雨后两次强浓雾的爆发性增强过程
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摘要
2015年12月在南京市郊进行雾的外场综合试验,观测得到20—21日雨后两次强浓雾的爆发性增强过程。利用常规气象资料、边界层廓线、雾滴谱等,分析此次典型雾过程的天气背景和边界层结构特征,探讨雾爆发性增强的原因。结果表明:雨后地表及近地层高湿环境为雾的形成提供了充足的水汽,南京冬季冷高压控制下稳定的天气层结,以及夜间的辐射冷却作用,极有利于辐射雾的产生。而雾的爆发性增强,主要和降温与增湿有关。晴天夜间地表向上长波辐射增强引起的强降温,日出后地面的强蒸发作用使得近地表水汽增多,都可直接引起雾的爆发性变浓。强的贴地逆温层的形成是雾爆发性增强的关键,易于近地面水汽的积累。而超低空急流的产生,有利于加速逆温层的贴地增强。
A comprehensive field experiment of fog was carried out in the north suburb of Nanjing in December 2015. The burst reinforcement process of heavy fog after the rain was observed twice on 20—21 December. Using the conventional meteorological data, boundary layer profiles, fog droplet spectrum and so on, the weather background and boundary layer structure were analyzed, and some reasons about burst reinforcement of fog were discussed. Results show that the high humidity environment at ground and surface layer after rain provides sufficient moisture for the formation of fog, and the stable weather stratification controlled by the winter cold high-pressure in Nanjing and the radiation cooling at night are highly favorable to the generation of radiation fog. The burst reinforcement of fog is mainly related to the cooling and wetting. The strong cooling caused by the enhancement of upward long wave radiation at ground at the sunny night, and the increased moisture at near surface caused by the strong evaporation at ground after sunrise can directly give rise to the burst reinforcement of fog. The formation of the strong ground inversion layer is the key to the burst reinforcement of fog, and is favorable to the accumulation of moisture near the ground. The generation of the ultra-low-level jet will speed up the reinforcement of the ground inversion layer.
A comprehensive field experiment of fog was carried out in the north suburb of Nanjing in December 2015. The burst reinforcement process of heavy fog after the rain was observed twice on 20—21 December. Using the conventional meteorological data, boundary layer profiles, fog droplet spectrum and so on, the weather background and boundary layer structure were analyzed, and some reasons about burst reinforcement of fog were discussed. Results show that the high humidity environment at ground and surface layer after rain provides sufficient moisture for the formation of fog, and the stable weather stratification controlled by the winter cold high-pressure in Nanjing and the radiation cooling at night are highly favorable to the generation of radiation fog. The burst reinforcement of fog is mainly related to the cooling and wetting. The strong cooling caused by the enhancement of upward long wave radiation at ground at the sunny night, and the increased moisture at near surface caused by the strong evaporation at ground after sunrise can directly give rise to the burst reinforcement of fog. The formation of the strong ground inversion layer is the key to the burst reinforcement of fog, and is favorable to the accumulation of moisture near the ground. The generation of the ultra-low-level jet will speed up the reinforcement of the ground inversion layer.
引文
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[16] 李子华,刘端阳,杨军.辐射雾雾滴谱拓宽的微物理过程和宏观条件.大气科学,2011,35(1):41-54.LI Zihua,LIU Duanyang,YANG Jun.The microphysical processes and macroscopic conditions of the radiation fog droplet spectrum broadening.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),2011,35(1):41-54.
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[21] 金维明,王学永,洪钟祥,等.夜间逆温条件下超低空急流的间歇性特征.大气科学,1983,7(3):296-302.JIN Weiming,WANG Xueyong,HONG Zhongxiang,et al.Intermittent features of the ultra-low-level jet during the appearance of nocturnal inversion.Scientia Atmospherica Sinica (in Chinese),1983,7(3):296-302.
[22] 吴彬贵,马翠平,蔡子颖,等.辐射雾局地爆发性增强原因探讨.高原气象,2014,33(5):1393-1402.WU Bingui,MA Cuiping,CAI Ziying,et al.Mechanisms of local explosive development of a radiation fog event.Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese),2014,33(5):1393-1402.
[23] 濮梅娟,尚倩,李子华,等.一次浓雾宏微观结构特征及快速消散的原因分析.高原气象,2013,32(3):770-777.PU Meijuan,SHANG Qian,LI Zihua,et al.Analyses on macro-and micro-structure characteristics of a dense fog and its rapid dissipation causes.Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese),2013,32(3):770-777.
[2] 王伟光,郑国光.气候变化绿皮书:应对气候变化报告—聚焦低碳城镇化.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013.WANG Weiguang,ZHENG Guoguang.Green paper on climate change:addressing climate change report—focus on low-carbon urbanization.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press (in Chinese),2013.
[3] Roach W T.On some quasi-periodic oscillations observed during a field investigation of radiation fog.Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc.,1976,102(432):355-359.
[4] Meyer M B,Lala G G,Jiusto J E.Fog-82:a cooperative field study of radiation fog.Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,1986,67(7):825-832.
[5] 郭恩铭,俞香仁,李炎辉,等.双流机场雾宏、微观结构研究//全国云物理和人工影响天气会议文集.北京:气象出版社,1989:35-38.GUO Enming,YU Xiangren,LI Yanhui,et al.The macro and micro-structure of fog at Shuangliu Airport//The Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Meeting Corpus.Beijing,China:China Meteorological Press (in Chinese),1989:35-38.
[6] 黄玉生,许文荣,李子华,等.西双版纳地区冬季辐射雾的初步研究.气象学报,1992,50(1):112-117.HUANG Yusheng,XU Wenrong,LI Zihua,et al.An observation and analysis on the radiation fog in Xishuangbanna.Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese),1992,50(1):112-117.
[7] 李子华.中国近40 a来雾的研究.气象学报,2001,59(5):616-624.LI Zihua.Studies of fog in China over the past 40 years.Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese),2001,59(5):616-624.
[8] 张光智,卞林根,王继志,等.北京及周边地区雾形成的边界层特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35(S1):73-83.ZHANG Guangzhi,BIAN Lingen,WANG Jizhi,et al.The boundary layer characteristics in the heavy fog formation process over Beijing and its adjacent areas.Science in China Series D Earth Sciences,2005,35(S1):73-83.
[9] 吴兑,邓雪娇,毛节泰,等.南岭大瑶山高速公路浓雾的宏微观结构与能见度研究.气象学报,2007,65(3):406-415.WU Dui,DENG Xuejiao,MAO Jietai,et al.A study on macro-and micro-structures of heavy fog and visibility at freeway in the Nanling dayaoshan mountain.Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese),2007,65(3):406-415.
[10] DENG Xuejiao,WU Dui,SHI Yueqin,et al.Comprehensive analysis of the macro-and micro-physical characteristics of dense fog in the area south of the Nanling mountains.J.Trop.Meteor.,2008,14(1):11-14.
[11] 吴彬贵,王兆宇,解以扬,等.秋季天津城区雾中风速、温度和湿度的湍流统计特征.高原气象,2013,32(5):1360-1367.WU Bingui,WANG Zhaoyu,XIE Yiyang,et al.Turbulent statistic characteristics of wind,temperature and humidity during Autumn fog in urban area of Tianjin.Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese),2013,32(5):1360-1367.
[12] Korb G,Zdunkowski W.Distribution of radiative energy in ground fog.Tellus,1970,22(3):298-320.
[13] Fuzzi S,Facchini M C,Orsi G,et al.The Po Valley fog experiment 1989.Tellus,1992,44(5):448-468.
[14] 李子华,黄建平,孙博阳,等.辐射雾发展的爆发性特征.大气科学,1999,23(5):623-631.LI Zihua,HUANG Jianping,SUN Boyang,et al.Burst characteristics during the development of radiation fog.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),1999,23(5):623-631.
[15] 陆春松,牛生杰,杨军,等.南京冬季一次雾过程宏微观结构的突变特征及成因分析.大气科学,2010,34(4):681-690.LU Chunsong,NIU Shengjie,YANG Jun,et al.Jump features and causes of macro and microphysical structures of a winter fog in Nanjing.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),2010,34(4):681-690.
[16] 李子华,刘端阳,杨军.辐射雾雾滴谱拓宽的微物理过程和宏观条件.大气科学,2011,35(1):41-54.LI Zihua,LIU Duanyang,YANG Jun.The microphysical processes and macroscopic conditions of the radiation fog droplet spectrum broadening.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese),2011,35(1):41-54.
[17] Price J.Radiation Fog.Part Ⅰ:observations of stability and drop size distributions.Boundary-Layer Meteorol.,2011,139(2):167-191.
[18] 刘晓舟.南京冬季雾特征及湍流对雾过程的影响[硕士论文].南京:南京信息工程大学,2013.LIU Xiaozhou.The characteristics of winter fog in Nanjing and the impact of turbulence on fog[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (in Chinese),2013.
[19] 焦圣明,朱承瑛,朱毓颖,等.江苏地区一次罕见持续性强浓雾过程的成因分析.气象学报,2016,74(2):200-212.JIAO Shengming,ZHU Chengying,ZHU Yuying,et al.A discussion on the reason for a rare persistent heavy fog event in Jiangsu Province.Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese),2016,74(2):200-212.
[20] Tardif R,Rasmussen R M.Event-based climatology and typology of fog in the New York city region.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,2007,46(8):1141-1168.
[21] 金维明,王学永,洪钟祥,等.夜间逆温条件下超低空急流的间歇性特征.大气科学,1983,7(3):296-302.JIN Weiming,WANG Xueyong,HONG Zhongxiang,et al.Intermittent features of the ultra-low-level jet during the appearance of nocturnal inversion.Scientia Atmospherica Sinica (in Chinese),1983,7(3):296-302.
[22] 吴彬贵,马翠平,蔡子颖,等.辐射雾局地爆发性增强原因探讨.高原气象,2014,33(5):1393-1402.WU Bingui,MA Cuiping,CAI Ziying,et al.Mechanisms of local explosive development of a radiation fog event.Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese),2014,33(5):1393-1402.
[23] 濮梅娟,尚倩,李子华,等.一次浓雾宏微观结构特征及快速消散的原因分析.高原气象,2013,32(3):770-777.PU Meijuan,SHANG Qian,LI Zihua,et al.Analyses on macro-and micro-structure characteristics of a dense fog and its rapid dissipation causes.Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese),2013,32(3):770-777.