西南天山造山带超高压变质作用研究新进展
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摘要
低温超高压变质岩具有极低的地热梯度,其变质演化对于认识板块间相互作用的动力学过程以及弧地壳的生长机制具有重要意义。西南天山造山带发育了世界上少有的经历过深俯冲作用且具有洋壳属性的典型低温超高压变质地质体。近几年来对该造山带中的超高压变质岩开展了大量深入细致的岩石学研究工作,取得了一系列新进展。变基性岩和变沉积岩系岩石中柯石英的普遍发现,直接证明西南天山变质蛇绿混杂岩曾经俯冲到上地幔深度,且具有极低的地热梯度,与热力学模拟结果一致。柯石英的稀少以及大量不同类型柯石英假像的存在,说明在折返过程中发生了强烈的退变质叠加,只有刚性较大且没有经历碎裂-愈合作用的矿物(如石榴石)才有可能保存柯石英。综合岩相学证据和相平衡计算结果,确定西南天山造山带北部的高压地质体(即哈布腾苏-科布尔特单元)整体经历过超高压变质作用,南部的高压地质体峰期压力未达到柯石英稳定域。超高压和高压变质地体的空间分布特点指示了古天山洋由南向北的俯冲极性。这些基础岩石学研究工作的开展对于揭示冷俯冲带的深部物理化学过程以及建立中亚南天山造山带演化的精细模型具有重要意义。
Though geophysical observation and numerical modeling suggest that the oceanic crust have been subducted along convergent continental margins into the deep Earth,the exhumed UHP metamorphic terranes of oceanic affinity are rarely exposed.The UHP metamorphic belt of China's southwestern Tianshan was inherited from the ophiolitic complex as a result of the northward subduction of the paleo-Tianshan ocean beneath the YiliCentral Tianshan plate.With the in-depth investigations of many aspects in recent years,the UHP metamorphism of China's southwestern Tianshan has been better understood.In this paper,the authors focused the discussion on the progress in petrological studies of UHP rocks from this orogenic belt.The ubiquitous discovery of coesite in meta-basaltic and meta-sedimentary rocks indicates that the meta-ophiolitic belt of China's southwestern Tianshan have reached the mantle depths with extremely low goetherms,which is consistent with thermodynamic forward modeling.The rarity of coesite and the development of various coesite pseudomorphs suggest the intensive retrograde overprint at low temperatures.Only in the unfractured domain of porphyroblastic garnet could coesite be preserved.On the basis of detailed petrographical observation and phase diagram model,the UHP metamorphism in the north of the metamorphic belt of China's southwestern Tianshan is confirmed and a coherent UHP unit(referred to as Kebuerte-Habutengsu UHP unit) is proposed.To the south of this unit,no UHP evidence has been identified in eclogite or pelitic-felsic schist.The imbricate sequence relation between HP and UHP units points to the northward subduction polarity of the paleo-Tianshan ocean.The progress in the study of petrology is fundamental for further unraveling the physiochemical processes of cold oceanic crust subducted to great depths and for constructing a more reasonable tectonic model of the South Tianshan orogenic belt in Central Asia.
Though geophysical observation and numerical modeling suggest that the oceanic crust have been subducted along convergent continental margins into the deep Earth,the exhumed UHP metamorphic terranes of oceanic affinity are rarely exposed.The UHP metamorphic belt of China's southwestern Tianshan was inherited from the ophiolitic complex as a result of the northward subduction of the paleo-Tianshan ocean beneath the YiliCentral Tianshan plate.With the in-depth investigations of many aspects in recent years,the UHP metamorphism of China's southwestern Tianshan has been better understood.In this paper,the authors focused the discussion on the progress in petrological studies of UHP rocks from this orogenic belt.The ubiquitous discovery of coesite in meta-basaltic and meta-sedimentary rocks indicates that the meta-ophiolitic belt of China's southwestern Tianshan have reached the mantle depths with extremely low goetherms,which is consistent with thermodynamic forward modeling.The rarity of coesite and the development of various coesite pseudomorphs suggest the intensive retrograde overprint at low temperatures.Only in the unfractured domain of porphyroblastic garnet could coesite be preserved.On the basis of detailed petrographical observation and phase diagram model,the UHP metamorphism in the north of the metamorphic belt of China's southwestern Tianshan is confirmed and a coherent UHP unit(referred to as Kebuerte-Habutengsu UHP unit) is proposed.To the south of this unit,no UHP evidence has been identified in eclogite or pelitic-felsic schist.The imbricate sequence relation between HP and UHP units points to the northward subduction polarity of the paleo-Tianshan ocean.The progress in the study of petrology is fundamental for further unraveling the physiochemical processes of cold oceanic crust subducted to great depths and for constructing a more reasonable tectonic model of the South Tianshan orogenic belt in Central Asia.
引文
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Mosenfelder J L,Schertl H P.Smyth J R.et al.2005.Factors in the preservation of coesite:The importance of fluid infiltration[J].American Mineralogist.90:779~789.
Powell R and Holland T J B.2008.On thermobarometry[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology.26:155~179.
Ravna E J K and Terry M P.2004.Geothermobarometry of UHP and HP eclogites and schists-an evaluation of equilibria among garnetclinopyroxene-kyanite-phengite-coesite/quartz[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology,22:579-592.
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Bebout GE.Agard P.Kobayashi K.et al.2013.Devolatilization history and trace element mobility in deeply subducted sedimentary rocks:Evidence from western Alps HP/UHP suites[J].Chemical Geology,342:1-20.
Bostick B C.Jones R E,Emst W G,et al.2003.Low-temperature microdiamond aggregates in the Maksyutov Metamorphic Complex,South Ural Mountains,Russia[J].American Mineralogist,88:1 709~1 717.
Bucher K,Fazis Y,de Capitani C,et al.2005.Blueschists,eclogites,and decompression assemblages of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite:Highpressure metamorphism of suhducted Tethys lithosphere[J].American Mineralogist,90:821-835.
Bucher K and Grapes R.2009.The eclogite-facies Allalin gabbro of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite,western Alps:a record of subduction zone hydrauon[J].Journal of Petrology,50:1 405~1442.
Carswell D A,O'Brien P J,Wilson R N,et al.1997.Thermobarometry of phengite-bearing eclogites in Dabie Mountains of central China[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology,15:239~252.
Emst W G.1971.Metamorphic zonations on presumably subducted lithospheric plates from Japan,California and Alps[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,34:43~59.
Emst W G.2010.Subduction zone metarnorphisrn-pioneering contributions from theAlps[J]International Geology Review,52:1021~1039.
Evans T P.2004.A method for calculating effective bulk composition modification due to crystal fractionation in garnet-bearing schist:implications for isopleth thermobarometry[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology,22:547~557.
Frezzotti M L,Selverstone J,SharpZD,et al.2011.Carbonate dissolution during subduction revealed by diamond-bearing rocks from the Alps[J].Nature Geosciences,4:703~706.
Gao J and Klemd R.2003.Formation of HP-LT rocks and their tectonic implications in the western Tianshan Orogen,NW China:geochemical and age constraints[J].Lithos,66:1~22.
Gao J,Klemd R,Zhang L,et al.1999.P-T path of high-pressure/lowtemperature rocks and tectonic implications in the western Tianshan Mountains,NW China[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology,17:621~636.
John T,Gussone N,Podladchikov Y Y,et al.2012.Volcanic arcs fed by rapid pulsed fluid flow through subducting slabs[J].Nature Geosciences,5:489~492.
King R L,Bebout G E,Kobayashi K,et al.2004.Ultrahigh-pressure metabasaltic garnets as probes into deep subduction zone chemical cycling[J].Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,5:Q12J14.
Klemd R.2003.Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in eclogites from the western Tianshan high-pressure belt(Xinjiang,western China)~Comment[J].American Mineralogist.88:1 153~1 156.
Klemd R.Schroter F C,Will T M.et al.2002.P-T evolution of glaucophane-omphacite bearing HP-LT rocks in the western Tianshan Qrogen.NW China:new evidence for'Alpine-type'tectonics[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology.20:239~254.
Li Qiang and Zhang Lifei.2004.The P-T path and geological significance of low-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism in Muzhaerte.southwest Tianshan[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica.20(3):583~594(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liou J G.Ernst W G.Song S G.et al.2009.Tectonics and HP-UHP metamorphism of northern Tibet-Preface[J].Jouranl of Asian Earth Sciences.35:191~198.
Long Lingli.Gaojun.Xiong Xianming.et al.2007.Geochemistry and geochronology of granitoids in Bikai region,southern Central-Tianshan Mountains.Xinjiang[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica.23(4):719~732(in Chinese with English abstract).
L Z.Bucher K and Zhang L F.2013.Omphacite-bearing calcite marble and associated coesite-bearing pelitic schist from the meta-ophiolitic belt of Chinese western Tianshan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences.76:37~47.
L Z.Bucher K.Zhang L F,et al.2012a.The Habutengsu metapelites and metagreywackes in western Tianshan.China:Metamorphic evolution and tectonic implications[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology.30:907-926.
L Z and Zhang L F.2012.Coesite in schist and eclogite of the Atantayi valley.Southwestern Tianshan[J].Chinese Science Bulletin.57:1467~1472.
L Z.Zhang L F and Chen Z Y.2014.Jadeite-and dolomite-bearing coesite eclogite from western Tianshan.NW China[J].European Journal of Mineralogy.26:245~256.
L Zeng.Zhang Lifei.Chen Zhenyu.et al.2013.Evidence of fluid activities during the exhumation of the HP-UHP metamorphic belt of western Tianshan:high-pressure veins and rodingite[J].Chinese Science Bulletin.58(22):2 175~2 179(in Chinese).
L Z.Zhang L F.Du J X.et al.2008.Coesite inclusions in garnet from eclogitic rocks in western Tianshan.northwest China:Convincing proof of UHP metamorphism[J].American Mineralogist.93:1845~1850.
L Z.Zhang L F.Du J X.et al.2009.Petrology of coesite-bearing eclogite from Habutengsu Valley,western Tianshan.NW China and its tectonometamorphic implication[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology.27:773~787.
L Z,Zhang L F.Du J X.et al.2012b.Petrology of HP metamorphic veins in coesite-bearing eclogite from western Tianshan.China:Fluid processes and elemental mobility during exhumation in a cold subduction zone[J].Lithos.136:168~186.
L Zeng.Zhang Lifei.Qu Junfeng.et al.2007.Petrology and metamorphic P-T path of eclogites from Habutengsu.southwestern Tianshan.Xinjiang[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica.23(7):1617~1626(in Chinese with English abstract).
Manning C E.2004.The chemistry of subduction-zone fluids[J]Earth and Planetary Science Letters,223:1~16.
Mosenfelder J L,Schertl H P.Smyth J R.et al.2005.Factors in the preservation of coesite:The importance of fluid infiltration[J].American Mineralogist.90:779~789.
Powell R and Holland T J B.2008.On thermobarometry[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology.26:155~179.
Ravna E J K and Terry M P.2004.Geothermobarometry of UHP and HP eclogites and schists-an evaluation of equilibria among garnetclinopyroxene-kyanite-phengite-coesite/quartz[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology,22:579-592.
Reinecke T.1991.Very-high-pressure metamorphism and uplift of coesite-bearing metasediments from the Zermatt-Saas zone.Western Alps[J].European Journal of Mineralogy.3:7~17.
Smith D C.1984.Coesite in clinopyroxene in the Caledonides and its implications for geodynamics[J].Nature.310:641~644.
Stipksa P.Powell R.2005.Constraining the P-T path of a MORB-type eclogite using pseudosections.garnet zoning and garnet-clinopyroxene thermometry:an example from the Bohemian Massif[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology.23:725~743.
Su W.Gao J.Klemd R.et al.2010.U-Pb zircon geochronology of Tianshan eclogites in NW China:implication for the collision between the Yili and Tarim blocks of the southwestern Altaids[J].European Journal of Mineralogy.22:473~478.'
Tian Z L and Wei C J.2013.Metamorphism of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from the Kebuerte Valley.South Tianshan,NW China:phase equilibria and P-T path[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology.31:281-300.
Wain A.Waters D.Jephcoat A.et al.2000.The high-pressure to ultrahigh-pressure eclogite transition in the Western Gneiss Region.Norway[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,12:667~687.
Wang B,Faure M,Shu L S.et al.2010.Structural and Geochronological Study of High-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks in the Kekesu Section(Northwestern China):Implications for the Late Paleozoic Tectonics of the Southern Tianshan[J].Journal of Geology,118:59-77.
Wei C J,Powell R and Zhang L F.2003.Eclogites from the south Tianshan,NW China:petrological characteristic and calculated mineral equilibria in the Na_2O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-H_2O system[J].Journal of Metamorphic Geology,21:163~179.
Wei C J,Wang W,Clarke GL,et al.2009.Metamorphism of high/ultrahigh-pressure pelitic-felsic schist in the South Tianshan orogen,NW China:phase equilibria and p-T path[J].Journal of Petrology,50:1973~1991.
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