中国土地利用和植被覆盖度变化对区域气候影响的数值模拟
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摘要
基于3期土地利用和植被覆盖度资料、高分辨率的驱动场、马赛克的土地利用处理方式,采用区域气候天气研究与预报模式,设计两类试验研究中国土地利用和植被覆盖度变化对区域气候的影响.结果表明:在土地利用试验中,反照率、叶面积指数、发射率和低空云量等影响地表能量及分配,导致土地利用变化对夏季潜热、感热和2 m气温等陆面物理量的影响显著.由于城市地表的不透水性导致城市潜热明显减少,感热和气温增加.土地利用变化对冬季的影响比夏季弱,主要是反照率起作用,尤其是在积雪变化较大的区域.在植被覆盖度试验中,植被覆盖度与叶面积指数一致,后者直接影响植被蒸腾作用和夏季潜热,潜热的变化与植被覆盖度的变化具有较好的空间一致性,感热和气温基本上与潜热变化相反.土地利用和植被覆盖度变化通过改变垂直层温度,影响位势高度,引起风场的异常和降水的变化.
Based on the three periods of land use(LU) and green vegetation fraction(GVF) data, high-resolution driving fields, the "mosaic" approach, two types of experiments were designed to investigate into the regional climate effects of LU and GVF change over China by using the weather research and forecasting model. The results showed that, in the LU experiments, albedo, leaf area index(LAI), emissivity and low level cloud fraction affected the surface energy and its distribution; then the influence of LU change on latent heat, sensible heat and 2 m air temperature was significant in summer. Because of the impermeability of the urban ground, latent heat was significantly decreased in the urban area, and sensible heat and air temperature was increased. The impact of LU change on the surface variables was weaker in winter than in summer,and albedo played an important role, especially in areas where snow cover varied greatly. In GVF experiments, LAI should be consistent with GVF, and LAI affected plant transpiration, which affected the summer latent heat. The latent heat change and GVF change had good spatial consistency, and the sensible heat and the air temperature change was essentially opposite to the latent heat. LU and GVF change affected the geopotential height by changing the vertical layer temperature, and then wind fields and precipitation will be changed.
Based on the three periods of land use(LU) and green vegetation fraction(GVF) data, high-resolution driving fields, the "mosaic" approach, two types of experiments were designed to investigate into the regional climate effects of LU and GVF change over China by using the weather research and forecasting model. The results showed that, in the LU experiments, albedo, leaf area index(LAI), emissivity and low level cloud fraction affected the surface energy and its distribution; then the influence of LU change on latent heat, sensible heat and 2 m air temperature was significant in summer. Because of the impermeability of the urban ground, latent heat was significantly decreased in the urban area, and sensible heat and air temperature was increased. The impact of LU change on the surface variables was weaker in winter than in summer,and albedo played an important role, especially in areas where snow cover varied greatly. In GVF experiments, LAI should be consistent with GVF, and LAI affected plant transpiration, which affected the summer latent heat. The latent heat change and GVF change had good spatial consistency, and the sensible heat and the air temperature change was essentially opposite to the latent heat. LU and GVF change affected the geopotential height by changing the vertical layer temperature, and then wind fields and precipitation will be changed.
引文
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[2]毛慧琴,延晓冬,熊喆.土地利用变化对气候影响的研究进展[J].气候与环境研究,2011,16(4):513-524.
[3]Kalnay E,Cai Ming.Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate[J].Nature,2003,423(6939):528-531.
[4]Pessacg N L,Solman S.Effects of land-use changes on climate in southern South America[J].Climate Research,2012,55(1):33-51.
[5]陈海山,李兴,华文剑.近20年中国土地利用变化影响区域气候的数值模拟[J].大气科学,2015,39(2):357-369.
[6]曹富强,丹利,马柱国.中国农田下垫面变化对气候影响的模拟研究[J].气象学报,2015,73(1):128-141.
[7]Gao Xue-jie,Zhang Dong-feng,Chen Zhong-xin,et al.Land use effects on climate in China as simulated by a regional climate model[J].Science in China:Earth Sciences,2007,50(4):620-628.
[8]Dong Si-yan,Yan Xiao-dong,Xiong Ze.Varying responses in mean surface air temperature from land use/cover change in different seasons over northern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(3):167-171.
[9]金淑婷,李博,杨永春,等.甘肃省土地利用变化的基本特征及其格局[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2016,52(3):334-341.
[10]杨亮洁,杨永春.石羊河流域土地利用变化对区域碳排放和碳收人的影响[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2017,53(6):749-763.
[11]Hu Yong-hong,Jia Gen-suo,Pohl C,et al.Improved monitoring of urbanization processes in China for regional climate impact assessment[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(12):8387-8404.
[12]李建云,陈军,李华,等.北方土地利用变化对中国夏季气候可能影响的敏感性试验[J].气象与减灾研究,2013,36(1):10-17.
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[14]Cao Qian,Yu De-yong,Georgescu M,et al.Impacts of land use and land cover change on regional climate:a case study in the agro-pastoral transitional zone ofChina[J].Environmental Research Letters,2015,10(12):1-12.
[15]张学珍,郑景云,何凡能,等.MODIS BRDF/Albedo数据在中国温度模拟中的应用[J].地理学报,2011,66(3):356-366.
[16]Feng Jin-ming,Wang Yong-li,Ma Zhu-guo,et al.Simulating the regional impacts of urbanization and anthropogenic heat release on climate across China[J].Journal of Climate,2012,25(20):7187-7203.
[17]Li Wen-kai,Guo Wei-dong,Xue Yong-kang,et al.Sensitivity of a regional climate model to land surface parameterization schemes for East Asian summer monsoon simulation[J].Climate Dynamics,2015,47(7/8):1-16.
[18]王雅萍,张武,黄晨然.气候动力降尺度方法在复杂下垫面的应用研究[J].兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2015,51(4):517-525.
[19]Yu En-tao,Wang Hui-jun,Sun Jian-qi,et al.Climatic response to changes in vegetation in the Northwest Hetao Plain as simulated by the WRF model[J].International Journal of Climatology,2013,33(6):1470-1481.
[20]Chen Fei,Dudhia J.Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5modeling system,partⅠ:model implementation and sensitivity[J].Monthly Weather Review,2001,129(4):569-585.
[21]Li Dan,Bou Z E,Barlage M,et al.Development and evaluation of a mosaic approach in the WRF-Noah framework[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2013,118(21):11918-11935.
[22]Skamarock W C,Klemp J B,Dudhia J,et al.A description of the advanced research WRF version 3[J].Ncar Technical,2005,113:7-25.
[23]Hong Song-you,Lim J O J.The WRF single-moment6-class microphysics scheme(WSM6)[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2006,42(2):129-151.
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[26]Hong Song-you,Noh Y,Dudhia J.A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes[J].Monthly Weather Review,2006,134(9):2318-2341.
[27]Kain J S.The kain fritsch convective parameterization:an update[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,2004,43(1):170-181.
[28]Kusaka H,Kondo H,Kikegawa Y,et al.A simple singlelayer urban canopy model for atmospheric models:comparison with multi-layer and slab models[J].BoundaryLayer Meteorology,2001,101(3):329-358.
[29]Kusaka H,Kimura F.Coupling a single-layer urban canopy model with a simple atmospheric model:impact on urban heat island simulation for an idealized case[J].Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,2004,82(1):67-80.
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