE)对自动驾驶进行分级,即无自动化、驾驶支援、部分自动化、有条件自动化、高度自动化及完全自动化。本文所讨论的是高度自动化及完全自动化的自动驾驶汽车。
(2)《左传·襄公十一年》。
(3)美国科幻作家阿西莫夫曾提出“机器人三原则”:第一条:机器人不得危害人类;第二条:必须服从命令;第三条:在不违反第一条和第二条的情况下必须保护自己。此三原则来源于艾萨克·阿西莫夫:《我,机器人》,叶李华译,江苏文艺出版社2013年版,第59-60页。
(4)《黄帝内经·素问·四气调神大论》。
[2]王冠.人工智能:刑法的时代挑战[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2018:157.
[3]王子正,程丽.无人驾驶汽车简介[J].时代汽车,2016(8):82-85.
[4]潘凌飞.无人驾驶第一命案———特拉斯制造[EB/OL].(2016-07-01)[2019-01-14].https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/252149.
[5] Sabine Gless&Emily Silverman&Thomas Weigend.Who Is to Blame:Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liabili ty,19 New Crim.L.Rev.412(2016).
[6]钟菁.人工智能:刑法的时代挑战[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2018:71.
[7]陈晓林.无人驾驶汽车对现行法律的挑战及应对[J].理论学刊,2016(1):124-131.
[8]特拉斯公布致死事故调查结果:司机离手方向盘6秒[EB/OL].(2018-03-31)[2019-01-15].http://www.sohu.com/a/226894688_160565.
[9]刘宪权.人工智能时代的刑事风险与刑法应对[J].中国检察官,2018(9):79.
[10]郑慧.人工智能:刑法的时代挑战[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2018:184.
[11]吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学,2017(5):128-136.
(1)无人驾驶汽车又称为“智能汽车”,2018年3月1日《国家车联网产业标准体系建设指南》就对此作出了概念界定:“是指搭载先进的车载传感器、控制器、执行器等装置,并融合现代通信与网络技术,实现车与X(车、路、人、云端等)智能信息交换、共享,具备复杂环境感知、智能决策、协同控制等功能,可实现‘安全、高效、舒适、节能'行驶,并最终可实现替代人来操作的新一代汽车。”2014年,国际自动车工程师学会(SAE International,简称SAE)对自动驾驶进行分级,即无自动化、驾驶支援、部分自动化、有条件自动化、高度自动化及完全自动化。本文所讨论的是高度自动化及完全自动化的自动驾驶汽车。
(2)《左传·襄公十一年》。
(3)美国科幻作家阿西莫夫曾提出“机器人三原则”:第一条:机器人不得危害人类;第二条:必须服从命令;第三条:在不违反第一条和第二条的情况下必须保护自己。此三原则来源于艾萨克·阿西莫夫:《我,机器人》,叶李华译,江苏文艺出版社2013年版,第59-60页。
(4)《黄帝内经·素问·四气调神大论》。