民族志与原住民电影:相互融合的社会实践
摘要
民族志电影和原住民电影虽然在概念层面存在区别,但在实际操作层面,它们之间并不需要划出明确的界限。二者的关系是互相包容的,应该被放在一个更为广阔的语境下进行考量。作为互为融合的两面,它们共同反映了对表征危机及人类学表征合法性的反思。同时,民族志和原住民电影也共同折射出由阿尔弗雷德·杰尔(Alfred Gell)所提出的指示符号和一种使得能动者之间频繁互动的复杂媒体效应。
引文
(1)Heider,K.Ethnographic Film,revised edition,Austin:niversity of Texas Press,2006,p.4.
(2)Ginsberg,F.Indigenous media:Faustian contract or global village?Cultural Anthropology.1991,6(1):92-112;Ginsburg,F.Aboriginal media and the Australian imaginary.Public Culture.1993,5(3):557-578;Ginsberg,F.Mediating culture:indigenous media,ethnographic film,and production of identity.In The Anthropology of Media:a reader(eds.K.Askew and R.Wilk),London:Blackwell Publishers,2002.;Ginsburg,F.Native intelligence:a short history of debates on indigenous media and ethnographic film”,in Made to be Seen:perspectives on the history of visual anthropology(eds.M.Banks and J.Ruby),2011.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1991,pp.234-255.
(3)Ginsberg,F.Indigenous media:Faustian contract or global village?.Cultural Anthropology.6(1):92-112;Michaels,E.1986.A-boriginal Invention of Television in Central Australia:1982-1986.Canberra:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies,1991,pp.36-37.
(1)(2)Heider,K.Ethnographic Film,revised edition,Austin:University of Texas Press,2006,pp.8-10、p.3.
(3)Ruby,J.Picturing Culture:explorations of film&anthropology,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2000,pp.2-6.
(4)Durington,M.&Ruby,J.Ethnographic film.In Made to be Seen:perspectives on the history of visual anthropology(eds.M.Banks and J.Ruby),Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2011,pp.190-208.
(5)关于“媒体景观”(mediascape)的提出,可参阅Appadurai,A.1996.Modernity at Large:cultural dimensions of globalization,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,p.33.
(6)Ginsburg,F.Aboriginal media and the Australian imaginary.Public Culture.1993,5(3):579
(7)Ginsburg,F.Native intelligence:a short history of debates on indigenous media and ethnographic film”,in Made to be Seen:perspectives on the history of visual anthropology(eds.M.Banks and J.Ruby).Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2011,p.237.
(1)Spitulnik,D.Anthropology and mass media.Annual Review of Anthropology,1993,(22):pp.293-315.
(2)Jacknis,I.Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson in Bali:their use of photography and film.Cultural Anthropology,1988,3(2):pp.160-177.
(3)The Hunters[film].Directed by Marshall,J.USA:Documentary Educational Resources,1957.
(4)Dodoth Morning[film].Directed by Asch,T.USA:Documentary Educational Resources,1961.
(5)Moi,un noir[film].Directed by Rouch,J.France:Films de la Pléiade,1957.
(6)Dead Birds[film].Directed by Gardner,R.USA:Documentary Educational Resources,1963.
(7)Ginsburg,F.Native intelligence:a short history of debates on indigenous media and ethnographic film”,in Made to be Seen:perspectives on the history of visual anthropology(eds.M.Banks and J.Ruby).Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2011,p.240.
(1)Michaels,E.Aboriginal Invention of Television in Central Australia:1982-1986.Canberra:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies,p.71.
(2)Myers,F.1988.From ethnography to metaphor:recent films from David Judith MacDougall.Cultural Anthropology.1986,3(2):pp.27-28.
(1)MacDougall,D.Transcultural Cinema,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998,p.178.
(2)John Grierson.The first principles of documentary.In Griersonon Documentary(ed.F.Hardy),London:Faber&Faber,1966,p.147.
(3)Man with a Movie Camera[film].Directed by Vertov,D.Soviet Union:VUFKU,1929.
(4)(5)MacDougall,D.Transcultural Cinema.Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998,pp.127-128、p.134.
(6)Good-Bye Old Man[film].Directed by MacDougall,D.Australia:AIATSIS,1977.
(1)Pink,S.The Future of Visual Anthropology:Engaging the Senses.Routledge:Oxford and New York,2006,p.90.
(2)FitzSimons,T.,Laughren,P.&Williamson D.Australian Documentary:History,Practices and Genres,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011,p.198.
(3)MacDougall,D.Transcultural Cinema,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998,p.189.
(1)(3)(5)MacDougall,D.Transcultural Cinema,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998,p.247、p.273、pp.262-264.
(2)(6)Mac Dougall,D.,MacDougall,J.,Barbash,I.and Taylor,L.Radically empirical documentary:an interview with David and Judith MacDougall.Film Quarterly,2000,54(2):pp.6-7、p.8.
(4)Link-up Diary[film].Directed by MacDougall,D.Australia:AIATSIS,1986.
(1)Milli Milli[film].Directed by Barker,W.Australia:Milli Milli Film Group Pty Ltd,1994.
(2)Spirit of Anchor[film].Directed by Barker,B and Barker,W.Australia:CNRS Images Media,2002.
(3)Samson and Delilah[film].Directed by Thornton,W.Australia:Madman Entertainment,2009.
(4)(5)(6)Griffiths,A.Wondrous Difference:Cinema,Anthropology&Turn-of-the-century Visual Culture.New York:Columbia University Press,2002,p.XXVII、p.XXIX、p.XIX.
(1)Prins,H.Visual media and the primitivist perplex:colonial fantasies,indigenous imagination and advocacy in North America.In Media Worlds:Anthropology on New Terrain(eds.F.Ginsburg,L.Abu-Lughod and B.Larkin),Berkeley,Los Angeles,London:University of California Press,2002,pp.58-74.
(2)Turner,T.Representation,politics,and cultural imagination in indigenous video:general points and Kayapo examples.In Media Worlds:Anthropology on New Terrain(eds.F.Ginsburg,L.Abu-Lughod and B.Larkin),Berkeley,Los Angeles,London:University of California Press,2002,pp.75-89.
(3)Gell,A.Art and Agency:An Anthropological Theory,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995,p.13
(4)MacDougall,D.MacDougall,J.,Barbash,I.and Taylor,L.Radically empirical documentary:an interview with David and Judith MacDougall.Film Quarterly,2000,54(2):p.8.
(2)Ginsberg,F.Indigenous media:Faustian contract or global village?Cultural Anthropology.1991,6(1):92-112;Ginsburg,F.Aboriginal media and the Australian imaginary.Public Culture.1993,5(3):557-578;Ginsberg,F.Mediating culture:indigenous media,ethnographic film,and production of identity.In The Anthropology of Media:a reader(eds.K.Askew and R.Wilk),London:Blackwell Publishers,2002.;Ginsburg,F.Native intelligence:a short history of debates on indigenous media and ethnographic film”,in Made to be Seen:perspectives on the history of visual anthropology(eds.M.Banks and J.Ruby),2011.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1991,pp.234-255.
(3)Ginsberg,F.Indigenous media:Faustian contract or global village?.Cultural Anthropology.6(1):92-112;Michaels,E.1986.A-boriginal Invention of Television in Central Australia:1982-1986.Canberra:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies,1991,pp.36-37.
(1)(2)Heider,K.Ethnographic Film,revised edition,Austin:University of Texas Press,2006,pp.8-10、p.3.
(3)Ruby,J.Picturing Culture:explorations of film&anthropology,Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2000,pp.2-6.
(4)Durington,M.&Ruby,J.Ethnographic film.In Made to be Seen:perspectives on the history of visual anthropology(eds.M.Banks and J.Ruby),Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2011,pp.190-208.
(5)关于“媒体景观”(mediascape)的提出,可参阅Appadurai,A.1996.Modernity at Large:cultural dimensions of globalization,Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,p.33.
(6)Ginsburg,F.Aboriginal media and the Australian imaginary.Public Culture.1993,5(3):579
(7)Ginsburg,F.Native intelligence:a short history of debates on indigenous media and ethnographic film”,in Made to be Seen:perspectives on the history of visual anthropology(eds.M.Banks and J.Ruby).Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2011,p.237.
(1)Spitulnik,D.Anthropology and mass media.Annual Review of Anthropology,1993,(22):pp.293-315.
(2)Jacknis,I.Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson in Bali:their use of photography and film.Cultural Anthropology,1988,3(2):pp.160-177.
(3)The Hunters[film].Directed by Marshall,J.USA:Documentary Educational Resources,1957.
(4)Dodoth Morning[film].Directed by Asch,T.USA:Documentary Educational Resources,1961.
(5)Moi,un noir[film].Directed by Rouch,J.France:Films de la Pléiade,1957.
(6)Dead Birds[film].Directed by Gardner,R.USA:Documentary Educational Resources,1963.
(7)Ginsburg,F.Native intelligence:a short history of debates on indigenous media and ethnographic film”,in Made to be Seen:perspectives on the history of visual anthropology(eds.M.Banks and J.Ruby).Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2011,p.240.
(1)Michaels,E.Aboriginal Invention of Television in Central Australia:1982-1986.Canberra:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies,p.71.
(2)Myers,F.1988.From ethnography to metaphor:recent films from David Judith MacDougall.Cultural Anthropology.1986,3(2):pp.27-28.
(1)MacDougall,D.Transcultural Cinema,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998,p.178.
(2)John Grierson.The first principles of documentary.In Griersonon Documentary(ed.F.Hardy),London:Faber&Faber,1966,p.147.
(3)Man with a Movie Camera[film].Directed by Vertov,D.Soviet Union:VUFKU,1929.
(4)(5)MacDougall,D.Transcultural Cinema.Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998,pp.127-128、p.134.
(6)Good-Bye Old Man[film].Directed by MacDougall,D.Australia:AIATSIS,1977.
(1)Pink,S.The Future of Visual Anthropology:Engaging the Senses.Routledge:Oxford and New York,2006,p.90.
(2)FitzSimons,T.,Laughren,P.&Williamson D.Australian Documentary:History,Practices and Genres,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011,p.198.
(3)MacDougall,D.Transcultural Cinema,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998,p.189.
(1)(3)(5)MacDougall,D.Transcultural Cinema,Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998,p.247、p.273、pp.262-264.
(2)(6)Mac Dougall,D.,MacDougall,J.,Barbash,I.and Taylor,L.Radically empirical documentary:an interview with David and Judith MacDougall.Film Quarterly,2000,54(2):pp.6-7、p.8.
(4)Link-up Diary[film].Directed by MacDougall,D.Australia:AIATSIS,1986.
(1)Milli Milli[film].Directed by Barker,W.Australia:Milli Milli Film Group Pty Ltd,1994.
(2)Spirit of Anchor[film].Directed by Barker,B and Barker,W.Australia:CNRS Images Media,2002.
(3)Samson and Delilah[film].Directed by Thornton,W.Australia:Madman Entertainment,2009.
(4)(5)(6)Griffiths,A.Wondrous Difference:Cinema,Anthropology&Turn-of-the-century Visual Culture.New York:Columbia University Press,2002,p.XXVII、p.XXIX、p.XIX.
(1)Prins,H.Visual media and the primitivist perplex:colonial fantasies,indigenous imagination and advocacy in North America.In Media Worlds:Anthropology on New Terrain(eds.F.Ginsburg,L.Abu-Lughod and B.Larkin),Berkeley,Los Angeles,London:University of California Press,2002,pp.58-74.
(2)Turner,T.Representation,politics,and cultural imagination in indigenous video:general points and Kayapo examples.In Media Worlds:Anthropology on New Terrain(eds.F.Ginsburg,L.Abu-Lughod and B.Larkin),Berkeley,Los Angeles,London:University of California Press,2002,pp.75-89.
(3)Gell,A.Art and Agency:An Anthropological Theory,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995,p.13
(4)MacDougall,D.MacDougall,J.,Barbash,I.and Taylor,L.Radically empirical documentary:an interview with David and Judith MacDougall.Film Quarterly,2000,54(2):p.8.