高原山地城市农田氮、磷表观平衡演变特征——以昆明市为例
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摘要
氮、磷平衡是影响农田污染潜势和农业生产的主要因子.农田化肥过量施用导致的氮、磷大量流失已成为我国非点源污染的重要来源.本研究基于农田氮、磷表观平衡模型,以高原山地城市昆明市为例,评估了1980—2015年农田的氮、磷输入、输出与平衡演变特征.结果表明:①1980—2015年,昆明市农田氮平衡始终处于盈余的状态,盈余量以4070 t·a~(-1)的速度上升,而农田磷从1981年开始转变为盈余状态,盈余量以590 t·a~(-1)的速度上升,农田氮盈余量增长速度高于磷盈余量增长速度,未来农田氮污染潜势可能高于磷;②化肥和有机肥是昆明市农田氮、磷输入的主要来源,自1995年化肥取代有机肥成为氮输入的主要来源,自1983年起化肥成为农田磷的最大输入项;③氮、磷输出量均呈现逐年增长趋势,其中,氮输出量增长速度为3430 t·a~(-1),磷输出量增长速度为100 t·a~(-1),农田氮、磷输出量远低于输入量;④昆明市农田氮、磷平衡特征在不同海拔区域呈现显著异质性,1980—2015年海拔2400 m以下的农田氮、磷表观平衡情况变化最为明显,平均增长了12.48倍,2400 m农田变化次之,2400 m以下农田变化较小.
Nitrogen and phosphorus balances are key factors affecting the pollution potential of cropland and agricultural production. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus caused by over-application of fertilizers has become an important driver for nonpoint source pollution in China. Current and historical change of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, exports, and balances in the cropland of Kunming were estimated from 1980 to 2015 with cropland nutrients apparent balance model. Results showed that: ①From 1980 to 2015, the nitrogen balance of cropland had been surplus with a rate of 4070 t·a~(-1). In 1980, the phosphorus balance of cropland was in a deficit state, and had been turned into a surplus state since 1981 with an increase of 590 t·a~(-1). The growth rate of nitrogen surplus is higher than that of phosphorus surplus, indicating a higher pollution potential of nitrogen than phosphorus in the future. ②Fertilizer and organic manure are the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. Since 1995, fertilizers replaced organic manure as the main source of nitrogen input, while chemical fertilizers have become the largest input of phosphorus since 1983. ③Nitrogen and phosphorus outputs have been increasing year by year. The output growth rates of nitrogen and phosphorus are 3430 t·a~(-1) and 100 t·a~(-1), respectively. Compared to the input rates of nutrients, output rates are much lower. ④Based on the land-use conversion of Kunming from 1980 to 2015, the apparent balance of nitrogen and phosphorus in cropland below the altitude of 2400 m increased the most by 12.48 times, followed by cropland at 2400 m, and the cropland below 2400 m changes the least.
Nitrogen and phosphorus balances are key factors affecting the pollution potential of cropland and agricultural production. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus caused by over-application of fertilizers has become an important driver for nonpoint source pollution in China. Current and historical change of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs, exports, and balances in the cropland of Kunming were estimated from 1980 to 2015 with cropland nutrients apparent balance model. Results showed that: ①From 1980 to 2015, the nitrogen balance of cropland had been surplus with a rate of 4070 t·a~(-1). In 1980, the phosphorus balance of cropland was in a deficit state, and had been turned into a surplus state since 1981 with an increase of 590 t·a~(-1). The growth rate of nitrogen surplus is higher than that of phosphorus surplus, indicating a higher pollution potential of nitrogen than phosphorus in the future. ②Fertilizer and organic manure are the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs. Since 1995, fertilizers replaced organic manure as the main source of nitrogen input, while chemical fertilizers have become the largest input of phosphorus since 1983. ③Nitrogen and phosphorus outputs have been increasing year by year. The output growth rates of nitrogen and phosphorus are 3430 t·a~(-1) and 100 t·a~(-1), respectively. Compared to the input rates of nutrients, output rates are much lower. ④Based on the land-use conversion of Kunming from 1980 to 2015, the apparent balance of nitrogen and phosphorus in cropland below the altitude of 2400 m increased the most by 12.48 times, followed by cropland at 2400 m, and the cropland below 2400 m changes the least.
引文
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鲁如坤,时正元,施建平.2000.我国南方6省农田养分平衡现状评价和动态变化研究[J].中国农业科学,33(2):63-67
伦飞,刘俊国,张丹.2016.1961—2011年中国农田磷收支及磷使用效率研究[J].资源科学,38(9):1681-1691
Ouyang W,Li Z,Liu J,et al.2017.Inventory of apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balance and risk of potential pollution in typical sloping cropland of purple soil in China-A case study in the Three Gorges Reservoir region[J].Ecological Engineering, 106(A):620-628
全国农业推广服务中心编.1999.中国有机肥料养分志[M].北京:中国农业出版社
Smil V.1999.Nitrogen in crop production:An account of global flows[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,13(2):647-662
史培军,陈晋,潘耀忠.2000.深圳市土地利用变化机制分析[J].地理学报,55(2):151-160
孙云华,郭涛,崔希民.2016.昆明市土地利用变化的强度分析与稳定性研究[J].地理科学进展,35(2):245-254
Vitousek P M,Aber J D,Howarth R W,et al.1997.Technical report:Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:Sources and consequences[J].Ecological Applications,7(3):737-750
王成贤,石德智,沈超峰,等.2011.畜禽粪便污染负荷及风险评估-以杭州市为例[J].环境科学学报,31(11):2562-2569
吴灏,黄英,王杰,等.2015.基于CROPWAT模型的昆明市水稻需水量及灌溉用水量研究[J].灌溉排水学报,34(7):101-104
徐红,尹增松,李家萍.2009.云南省有机肥资源利用现状及发展对策[J].云南农业,(4):38-38
Yan X,Cai Z,Yang R,et al.2011.Nitrogen budget and riverine nitrogen output in a rice paddy dominated agricultural watershed in eastern China[J].Biogeochemistry,106(3):489-501
张慧,高如泰,夏训峰,等.2009.北京市房山区农田表观磷平衡分析[J].生态环境学报,18(5):1949-1955
张卫峰,李亮科,陈新平,等.2009.我国复合肥发展现状及存在的问题[J].磷肥与复肥,24(2):14-16
赵慧珠.2004.云南省高海拔地区高产优质粳稻良种选育方法[J].中国稻米,(2):20-21
Zhu B,Wang Z,Wang T,et al.2012.Non-point-source nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from a small watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Journal of Mountain Science,9(1):10-15
陈敏鹏,陈吉宁.2007.中国区域土壤表观氮磷平衡清单及政策建议[J].环境科学,28(6):1305-1310
程文娟,史静,夏运生,等.2008.滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失分析研究[J].水土保持学报,22(5):52-55
Chen M,Chen J.2007.Inventory of regional surface nutrient balance and policy recommendations in China[J].Environmental Science, 28(6):1305-1310
邓祥征,刘彦随,赵涛.2003.汉江流域土地利用变化及空间格局分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,12(6):522-528
Galloway J N,Dentener F J,Capone D G,et al.2004.Nitrogen cycles:Past,present,and future[J].Biogeochemistry,70(2):153-226
高伟,郭怀成,后希康.2014.中国大陆市域人类活动净氮输入量(NANI)评估[J].北京大学学(自然科学版),50(5):951-959
高炜,张世范,郭远明,等.2000.高海拔1500 m与2400 m严重创伤后诱发急性肺损伤的对比观察[J].西北国防医学杂志,21(4):243-245
Han Y,Yu X,Wang X,et al.2013.Net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs (NAPI) index application in Mainland China[J].Chemosphere,90(2):329-337
Jia Y,Yu G,He N,et al.2014.Spatial and decadal variations in inorganic nitrogen wet deposition in China induced by human activity[J].Scientific Reports,4(4):3763
Liu C,Watanabe M,Wang Q.2008.Changes in nitrogen budgets and nitrogen use efficiency in the agroecosystems of the Changjiang River basin between 1980 and 2000[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,80(1):19-37
Liu M,Yu Z,Liu Y,et al.2006.Fertilizer requirements for wheat and maize in China:the QUEFTS approach[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,74(3):245-258
李书田,金继运.2011.中国不同区域农田养分输入、输出与平衡[J].中国农业科学,44(20):4207-4229
李志厚,姜睿,夏才初,等.2014.高海拔公路隧道海拔高度系数及运营通风的修正[J].公路交通科技,(1):169-172
梁建萍,牛远,谢敬斯,等.2007.不同海拔华北落叶松针叶三种抗氧化酶活性与光合色素含量[J].应用生态学报,18(7):1414-1419
刘明达,蒋蕾,李双成.2008.云南南部地区耕地变化时空特征及成因分析[J].中国土地科学,22(2):9-16
刘桂林,张落成,张倩.2013.1985—2010年南京市耕地变化轨迹及驱动力分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,29(6):688-694
刘钦普.2017.中国化肥施用强度及环境安全阈值时空变化[J].农业工程学报,33(6):214-221
刘艳艳,吴大放,董玉祥,等. 2010.珠海市土地利用空间格局与地形的相关性研究[J].地理与地理信息科学, 26(3):68-72
鲁如坤,刘鸿翔,闻大中,等.1996a.我国典型地区农业生态系统养分循环和平衡研究Ⅱ.农田养分收入参数[J].土壤通报, (4):151-154
鲁如坤,刘鸿翔,闻大中,等.1996b.我国典型地区农业生态系统养分循环和平衡研究Ⅰ.农田养分支出参数[J].土壤通报, (4):145-151
鲁如坤,时正元,施建平.2000.我国南方6省农田养分平衡现状评价和动态变化研究[J].中国农业科学,33(2):63-67
伦飞,刘俊国,张丹.2016.1961—2011年中国农田磷收支及磷使用效率研究[J].资源科学,38(9):1681-1691
Ouyang W,Li Z,Liu J,et al.2017.Inventory of apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balance and risk of potential pollution in typical sloping cropland of purple soil in China-A case study in the Three Gorges Reservoir region[J].Ecological Engineering, 106(A):620-628
全国农业推广服务中心编.1999.中国有机肥料养分志[M].北京:中国农业出版社
Smil V.1999.Nitrogen in crop production:An account of global flows[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,13(2):647-662
史培军,陈晋,潘耀忠.2000.深圳市土地利用变化机制分析[J].地理学报,55(2):151-160
孙云华,郭涛,崔希民.2016.昆明市土地利用变化的强度分析与稳定性研究[J].地理科学进展,35(2):245-254
Vitousek P M,Aber J D,Howarth R W,et al.1997.Technical report:Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle:Sources and consequences[J].Ecological Applications,7(3):737-750
王成贤,石德智,沈超峰,等.2011.畜禽粪便污染负荷及风险评估-以杭州市为例[J].环境科学学报,31(11):2562-2569
吴灏,黄英,王杰,等.2015.基于CROPWAT模型的昆明市水稻需水量及灌溉用水量研究[J].灌溉排水学报,34(7):101-104
徐红,尹增松,李家萍.2009.云南省有机肥资源利用现状及发展对策[J].云南农业,(4):38-38
Yan X,Cai Z,Yang R,et al.2011.Nitrogen budget and riverine nitrogen output in a rice paddy dominated agricultural watershed in eastern China[J].Biogeochemistry,106(3):489-501
张慧,高如泰,夏训峰,等.2009.北京市房山区农田表观磷平衡分析[J].生态环境学报,18(5):1949-1955
张卫峰,李亮科,陈新平,等.2009.我国复合肥发展现状及存在的问题[J].磷肥与复肥,24(2):14-16
赵慧珠.2004.云南省高海拔地区高产优质粳稻良种选育方法[J].中国稻米,(2):20-21
Zhu B,Wang Z,Wang T,et al.2012.Non-point-source nitrogen and phosphorus loadings from a small watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Journal of Mountain Science,9(1):10-15