2017年秋季南奥克尼群岛海域南极大磷虾垂直分布与光照及垂向温盐关系
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摘要
为了解南极大磷虾(Euphausia superba Dana)行为变化规律,基于2017年3月25日—4月3日在南奥克尼群岛海域43个站位点收集的声学和CTD数据,提取250 m以浅水层南极大磷虾群的深度和对应的温、盐信息,分析不同光照条件下南极大磷虾昼夜垂直分布特征。结果显示:黎明时段(6∶00—8∶00)磷虾群分布较分散,20～60 m(35.72%)和200 m以深(33.65%)虾群相对较多;白天时段(8∶00—16∶00)磷虾群则较多分布在40～120 m(58.52%)水层,多聚集在温跃层(54.55%)和盐跃层(63.64%)内;黄昏时段(16∶00—18∶00),温盐跃层内虾群减少;夜间时段(18∶00—次日6∶00)磷虾群主要分布在20～40 m(49.55%)和180 m以深(31.51%)两个水层,多聚集在温跃层(75%)和盐跃层(70%)外。本研究结果有助于进一步了解南极大磷虾的迁徙规律和资源分布。
Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba Dana) presents significant diel vertical migration pattern. In order to explore the behavioral changes of Euphausia superba,based on the acoustic data and CTD data of 43 stations collected in sea areas around the South Orkney Islands during the exploration of the Antarctic marine living resources in March 2017,we extracted 250 m of shallow water Euphausia superba swarms and corresponding temperature and saltnity. This information was used to analyze the variation of vertical distribution of Euphausia superba under different illumination conditions. The results indicated that during the dawn(6∶00—8∶00),the krill swarms were dispersed in 20 ～ 60 m(35.72%) and 200 m deeper(33.65%) water layer. During the daytime(8∶00—16∶00),krill swarms were distributed in the 40 ～ 120 m(58.52%) water layer,and krill swarms concentrated in the thermocline(54.55%) and halocline(63.64%). During dusk(16∶00—18∶00),the frequency of krill swarm reduced in the thermocline and halocline. During the night(18∶00—6∶00 pm),krill swarms mainly distributed in the two water layers of 20～ 40 m(49.55%) and 180 m deeper(31.51%) water layer,and krill swarm maintained outside of the thermocline(75%) and halocline(70%). It may be related to the predation of phytoplankton by krill in the thermocline and halocline,where phytoplankton grows rapidly. Our study enriches the relationship between environmental factors and distribution of krill,and provides theoretical basis for future migration,resource distribution and conservation of krill.
Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba Dana) presents significant diel vertical migration pattern. In order to explore the behavioral changes of Euphausia superba,based on the acoustic data and CTD data of 43 stations collected in sea areas around the South Orkney Islands during the exploration of the Antarctic marine living resources in March 2017,we extracted 250 m of shallow water Euphausia superba swarms and corresponding temperature and saltnity. This information was used to analyze the variation of vertical distribution of Euphausia superba under different illumination conditions. The results indicated that during the dawn(6∶00—8∶00),the krill swarms were dispersed in 20 ～ 60 m(35.72%) and 200 m deeper(33.65%) water layer. During the daytime(8∶00—16∶00),krill swarms were distributed in the 40 ～ 120 m(58.52%) water layer,and krill swarms concentrated in the thermocline(54.55%) and halocline(63.64%). During dusk(16∶00—18∶00),the frequency of krill swarm reduced in the thermocline and halocline. During the night(18∶00—6∶00 pm),krill swarms mainly distributed in the two water layers of 20～ 40 m(49.55%) and 180 m deeper(31.51%) water layer,and krill swarm maintained outside of the thermocline(75%) and halocline(70%). It may be related to the predation of phytoplankton by krill in the thermocline and halocline,where phytoplankton grows rapidly. Our study enriches the relationship between environmental factors and distribution of krill,and provides theoretical basis for future migration,resource distribution and conservation of krill.
引文
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[3]阮超,张衡,崔雪森,等.南设得兰群岛附近海域南极磷虾渔场时空分布及其与表温的关系[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2435-2441.RUAN C,ZHANG H,CUI X S,et al.Spatialtemporal distribution of Antarctic krill fishing ground and their relationship with sea surface temperature in waters around the South Shetland Islands[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(9):2435-2441.
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[5]孙珊,李显森,赵文武,等.基于广义可加模型分析时空和环境因子对2013年南极磷虾资源分布的影响[J].水产科学,2015,34(10):609-615.SUN S,LI X S,ZHAO W W,et al.Effects of temporal,spatial and environmental factors on distribution of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in2013 based on generalized additive model[J].Fisheries Science,2015,34(10):609-615.
[6]戴立峰,张胜茂,樊伟.南极磷虾资源丰度变化与海冰和表温的关系[J].极地研究,2012,24(4):352-360.DAI L F,ZHANG S M,FAN W.The abundance index of Antarctic krill and its relationship to sea ice and sea surface temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2012,24(4):352-360.
[7]李灵智,黄洪亮,屈泰春,等.南极普里兹湾南极大磷虾资源时空分布与海洋环境要素的相关性[J].中国水产科学,2015,22(3):488-500.LI L Z,HUANG H L,QU T C,et al.A correlation study between the marine environment and the spatial-temporal distribution of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba Dana)in Prydz Bay[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2015,22(3):488-500.
[8]GODLEWSKA M,KLUSEK Z.Vertical distribution and diurnal migrations of krill-Euphausia superba Dana-from hydroacoustical observations,SIBEX,December 1983/January 1984[J].Polar Biology,1987,8(1):17-22.
[9]RATHOD V.Distribution,abundance and vertical migration pattern of krill-Euphausia superba Dana at fishing area 58 of the Indian Ocean sector of Southern Ocean[J].Current Science,2005,89(10):1749-1753.
[10]朱国平,王芮,朱小艳,等.2013年冬季南乔治亚岛南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动研究[J].水产学报,2015,39(8):1242-1249.ZHU G P,WANG R,ZHU X Y,et al.Diel vertical migration of Antarctic krill aggregation in South Georgia Island in the austral winter season of 2013[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(8):1242-1249.
[11]朱国平,杨洋,王芮,等.采用渔业声学方法研究2016年秋季布兰斯菲尔德海峡南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动特征及其影响因素.水产学报,2018,42(10):1541-1549.ZHU G P,YANG Y,WANG R,et al.Diel vertical migration of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)swarm in the Bransfield Strait during austral autumn2016 inferred from acoustic data and the relations to environmental factors[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2018,42(10):1541-1549.
[12]LASCARA C M,HOFMANN E E,ROSS R M,et al.Seasonal variability in the distribution of Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba,west of the Antarctic Peninsula[J].Deep Sea Research Part IOceanographic Research Papers,1999,46(6):951-984.
[13]CRESSWELL K A,TARLING G A,THORPE S E,et al.Diel vertical migration of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)is flexible during advection across the Scotia Sea[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2009,31(10):1265-1281.
[14]TAKI K,HAYASHI T,NAGANOBU M.Characteristics of seasonal variation in diurnal vertical migration and aggregation of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in the Scotia Sea,using Japanese fishery data[J].Ccamlrence,2005,12(1):163-172.
[15]ROSS R M,QUETIN L B,LASCARA C M.Distribution of Antarctic krill and dominant zooplankton west of the Antarctic Peninsula[J].Antarctic Research Series,1996(70):199-217.
[16]BERNARD K S,CIMINO M,FRASER W,et al.Factors that affect the near shore aggregations of Antarctic krill in a biological hotspot[J].Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers,2017(126):139-147.
[17]ZHOU M,DORLAND R D.Aggregation and vertical migration behavior of Euphausia superba[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2004,51(17):2119-2137.
[18]CRESSWELL K A,TARLING G A,BURROWS MT.Behaviour affects local-scale distributions of Antarctic krill around South Georgia[J].Marine Ecology Progress,2007,343(12):193-206.
[19]WATANABE Y.A set of brightness categories for examining diel change of catch efficiency of saury larvae and juveniles by a neuston net[J].Bulletin of Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography,1990,54(3):237-241.
[20]周燕遐,李炳兰,张义钧,等.世界大洋冬夏季温度跃层特征[J].海洋通报,2002,21(1):16-22.ZHOU Y X,LI B L,ZHANG Y J,et al.World oceanic thermocline characteristics in winter and summer[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2002,21(1):16-22.
[21]苏玉芬,乔荣珍.南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的温盐跃层[J].海洋学研究,1990,8(4):105-112.SU Y F,QIAO R Z.Thermocline and halocline in the Prydz Bay and its contiguous sea area,Antarctica[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,1990,8(4):105-112.
[22]杨胜龙,张禹,张衡,等.热带印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层的关系[J].生态学报,2012,32(3):671-679.YANG S L,ZHANG Y,ZHANG H,et al.The relationship between the temporal-spatial distribution of fishing ground of yellowfin tuna(Thunnus albacares)and thermocline characteristics in the tropic Indian Ocean[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(3):671-679.
[23]LA H S,LEE H,FIELDING S,et al.High density of ice krill(Euphausia crystallorophias)in the Amundsen sea coastal polynya,Antarctica[J].Deep-Sea Research Part I,2015(95):75-84.
[24]杨洋,朱国平.海洋渔业资源声学评估技术及在南极磷虾资源声学评估中的应用[J].海洋渔业,2018,40(3):368-376.YANG Y,ZHU G P.Assessment on marine living resources based on acoustic technology and its application in Antarctic krill abundance estimation[J].Marine Fisheries,2018,40(3):368-376.
[25]EVERSON I.Variations in vertical distribution and density of krill swarms in the vicinity of South Georgia[J].Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue,1983(27):84-92.
[26]GODLEWSKA M.Vertical migrations of krill(Euphausia superba Dana)[J].Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii,1996,43(1):9-63.
[27]DEMER D A,HEWITT R P.Bias in acoustic biomass estimates of Euphausia superba,due to diel vertical migration[J].Deep Sea Research Part IOceanographic Research Papers,1995,42(4):455-461.
[28]MARR J W S.The natural history and geography of the Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba Dana)[R].Discovery Reports,1962(32):33-464.
[29]ZHOU M,DORLAND R D.Aggregation and vertical migration behavior of Euphausia superba[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2004,51(17):2119-2137.
[30]RITZ D A.Social aggregation in pelagic invertebrates[J].Advances in Marine Biology,1994,30(6):155-216.
[31]NAST F.The vertical distribution of larval and adult krill(Euphausia superba Dana)on a time station south of Elephant Island,South Shetlands[J].Meeresforschung,1978,27(2):103-118.
[32]赵国庆,邱盛尧,黄洪亮.盐度骤变和渐变对南极大磷虾生存状况和蜕壳的影响[J].海洋渔业,2018,40(3):360-367.ZHAO G Q,QIU S Y,HUANG H L.Effects of abrupt and gradual changes in salinity on survival status and molting of Euphausia superba[J].Marine Fisheries,2018,40(3):360-367.
[33]RINGELBERG J.Changes in light intensity and diel vertical migration:A comparison of marine and freshwater environments[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1995,75(1):15-25.
[34]WATKINS J L,BUCHHOLZ F,PRIDDLE J,et al.Variation in reproductive status of Antarctic krill swarms:Evidence for a size-related sorting mechanism?[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1992,82(2):163-174.
[2]陈雪忠,徐兆礼,黄洪亮.南极磷虾资源利用现状与中国的开发策略分析[J].中国水产科学,2009,16(3):451-458.CHEN X Z,XU Z L,HUANG H L.Development strategy on Antarctic krill resource utilization in China[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2009,16(3):451-458.
[3]阮超,张衡,崔雪森,等.南设得兰群岛附近海域南极磷虾渔场时空分布及其与表温的关系[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2435-2441.RUAN C,ZHANG H,CUI X S,et al.Spatialtemporal distribution of Antarctic krill fishing ground and their relationship with sea surface temperature in waters around the South Shetland Islands[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(9):2435-2441.
[4]朱国平,朱小艳,徐怡瑛,等.基于GAM模型分析夏秋季南奥克尼群岛南极磷虾渔场时空分布及与环境因子之间的关系[J].极地研究,2012,24(3):266-273.ZHU G P,ZHU X Y,XU Y Y,et al.The spatiotemporal distribution of fishing grounds for Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)around the south Orkney Islands in Austral summer-autumn and its relation to environmental factors based on a generalized additive model[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2012,24(3):266-273.
[5]孙珊,李显森,赵文武,等.基于广义可加模型分析时空和环境因子对2013年南极磷虾资源分布的影响[J].水产科学,2015,34(10):609-615.SUN S,LI X S,ZHAO W W,et al.Effects of temporal,spatial and environmental factors on distribution of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in2013 based on generalized additive model[J].Fisheries Science,2015,34(10):609-615.
[6]戴立峰,张胜茂,樊伟.南极磷虾资源丰度变化与海冰和表温的关系[J].极地研究,2012,24(4):352-360.DAI L F,ZHANG S M,FAN W.The abundance index of Antarctic krill and its relationship to sea ice and sea surface temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2012,24(4):352-360.
[7]李灵智,黄洪亮,屈泰春,等.南极普里兹湾南极大磷虾资源时空分布与海洋环境要素的相关性[J].中国水产科学,2015,22(3):488-500.LI L Z,HUANG H L,QU T C,et al.A correlation study between the marine environment and the spatial-temporal distribution of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba Dana)in Prydz Bay[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2015,22(3):488-500.
[8]GODLEWSKA M,KLUSEK Z.Vertical distribution and diurnal migrations of krill-Euphausia superba Dana-from hydroacoustical observations,SIBEX,December 1983/January 1984[J].Polar Biology,1987,8(1):17-22.
[9]RATHOD V.Distribution,abundance and vertical migration pattern of krill-Euphausia superba Dana at fishing area 58 of the Indian Ocean sector of Southern Ocean[J].Current Science,2005,89(10):1749-1753.
[10]朱国平,王芮,朱小艳,等.2013年冬季南乔治亚岛南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动研究[J].水产学报,2015,39(8):1242-1249.ZHU G P,WANG R,ZHU X Y,et al.Diel vertical migration of Antarctic krill aggregation in South Georgia Island in the austral winter season of 2013[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2015,39(8):1242-1249.
[11]朱国平,杨洋,王芮,等.采用渔业声学方法研究2016年秋季布兰斯菲尔德海峡南极磷虾群昼夜垂直移动特征及其影响因素.水产学报,2018,42(10):1541-1549.ZHU G P,YANG Y,WANG R,et al.Diel vertical migration of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)swarm in the Bransfield Strait during austral autumn2016 inferred from acoustic data and the relations to environmental factors[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2018,42(10):1541-1549.
[12]LASCARA C M,HOFMANN E E,ROSS R M,et al.Seasonal variability in the distribution of Antarctic krill,Euphausia superba,west of the Antarctic Peninsula[J].Deep Sea Research Part IOceanographic Research Papers,1999,46(6):951-984.
[13]CRESSWELL K A,TARLING G A,THORPE S E,et al.Diel vertical migration of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)is flexible during advection across the Scotia Sea[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2009,31(10):1265-1281.
[14]TAKI K,HAYASHI T,NAGANOBU M.Characteristics of seasonal variation in diurnal vertical migration and aggregation of Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba)in the Scotia Sea,using Japanese fishery data[J].Ccamlrence,2005,12(1):163-172.
[15]ROSS R M,QUETIN L B,LASCARA C M.Distribution of Antarctic krill and dominant zooplankton west of the Antarctic Peninsula[J].Antarctic Research Series,1996(70):199-217.
[16]BERNARD K S,CIMINO M,FRASER W,et al.Factors that affect the near shore aggregations of Antarctic krill in a biological hotspot[J].Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers,2017(126):139-147.
[17]ZHOU M,DORLAND R D.Aggregation and vertical migration behavior of Euphausia superba[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2004,51(17):2119-2137.
[18]CRESSWELL K A,TARLING G A,BURROWS MT.Behaviour affects local-scale distributions of Antarctic krill around South Georgia[J].Marine Ecology Progress,2007,343(12):193-206.
[19]WATANABE Y.A set of brightness categories for examining diel change of catch efficiency of saury larvae and juveniles by a neuston net[J].Bulletin of Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography,1990,54(3):237-241.
[20]周燕遐,李炳兰,张义钧,等.世界大洋冬夏季温度跃层特征[J].海洋通报,2002,21(1):16-22.ZHOU Y X,LI B L,ZHANG Y J,et al.World oceanic thermocline characteristics in winter and summer[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2002,21(1):16-22.
[21]苏玉芬,乔荣珍.南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的温盐跃层[J].海洋学研究,1990,8(4):105-112.SU Y F,QIAO R Z.Thermocline and halocline in the Prydz Bay and its contiguous sea area,Antarctica[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,1990,8(4):105-112.
[22]杨胜龙,张禹,张衡,等.热带印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与温跃层的关系[J].生态学报,2012,32(3):671-679.YANG S L,ZHANG Y,ZHANG H,et al.The relationship between the temporal-spatial distribution of fishing ground of yellowfin tuna(Thunnus albacares)and thermocline characteristics in the tropic Indian Ocean[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(3):671-679.
[23]LA H S,LEE H,FIELDING S,et al.High density of ice krill(Euphausia crystallorophias)in the Amundsen sea coastal polynya,Antarctica[J].Deep-Sea Research Part I,2015(95):75-84.
[24]杨洋,朱国平.海洋渔业资源声学评估技术及在南极磷虾资源声学评估中的应用[J].海洋渔业,2018,40(3):368-376.YANG Y,ZHU G P.Assessment on marine living resources based on acoustic technology and its application in Antarctic krill abundance estimation[J].Marine Fisheries,2018,40(3):368-376.
[25]EVERSON I.Variations in vertical distribution and density of krill swarms in the vicinity of South Georgia[J].Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research Special Issue,1983(27):84-92.
[26]GODLEWSKA M.Vertical migrations of krill(Euphausia superba Dana)[J].Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii,1996,43(1):9-63.
[27]DEMER D A,HEWITT R P.Bias in acoustic biomass estimates of Euphausia superba,due to diel vertical migration[J].Deep Sea Research Part IOceanographic Research Papers,1995,42(4):455-461.
[28]MARR J W S.The natural history and geography of the Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba Dana)[R].Discovery Reports,1962(32):33-464.
[29]ZHOU M,DORLAND R D.Aggregation and vertical migration behavior of Euphausia superba[J].Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography,2004,51(17):2119-2137.
[30]RITZ D A.Social aggregation in pelagic invertebrates[J].Advances in Marine Biology,1994,30(6):155-216.
[31]NAST F.The vertical distribution of larval and adult krill(Euphausia superba Dana)on a time station south of Elephant Island,South Shetlands[J].Meeresforschung,1978,27(2):103-118.
[32]赵国庆,邱盛尧,黄洪亮.盐度骤变和渐变对南极大磷虾生存状况和蜕壳的影响[J].海洋渔业,2018,40(3):360-367.ZHAO G Q,QIU S Y,HUANG H L.Effects of abrupt and gradual changes in salinity on survival status and molting of Euphausia superba[J].Marine Fisheries,2018,40(3):360-367.
[33]RINGELBERG J.Changes in light intensity and diel vertical migration:A comparison of marine and freshwater environments[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1995,75(1):15-25.
[34]WATKINS J L,BUCHHOLZ F,PRIDDLE J,et al.Variation in reproductive status of Antarctic krill swarms:Evidence for a size-related sorting mechanism?[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1992,82(2):163-174.