边界层方案对华北一次污染过程模拟的影响
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摘要
采用WRF模式中YSU、MYJ和ACM2 3种边界层参数化方案,利用WRF模式和空气质量模式CAMx对2015年11月11～15日发生在京津冀地区的一次污染过程进行了模拟,同时利用地面气象要素、风廓线、秒探空和空气质量观测数据对3种参数化方案下的模拟结果进行了验证对比.一种基于临界垂直湍流交换系数确定边界高度的方法被用于对比3种参数化方案之间垂直扩散能力的差异.结果表明,MYJ方案对10m风速高估最大(平均高估0.66m/s),对2m温度和2m湿度低估最小,YSU和ACM2方案对地面气象要素的模拟效果相近;ACM2方案对于边界层内垂直廓线模拟效果优于YSU和MYJ方案,但是3种参数化方案对边界层内风速均存在高估(高估可达2.6m/s);基于临界垂直湍流交换系数方法定义的边界层高度更能反映大气的垂直扩散能力,MYJ方案边界层高度最小,其模拟的PM2.5浓度最高;MYJ方案对于地面风速的高估,会降低模拟的区域整体PM2.5浓度,但是会增加风速较大区域下风向的PM2.5浓度;ACM2方案对边界层垂直廓线模拟最好,夜间底层垂直湍流交换系数计算值较大,使得ACM2方案对于本次过程中PM2.5等污染物的模拟优于MYJ和YSU方案.
The WRF model and the CAMx model were applied to simulate the meteorology variables and air pollutants over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region during an air pollution episode in November 2015. The impacts of three planetary boundary layer(PBL) schemes(YSU, MYJ, ACM2) on meteorological factors and air pollutants simulations were compared. The observed surface meteorological factors and PM_(2.5) over BTH region and the wind profile data at Beijing were used to evaluate the model performances. The MYJ scheme predicted the largest biases on the 10 m wind speed and lowest biases on the 2m temperature and humidity. The ACM2 scheme had the best performance on the simulation of vertical profile in the PBL. All the three PBL schemes overpredicted the wind speed in the PBL and the bias could reach to 2.6m/s. The model PBL heights were recalculated using a uniform method, which based on the vertical diffusivities. The MYJ scheme produced the lowest PBL heights and the highest PM_(2.5)concentrations, among the three schemes. The overestimated 10 m wind speed of the MYJ scheme leaded to a lower simulated PM_(2.5)concentration over BTH region, but it would increase the PM_(2.5) concentration in the downwind area. The ACM2 scheme produced the better vertical profile and higher Kv than others in the lower layers in the night, then the ACM2 scheme produced a better performance on the simulated PM_(2.5) concentrations and other air pollutants in the night than the other two schemes.
The WRF model and the CAMx model were applied to simulate the meteorology variables and air pollutants over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region during an air pollution episode in November 2015. The impacts of three planetary boundary layer(PBL) schemes(YSU, MYJ, ACM2) on meteorological factors and air pollutants simulations were compared. The observed surface meteorological factors and PM_(2.5) over BTH region and the wind profile data at Beijing were used to evaluate the model performances. The MYJ scheme predicted the largest biases on the 10 m wind speed and lowest biases on the 2m temperature and humidity. The ACM2 scheme had the best performance on the simulation of vertical profile in the PBL. All the three PBL schemes overpredicted the wind speed in the PBL and the bias could reach to 2.6m/s. The model PBL heights were recalculated using a uniform method, which based on the vertical diffusivities. The MYJ scheme produced the lowest PBL heights and the highest PM_(2.5)concentrations, among the three schemes. The overestimated 10 m wind speed of the MYJ scheme leaded to a lower simulated PM_(2.5)concentration over BTH region, but it would increase the PM_(2.5) concentration in the downwind area. The ACM2 scheme produced the better vertical profile and higher Kv than others in the lower layers in the night, then the ACM2 scheme produced a better performance on the simulated PM_(2.5) concentrations and other air pollutants in the night than the other two schemes.
引文
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[2]王振波,梁龙武,林雄斌,等.京津冀城市群空气污染的模式总结与治理效果评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4005-4014.Wang Z,Liang L,Lin X,et al.Control Models and Effect Evaluation of Air Pollution in Jing-Jin-Ji Urban Agglomeration[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4005-4014.
[3]赵普生,徐晓峰,孟伟,等.京津冀区域霾天气特征[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(1):31-36.Zhao P,Xu X,Meng W,et al.Characteristics of hazy days in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei[J].China Environmental Science,2012,32(1):31-36.
[4]Zhao B,Wang P,Ma J Z,et al.A high-resolution emission inventory of primary pollutants for the Huabei region,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2012,11(1):20331-20374.
[5]Lu Z,Streets D G,Zhang Q,et al.Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics Discussions,2010,10(4):6311-6331.
[6]Li X,Zhang Q,Zhang Y,et al.Source contributions of urban PM_(2.5),in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region:Changes between 2006 and 2013and relative impacts of emissions and meteorology[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:229-239.
[7]Hu X M,Ma Z,Lin W,et al.Impact of the Loess Plateau on the atmospheric boundary layer structure and air quality in the North China Plain:a case study[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,499:228-237.
[8]Zhang L,Wang T,Lv M,et al.On the severe haze in Beijing during January 2013:Unraveling the effects of meteorological anomalies with WRF-Chem[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,104:11-21.
[9]李梦,唐贵谦,黄俊,等.京津冀冬季大气混合层高度与大气污染的关系[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1935-1943.Li M,Tang G,Huang J,et al.Characteristics of Winter Atmospheric Mixing Layer Height in Beijing-TianjinHebei Region and Their Relationship with the Atmospheric Pollution[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):1935-1943.
[10]Tang G,Zhang J,Zhu X,et al.Mixing layer height and its implications for air pollution over Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics Discussions,2015,15(4):2459-2475.
[11]Aron R.Mixing height-an inconsistent indicator of potential air pollution concentrations[J].Atmospheric Environment,1983,17(11):2193-2197.
[12]陆正奇,韩永翔,夏俊荣,等.WRF模式对污染天气下边界层高度的模拟研究[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(3):822-829.LU Zheng-qi,HAN Yong-xiang,XIA Jun-rong,et al.Modeling study on boundary layer height in pollution weather by WRF with different boundary layer schemes[J].China Environmental Science,2018,38(3):822-829.
[13]张碧辉,刘树华,马雁军.MYJ和YSU方案对WRF边界层气象要素模拟的影响[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(7):2239-2248.Zhang B,Liu S,Ma Y.The effect of MYJ and YSU schemes on the simulation of boundary layer meteorological factors of WRF[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2012,55(7):2239-2248.
[14]Li T,Wang H,Zhao T,et al.The Impacts of Different PBL Schemes on the Simulation of PM_(2.5) during Severe Haze Episodes in the JingJin-Ji Region and Its Surroundings in China[J].Advances in Meteorology,2016,15.Article ID 6295878.
[15]Banks R F,Baldasano J M.Impact of WRF model PBL schemes on air quality simulations over Catalonia,Spain[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,572:98-113.
[16]王颖,隆霄,余晔,等.复杂地形上气象场对空气质量数值模拟结果影响的研究[J].大气科学,2013,37(1):14-22.Wang Y,Long X,Yu Y,et al.The Impacts of Various Meteorological Conditions on Air Quality Modeling Results over Complex Terrain[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2013,37(1):14-22.
[17]董春卿,郑有飞,武永利,等.边界层方案对山西冬季一次静稳天气PM_(2.5)浓度模拟的影响[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(6):1669-1680.Dong C,Zheng Y,Wu Y,et al.The effects of different planetary boundary layer schemes on PM_(2.5) concentration simulations in winter stable weather of Shanxi[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(6):1669-1680.
[18]徐敬,马志强,赵秀娟,等.边界层方案对华北低层O3垂直分布模拟的影响[J].应用气象学报,2015,26(5):567-577.Xu J,Ma Z,Zhao X,et al.The Effect of Different Planetary Boundary Layer Schemes on the Simulation of Near Surface O3Vertical Distribution[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2015,26(5):567-577.
[19]蔡子颖,姚青,韩素芹,等.基于多种边界层方案的天津PM_(2.5)集合预报试验[J].应用气象学报,2017,28(5):611-620.Cai Z,Yao Q,Han S,et al.Ensemble Forecast Experiments of PM_(2.5)Based on Multiple Boundary Layer Schemes in Tianjin[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2017,28(5):611-620.
[20]ENVIRON,User’s guide to the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions(CAMx).Version 5.2(M),2015,Available at:http://www.camx.com.
[21]中华人民共和国环境保护部.2015年中国环境状况公报[M].2016:62-68Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China.2015 report on the state of the environment in china[M].2016:62-68.
[22]Vukovich J,Pierce T,The implementation of BEIS3within the SMOKE modeling framework[R].MCNC-Environmental Modeling Center and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,2012.
[23]Hong S,Noh Y,Dudhia J.A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes[J].Monthly Weather Review,2006,134(9):2318.
[24]Mellor G,Yamada T.Development of a Turbulent Closure Model for Geophysical Fluid Problems[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1982,20(4):851-875.
[25]Pleim J.A Combined Local and Nonlocal Closure Model for the Atmospheric Boundary Layer.Part I:Model Description and Testing[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology&Climatology,2007,46(9):1383-1395.
[26]Shimada S,Ohsawa T,Chikaoka S,et al.Accuracy of the Wind Speed Profile in the Lower PBL as Simulated by the WRF Model[J].Sola,2011,7:109-112.
[27]Akylas E,Kotroni V,Lagouvardos K,et al.Sensitivity of highresolution operational weather forecasts to the choice of the planetary boundary layer scheme[J].Atmospheric Research,2007,84(1):49-57.
[28]Hu X,Nielsengammon J W,Zhang F,et al.Evaluation of Three Planetary Boundary Layer Schemes in the WRF Model[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,2010,49(9):1831-1844.
[29]Kotroni V,Lagouvardos K,Retalis A.The heat wave of June 2007in Athens,Greece-Part 2:Modeling study and sensitivity experiments[J].Atmospheric Research,2011,100(1):1-11.
[30]Dabberdt W,Carroll M,Baumgardner D,et al.Meteorological Research Needs for Improved Air Quality Forecasting Report of the 11th Prospectus Development Team of the U.S.Weather Research Program[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2004,85(4):563-586.
[31]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:49-70.Tang X,Zhang Y,Shao M.Atmospheric Environmental Chemistry[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006:49-70