渭-库绿洲土壤剖面盐分分布特征及驱动因子分析
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摘要
【目的】监测渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化的空间分布特征,探究驱动因子作用机理,对当地因地制宜进行土壤盐渍化调控。【方法】采用决策树、克里金插值和灰色关联度分析研究了渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化的剖面分布特征,着重分析了样本点海拔、植被覆盖度、地下水位、TWI(地形湿度指数)、地下水矿化度5个驱动因子对土壤盐渍化的影响。【结果】①研究区表层土壤(0～10 cm)属于重度盐渍化土壤,10～20、20～40、40～60 cm各深度剖面土壤属于中度盐渍化土壤。土壤EC_(1:5)有强的空间变异性,其分布格局受灌溉等人为驱动因素的影响较大。②绿洲内部(即耕作区)表层土壤属于非盐渍化区域,绿洲东部10～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层有轻、中度的盐渍化现象。绿洲内部表层以下土壤盐分高于表层,绿洲存在潜在的盐渍化风险。耕作区外围绿洲-荒漠交错带区域各剖面层均属于盐渍化区域,随着剖面深度的增加,盐渍化程度在不断减弱。③样本点海拔、植被覆盖度、地下水位、TWI、地下水矿化度与土壤EC1:5的灰色关联度大小次序为:0～10 cm土层:地下水矿化度>TWI>样本点的海拔>植被覆盖度>地下水位;10～20、20～40 cm土层:地下水矿化度>样本点的海拔>TWI>植被覆盖度>地下水位。【结论】渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化主要分布在绿洲-荒漠交错带区域,土壤盐分表聚强烈,地下水矿化度是造成该研究区土壤盐渍化问题的首要原因。
【Objective】This paper studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil salt in the Ogan Kucha River oasis in attempts to unravel its underlying mechanisms and helping ameliorate soil salinization that affect agricultural production in this region.【Method】The studied area was a moderate salinized field in Ogan Kucha River Oasis,from which we measured salt content in 10～20, 20～40 and 40～60 cm soil respectively. Using decision tree, Kriging interpolation and grey relation analysis, we analyzed the role of elevation, vegetation coverage, depth of groundwater table, topographic wetness index(TWI) and groundwater salinity in formation of soil salinization.【Result】The top 0～10 cm soil was heavily salinized while the 10～60 cm soil as moderately salinized. The EC1:5 varied erratically over space, affected anthropologically by factors such as irrigation. The surface soil in the oasis was less salt-affected, and light-moderate salinization was found in 10～60 cm soil in the east part of the oasis.Soil salinity in sub-soil was higher than that in the top soil, indicating a risk of potential salinization. The oasisdesert ecotone in the periphery of tilled area was salinized and the salinity level decreased with depth. The EC1:5 in the top 0～10 cm soil was correlated to elevation, vegetation coverage, depth of groundwater table, TWI and groundwater salinity, ranked in groundwater salinity>TWI>elevation>vegetation coverage>groundwater level.For EC1:5 in 10～40 cm soil, and impact of these factors was ranked in groundwater salinity>elevation>TWI > vegetation coverage>groundwater level. The impact of these factors on EC1:5 in 40～60 cm was groundwater salinity>elevation>TWI>groundwater level>vegetation coverage.【Conclusion】Soil salinization in Ogan Kucha River Oasis is mainly distributed in the oasis-desert ecotone and groundwater salinity is the primary cause of the soil salinization.
【Objective】This paper studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil salt in the Ogan Kucha River oasis in attempts to unravel its underlying mechanisms and helping ameliorate soil salinization that affect agricultural production in this region.【Method】The studied area was a moderate salinized field in Ogan Kucha River Oasis,from which we measured salt content in 10～20, 20～40 and 40～60 cm soil respectively. Using decision tree, Kriging interpolation and grey relation analysis, we analyzed the role of elevation, vegetation coverage, depth of groundwater table, topographic wetness index(TWI) and groundwater salinity in formation of soil salinization.【Result】The top 0～10 cm soil was heavily salinized while the 10～60 cm soil as moderately salinized. The EC1:5 varied erratically over space, affected anthropologically by factors such as irrigation. The surface soil in the oasis was less salt-affected, and light-moderate salinization was found in 10～60 cm soil in the east part of the oasis.Soil salinity in sub-soil was higher than that in the top soil, indicating a risk of potential salinization. The oasisdesert ecotone in the periphery of tilled area was salinized and the salinity level decreased with depth. The EC1:5 in the top 0～10 cm soil was correlated to elevation, vegetation coverage, depth of groundwater table, TWI and groundwater salinity, ranked in groundwater salinity>TWI>elevation>vegetation coverage>groundwater level.For EC1:5 in 10～40 cm soil, and impact of these factors was ranked in groundwater salinity>elevation>TWI > vegetation coverage>groundwater level. The impact of these factors on EC1:5 in 40～60 cm was groundwater salinity>elevation>TWI>groundwater level>vegetation coverage.【Conclusion】Soil salinization in Ogan Kucha River Oasis is mainly distributed in the oasis-desert ecotone and groundwater salinity is the primary cause of the soil salinization.
引文
[1]石元春.盐碱土改良[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[2]郭全恩.土壤盐分离子迁移及其分异规律对环境因素的响应机制[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.
[3]ROZEMA J,FLOWERS T.Crops for a salinized world[J].Science,2008,322(5 907):1 478-1 480.
[4]高婷婷,丁建丽,哈学萍,等.基于流域尺度的土壤盐分空间变异特征:以渭干河库车河流域三角洲绿洲为例[J].生态学报,2010,30(10):695-705.
[5]DARWISH T,ATALLAH T,MOUJABBER M E,et al.Salinity evolution and crop response to secondary soil salinity in two agro-climatic zones in Lebanon[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,78(1):152-164.
[6]张喆.绿洲区域尺度土壤剖面电导率情景模拟[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2014.
[7]HUANG J F,WANG R H,ZHAO Z Y,et al.Effects of climate change on soil salinization in Xinjiang oasis,China[A].In:China Foundation for Desertifi cation Control ed.Principles and Practices of Desertification Control--Proceedings of the International Specialty Conference on Science and Technology for Desertification Control Volume 1[C].Beijing:China Meterrological Press,2006:8.
[8]AKRAMKHANOV A,MARTIUS C,PARK S J,et al.Environmental factors of spatial distribution of soil salinity on flat irrigated terrain[J].Geoderma,2011,163(1/2):55-62.
[9]满苏尔·沙比提,玉素浦江·买买提,胡江玲.新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲生态需水研究[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(3):325-330.
[10]SREENIVAS K,VENKATARATNAM L,NARASIMHARAO P V.Dielectric properties of salt-affected soils[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1995,16(4):641-649.
[11]TANA Q,ATSUSHI T,TSUGIYUKI M,et al.Analysis of the Spatial Variation of Soil Salinity and Its Causal Factors in China’s Minqin Oasis[J].Mathematical Problems in Engineering,2017:1-9.
[12]BRING M E,BRING M L.Improved soil monitoring by use of spatial patterns[J].Ambio,1998,27(1):44-51.
[13]姚荣江,杨劲松.黄河三角洲土壤表观电导率空间变异稳健性分析[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2009,28(2):326-329.
[14]贡璐,韩丽,任曼丽.塔里木河上游典型绿洲土壤水盐空间分异特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):1-7.
[15]ASLAM M,PRATHAPAR S A.Strategies to mitigate secondary salinization in the Indus basin of Pakistan:a selective review[J].Soviet Physics Doklady,2006,8(1):53-61.
[16]郭全恩,王益权,马忠明,等.植被类型对土壤剖面盐分离子迁移与累积的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(13):2 711-2 720.
[17]张妙仙,杨劲松,李冬顺,等.各种优化目标的最佳地下水埋藏深度探讨[J].土壤通报,2001,32(S1):72-75.
[18]乔木,周生斌,卢磊,等.新疆渭干河流域土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因分析[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(7):904-910.
[19]刘思峰.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[20]刘广明,吴亚坤,杨劲松,等.基于电磁感应技术的区域三维土壤盐分空间变异研究[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):78-82.
[21]丁建丽,瞿娟,孙勇猛,等.基于MSAVI-WI特征空间的新疆渭干河-库车河流域绿洲土壤盐渍化研究[J].地理研究,2013,32(2):224-232.
[22]BRUNNER P,LI H T,KINZELBACH W,et al.Generating soil electrical conductivity maps at regional level by integrating measurements on the groundand remote sensing data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,28(15):3 341-3 361.
[23]艾斯喀尔·木拉提.渭干河灌区作物灌溉制度合理性分析[J].科技信息,2013(11):466-467.
[24]AFRASINEI G M,MELIS M T.Assessment of remote sensing-based classification methods for change detection of salt-affected areas(Biskra area,Algeria)[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2017,11(1):16-25.
[25]RICHARDS A.Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils[J].Agriculture Handbook,1954,64(3):290.
[26]熊友胜,何丙辉.运用RS和GIS进行植被覆盖分级研究:以重庆合川市为例[J].西南农业大学学报,2003,25(2):168-171.
[27]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.
[28]KHAN N M,RASTOSKUEV V V,SATO Y,et al.Assessment of hydrosaline land degradation by using a simple approach of remote sensing indicators[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,77(1):96-109.
[29]DOUAOUI A E K,NICOLAS H,WALTER C.Detecting salinity hazards within a semiarid context by means of combining soil and remote-sensing data[J].Geoderma,2006,134(1):217-230.
[30]邓聚龙.灰色系统理论教程[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1990.
[31]LIN Y,LIU S F.A SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS WITH DATA(II)[J].International Journal of General Systems,2000,29(6):1 001-1 013.
[32]TOSUN N.Determination of optimum parameters for multi-performance characteristics in drilling by using grey relational analysis[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2006,28(5/6):450-455.
[33]LIU S,LIU Y.Grey Information:Theory and Practical Applications[J].Kybernetes,2006,37(1):189.
[34]侯培强,任玉芬,王效科,等.北京市城市降雨径流水质评价研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):71-75.
[35]MARTHEWS T R,DADSON S J,LEHNER B,et al.High-resolution global topographic index values for use in large-scale hydrological modelling[J].Hydrology&Earth System Sciences,2015,19(1):91-104.
[36]王海江,石建出,张花玲,等.不同改良措施下新疆重度盐渍土壤盐分变化与脱盐效果[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):102-111.
[37]秦文豹,李明思,李玉芳,等.滴灌条件下暗管滤层结构对排水、排盐效果的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(7):80-85.
[38]虎胆·吐马尔白,赵永成,马合木江·艾合买提,等.北疆常年膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分积累特征研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(1):1-5.
[39]唐冬,毛亮,支月娥,等.上海市郊设施大棚次生盐渍化土壤盐分含量调查及典型对应分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4 705-4 711.
[40]崔丽芹,余宏生,魏守忠.新疆沙雅县渭干河灌区地下水开发利用分析[J].地下水,2010,32(3):48,110.
[41]满苏尔·沙比提,武胜利,陆吐布拉·依明.渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲近10年地下水位及水质时空变化特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(1):212-217.
[42]陈文玲,冉圣宏,刘韬韬.不同灌溉方式棉田土壤含盐量的分布特征:以玛纳斯河中游灌区为例[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):33-38.
[43]张瀚,杨鹏年,汪昌树,等.干旱区不同冬灌定额对土壤水盐分布的影响研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(11):42-46.
[2]郭全恩.土壤盐分离子迁移及其分异规律对环境因素的响应机制[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2010.
[3]ROZEMA J,FLOWERS T.Crops for a salinized world[J].Science,2008,322(5 907):1 478-1 480.
[4]高婷婷,丁建丽,哈学萍,等.基于流域尺度的土壤盐分空间变异特征:以渭干河库车河流域三角洲绿洲为例[J].生态学报,2010,30(10):695-705.
[5]DARWISH T,ATALLAH T,MOUJABBER M E,et al.Salinity evolution and crop response to secondary soil salinity in two agro-climatic zones in Lebanon[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,78(1):152-164.
[6]张喆.绿洲区域尺度土壤剖面电导率情景模拟[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2014.
[7]HUANG J F,WANG R H,ZHAO Z Y,et al.Effects of climate change on soil salinization in Xinjiang oasis,China[A].In:China Foundation for Desertifi cation Control ed.Principles and Practices of Desertification Control--Proceedings of the International Specialty Conference on Science and Technology for Desertification Control Volume 1[C].Beijing:China Meterrological Press,2006:8.
[8]AKRAMKHANOV A,MARTIUS C,PARK S J,et al.Environmental factors of spatial distribution of soil salinity on flat irrigated terrain[J].Geoderma,2011,163(1/2):55-62.
[9]满苏尔·沙比提,玉素浦江·买买提,胡江玲.新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲生态需水研究[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(3):325-330.
[10]SREENIVAS K,VENKATARATNAM L,NARASIMHARAO P V.Dielectric properties of salt-affected soils[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1995,16(4):641-649.
[11]TANA Q,ATSUSHI T,TSUGIYUKI M,et al.Analysis of the Spatial Variation of Soil Salinity and Its Causal Factors in China’s Minqin Oasis[J].Mathematical Problems in Engineering,2017:1-9.
[12]BRING M E,BRING M L.Improved soil monitoring by use of spatial patterns[J].Ambio,1998,27(1):44-51.
[13]姚荣江,杨劲松.黄河三角洲土壤表观电导率空间变异稳健性分析[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2009,28(2):326-329.
[14]贡璐,韩丽,任曼丽.塔里木河上游典型绿洲土壤水盐空间分异特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):1-7.
[15]ASLAM M,PRATHAPAR S A.Strategies to mitigate secondary salinization in the Indus basin of Pakistan:a selective review[J].Soviet Physics Doklady,2006,8(1):53-61.
[16]郭全恩,王益权,马忠明,等.植被类型对土壤剖面盐分离子迁移与累积的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(13):2 711-2 720.
[17]张妙仙,杨劲松,李冬顺,等.各种优化目标的最佳地下水埋藏深度探讨[J].土壤通报,2001,32(S1):72-75.
[18]乔木,周生斌,卢磊,等.新疆渭干河流域土壤盐渍化时空变化及成因分析[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(7):904-910.
[19]刘思峰.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[20]刘广明,吴亚坤,杨劲松,等.基于电磁感应技术的区域三维土壤盐分空间变异研究[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):78-82.
[21]丁建丽,瞿娟,孙勇猛,等.基于MSAVI-WI特征空间的新疆渭干河-库车河流域绿洲土壤盐渍化研究[J].地理研究,2013,32(2):224-232.
[22]BRUNNER P,LI H T,KINZELBACH W,et al.Generating soil electrical conductivity maps at regional level by integrating measurements on the groundand remote sensing data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,28(15):3 341-3 361.
[23]艾斯喀尔·木拉提.渭干河灌区作物灌溉制度合理性分析[J].科技信息,2013(11):466-467.
[24]AFRASINEI G M,MELIS M T.Assessment of remote sensing-based classification methods for change detection of salt-affected areas(Biskra area,Algeria)[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,2017,11(1):16-25.
[25]RICHARDS A.Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils[J].Agriculture Handbook,1954,64(3):290.
[26]熊友胜,何丙辉.运用RS和GIS进行植被覆盖分级研究:以重庆合川市为例[J].西南农业大学学报,2003,25(2):168-171.
[27]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.
[28]KHAN N M,RASTOSKUEV V V,SATO Y,et al.Assessment of hydrosaline land degradation by using a simple approach of remote sensing indicators[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,77(1):96-109.
[29]DOUAOUI A E K,NICOLAS H,WALTER C.Detecting salinity hazards within a semiarid context by means of combining soil and remote-sensing data[J].Geoderma,2006,134(1):217-230.
[30]邓聚龙.灰色系统理论教程[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1990.
[31]LIN Y,LIU S F.A SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS WITH DATA(II)[J].International Journal of General Systems,2000,29(6):1 001-1 013.
[32]TOSUN N.Determination of optimum parameters for multi-performance characteristics in drilling by using grey relational analysis[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2006,28(5/6):450-455.
[33]LIU S,LIU Y.Grey Information:Theory and Practical Applications[J].Kybernetes,2006,37(1):189.
[34]侯培强,任玉芬,王效科,等.北京市城市降雨径流水质评价研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):71-75.
[35]MARTHEWS T R,DADSON S J,LEHNER B,et al.High-resolution global topographic index values for use in large-scale hydrological modelling[J].Hydrology&Earth System Sciences,2015,19(1):91-104.
[36]王海江,石建出,张花玲,等.不同改良措施下新疆重度盐渍土壤盐分变化与脱盐效果[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(22):102-111.
[37]秦文豹,李明思,李玉芳,等.滴灌条件下暗管滤层结构对排水、排盐效果的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(7):80-85.
[38]虎胆·吐马尔白,赵永成,马合木江·艾合买提,等.北疆常年膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分积累特征研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(1):1-5.
[39]唐冬,毛亮,支月娥,等.上海市郊设施大棚次生盐渍化土壤盐分含量调查及典型对应分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4 705-4 711.
[40]崔丽芹,余宏生,魏守忠.新疆沙雅县渭干河灌区地下水开发利用分析[J].地下水,2010,32(3):48,110.
[41]满苏尔·沙比提,武胜利,陆吐布拉·依明.渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲近10年地下水位及水质时空变化特征[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(1):212-217.
[42]陈文玲,冉圣宏,刘韬韬.不同灌溉方式棉田土壤含盐量的分布特征:以玛纳斯河中游灌区为例[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):33-38.
[43]张瀚,杨鹏年,汪昌树,等.干旱区不同冬灌定额对土壤水盐分布的影响研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(11):42-46.