长效可逆避孕方法在产后避孕中的重要价值
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摘要
<正>我国的非意愿妊娠人工流产率呈逐年增高趋势,而已生育妇女在人工流产总数中占到50. 3%[1]。产后是女性的特殊生理时期,多数女性认为哺乳、闭经可以起到暂时避孕的效果,部分女性因担心避孕对泌乳及胎儿生长发育造成不良影响,而忽略或停止这一时期的避孕,导致产后1年内的人工流产率较育龄期女性平均水平高。此外,产后女性恢复排卵时间因是否母乳喂养而有差异。对于不完全母乳喂养的女性,平均恢复排卵的
引文
[1]侯自红,吴尚纯,顾向应.产后和流产后使用长效可逆避孕方法的技术指南[J].国际生殖健康/计划生育杂志,2013,32(4):267-268,289.
[2]JACKSON E,GLASIER A.Return of ovulation and menses in postpartum nonlactating women:a systematic review[J].Obstetrics and Gynecology,2011,117(3):657-662.
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[4]WHO.Adolescent pregnancy[EB/OL][2018-12-07].
[5]SANTELLI J S,LINDBERG L D,FINER L B,et al.Explaining recent declines in adolescent pregnancy in the United States:the contribution of abstinence and improved contraceptive use[J].American Journal of Public Health,2007,97(1):150-156.
[6]National Institute for Clinical Excellence(NICE).Long-acting reversible contraception:The effective and appropriate use of longacting reversible contraception[M].NICE,London,2005:1.
[7]BIRGISSON N E,ZHAO Qiu-hong,SECURA G M,et al.Preventing unintended pregnancy:the contraceptive CHOICEproject in review[J].Journal of Women's Health,2015,24(5):349-353.
[8]WHO/RHP.吴尚纯,王士娴.中国提高其IUD技术等级[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2003,11(4):222-224.
[9]国家十五攻关课题.“IUD失败原因和预防对策研究”课题组.月经间期放置7种宫内节育器的临床效果比较[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,16(9):552-556.
[10]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’Committee on Obstetric Practice.Committee Opinion No.670:Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception[J].ObstetGynecol,2016,128(2):e 32.
[11]OGBURN J A,ESPEY E,STONEHOCKER J.Barriers to intrauterine device insertion in postpartum women[J].Contraception,2005,72(6):426-429.
[12]Baldwin MK,Edelman AB,Lim JY,et al.Intrauterine device placement at 3 versus 6 weeks postpartum:a randomized trial[J].Contraception,2016,93(4):356-363.
[13]Diedrich JT,Desai S,Zhao Q,et al.Association of short-term bleeding and cramping patterns with long-acting reversible contraceptive method satisfaction[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2015,212(1):50.e 1-50.e 8.
[14]Eisenberg DL,Schreiber CA,Turok DK,et al.Three-year efficacy and safety of a new 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system[J].Contraception,2015,92(1):10-16.
[15]ANDERSSON K,ODLIND V,RYBO G.Levonorgestrelreleasing and copper-releasing(Nova T)IUDs during five years of use:a randomized comparative trial[J].Contraception,1994,49(1):56-72.
[16]Liletta package insert[EB/OL].http://pi.actavis.com/data_stream.asp?product_group=1960&p=pi&language=E(Accessed on April 24,2015).
[17]韩丽晖.皮下埋植避孕的不良反应与治疗[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2007,15(9):573-574.
[18]《皮下埋植避孕方法临床应用专家共识》编写组.皮下埋植避孕方法临床应用专家共识[J].中华妇产科杂志,2013,48(6):476-480.
[19]HALDERMAN L D,LELSON A L.Impact of early postpartum administration of progestion-only hormonal contraceptives ancompared with nonhormonal contraceptives on short-term breast-feeding patters[J].American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,2002,186(6):1250-1256.
[20]Department of Reproductive Health.Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use[M].4th ed.Geneva:WHO press,2009.
[21]TRUSSELL J.Contraceptive failure in the United States[J].Contraception,2004,70(2):89-96.
[2]JACKSON E,GLASIER A.Return of ovulation and menses in postpartum nonlactating women:a systematic review[J].Obstetrics and Gynecology,2011,117(3):657-662.
[3]Gray RH,Campbell OM,Apelo R,et al.Risk of ovulation during lactation[J].Lancet,1990,335(8680):25-29.
[4]WHO.Adolescent pregnancy[EB/OL][2018-12-07].
[5]SANTELLI J S,LINDBERG L D,FINER L B,et al.Explaining recent declines in adolescent pregnancy in the United States:the contribution of abstinence and improved contraceptive use[J].American Journal of Public Health,2007,97(1):150-156.
[6]National Institute for Clinical Excellence(NICE).Long-acting reversible contraception:The effective and appropriate use of longacting reversible contraception[M].NICE,London,2005:1.
[7]BIRGISSON N E,ZHAO Qiu-hong,SECURA G M,et al.Preventing unintended pregnancy:the contraceptive CHOICEproject in review[J].Journal of Women's Health,2015,24(5):349-353.
[8]WHO/RHP.吴尚纯,王士娴.中国提高其IUD技术等级[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2003,11(4):222-224.
[9]国家十五攻关课题.“IUD失败原因和预防对策研究”课题组.月经间期放置7种宫内节育器的临床效果比较[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2008,16(9):552-556.
[10]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’Committee on Obstetric Practice.Committee Opinion No.670:Immediate Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception[J].ObstetGynecol,2016,128(2):e 32.
[11]OGBURN J A,ESPEY E,STONEHOCKER J.Barriers to intrauterine device insertion in postpartum women[J].Contraception,2005,72(6):426-429.
[12]Baldwin MK,Edelman AB,Lim JY,et al.Intrauterine device placement at 3 versus 6 weeks postpartum:a randomized trial[J].Contraception,2016,93(4):356-363.
[13]Diedrich JT,Desai S,Zhao Q,et al.Association of short-term bleeding and cramping patterns with long-acting reversible contraceptive method satisfaction[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2015,212(1):50.e 1-50.e 8.
[14]Eisenberg DL,Schreiber CA,Turok DK,et al.Three-year efficacy and safety of a new 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system[J].Contraception,2015,92(1):10-16.
[15]ANDERSSON K,ODLIND V,RYBO G.Levonorgestrelreleasing and copper-releasing(Nova T)IUDs during five years of use:a randomized comparative trial[J].Contraception,1994,49(1):56-72.
[16]Liletta package insert[EB/OL].http://pi.actavis.com/data_stream.asp?product_group=1960&p=pi&language=E(Accessed on April 24,2015).
[17]韩丽晖.皮下埋植避孕的不良反应与治疗[J].中国计划生育学杂志,2007,15(9):573-574.
[18]《皮下埋植避孕方法临床应用专家共识》编写组.皮下埋植避孕方法临床应用专家共识[J].中华妇产科杂志,2013,48(6):476-480.
[19]HALDERMAN L D,LELSON A L.Impact of early postpartum administration of progestion-only hormonal contraceptives ancompared with nonhormonal contraceptives on short-term breast-feeding patters[J].American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,2002,186(6):1250-1256.
[20]Department of Reproductive Health.Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use[M].4th ed.Geneva:WHO press,2009.
[21]TRUSSELL J.Contraceptive failure in the United States[J].Contraception,2004,70(2):89-96.