乌尔里希·贝克风险社会理论的生态学维度
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摘要
风险社会理论的形成有其存在的历史沃土与现实土壤。工业社会的发展演变经历了以阶级和社会问题为主的第一阶段与以生态和环境问题为重点的第二阶段这两个不同阶段,表明贝克风险社会形成的生态风险渊源。森林消失、人口膨胀、温室效应、臭氧层损耗、核辐射、核反应堆和化学灾难事故、生物多样性锐减等导致风险分配逻辑取代财富分配逻辑,共性的需求为共性的焦虑所取代,而对于共同面对的问题,形成有组织的不负责任,即任何事情都没有任何一个个体或机构对其负责等表明风险社会蕴含生态风险危害。反思性现代化理论和世界主义构想等风险社会解决方案的生态学维度对于化解严峻风险挑战虽然具有一定的局限性,但仍具有深度借鉴价值。
The formation of risk society theory has its historical and realistic background. The development of industrial society has experienced two different stages, that is, the class and social problems as the focus of the first stage and the ecological and environmental issues as the focus of the second stage, which indicates the ecological risk origin of Beck's risk society theory. Forest depletion, population expansion, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, nuclear radiation, nuclear reactors, chemical catastrophe and biodiversity loss and so on result in the phenomenon that the risk distribution logic replaces the wealth distribution logic. The common demand is replaced by common anxiety. There is the formation of organized irresponsibility in risk society for the common problems. That is to say, the fact that there isn't any individual or organization which could be responsible for risk problems shows ecological hazards in risk society. Even though there are some limitations in the ecology dimension of risk society solutions, such as reflexive modernization theory and cosmopolitanism vision, there is still deep reference value which exists in risk society solutions.
The formation of risk society theory has its historical and realistic background. The development of industrial society has experienced two different stages, that is, the class and social problems as the focus of the first stage and the ecological and environmental issues as the focus of the second stage, which indicates the ecological risk origin of Beck's risk society theory. Forest depletion, population expansion, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, nuclear radiation, nuclear reactors, chemical catastrophe and biodiversity loss and so on result in the phenomenon that the risk distribution logic replaces the wealth distribution logic. The common demand is replaced by common anxiety. There is the formation of organized irresponsibility in risk society for the common problems. That is to say, the fact that there isn't any individual or organization which could be responsible for risk problems shows ecological hazards in risk society. Even though there are some limitations in the ecology dimension of risk society solutions, such as reflexive modernization theory and cosmopolitanism vision, there is still deep reference value which exists in risk society solutions.
引文
[1][德]乌尔里希·贝克.世界风险社会[M].吴英姿,孙淑敏,译.南京:南京大学出版社,2004.
[2][德]乌尔里希·贝克.风险社会[M].何博闻,译.南京:译林出版社,2004.
[3][德]乌尔里希·贝克.从工业社会到风险社会(上篇)——关于人类生存、社会结构和生态启蒙等问题的思考[J].王武龙,编译.马克思主义与现实,2003,(3).
[4][德]乌尔里希·贝克.“9·11”事件后的全球风险社会[J].王武龙,编译.马克思主义与现实,2004,(2).
[5][德]乌尔里希·贝克,[英]安东尼·吉登斯,[英]斯科特·拉什.自反性现代化[M].赵文书,译.北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[6][德]乌尔里希·贝克.从工业社会到风险社会(下篇)——关于人类生存、社会结构和生态启蒙等问题的思考[J].王武龙,编译.马克思主义与现实,2003,(5):67.
[7]薛晓源,刘国良.全球风险世界:现在与未来——德国著名社会学家、风险社会理论创始人乌尔里希·贝克教授访谈录[J].马克思主义与现实,2005,(1):44.
[8]王剑锋,徐飞.试论科学认识的不确定性与可接受风险[J].自然辩证法通讯,2016,(2):54.
[9]王娟.气候变化治理中公众对专家的信任研究[J].自然辩证法通讯,2016,(6):90.
[10][德]乌尔里希·贝克.风险社会再思考[J].郗卫东,编译.马克思主义与现实,2002,(4):49.
[11][德]乌尔里希·贝克,邓正来,沈国麟.风险社会与中国——与德国社会学家乌尔里希·贝克的对话[J].社会学研究,2010,(5):209.
[12]张运生.高科技企业创新生态系统风险产生机理探究[J].科学学研究,2009,(6):925-931.
[13][德]乌尔里希·贝克,[德]埃德加·格兰德.世界主义的欧洲:第二次现代性的社会与政治[M].章国锋,译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008:84.
[14]BECK U. The Terrorist Threat-World Risk Society Revisited[J].Theory, Culture & Society,2002,19(4):52.
[2][德]乌尔里希·贝克.风险社会[M].何博闻,译.南京:译林出版社,2004.
[3][德]乌尔里希·贝克.从工业社会到风险社会(上篇)——关于人类生存、社会结构和生态启蒙等问题的思考[J].王武龙,编译.马克思主义与现实,2003,(3).
[4][德]乌尔里希·贝克.“9·11”事件后的全球风险社会[J].王武龙,编译.马克思主义与现实,2004,(2).
[5][德]乌尔里希·贝克,[英]安东尼·吉登斯,[英]斯科特·拉什.自反性现代化[M].赵文书,译.北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[6][德]乌尔里希·贝克.从工业社会到风险社会(下篇)——关于人类生存、社会结构和生态启蒙等问题的思考[J].王武龙,编译.马克思主义与现实,2003,(5):67.
[7]薛晓源,刘国良.全球风险世界:现在与未来——德国著名社会学家、风险社会理论创始人乌尔里希·贝克教授访谈录[J].马克思主义与现实,2005,(1):44.
[8]王剑锋,徐飞.试论科学认识的不确定性与可接受风险[J].自然辩证法通讯,2016,(2):54.
[9]王娟.气候变化治理中公众对专家的信任研究[J].自然辩证法通讯,2016,(6):90.
[10][德]乌尔里希·贝克.风险社会再思考[J].郗卫东,编译.马克思主义与现实,2002,(4):49.
[11][德]乌尔里希·贝克,邓正来,沈国麟.风险社会与中国——与德国社会学家乌尔里希·贝克的对话[J].社会学研究,2010,(5):209.
[12]张运生.高科技企业创新生态系统风险产生机理探究[J].科学学研究,2009,(6):925-931.
[13][德]乌尔里希·贝克,[德]埃德加·格兰德.世界主义的欧洲:第二次现代性的社会与政治[M].章国锋,译.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008:84.
[14]BECK U. The Terrorist Threat-World Risk Society Revisited[J].Theory, Culture & Society,2002,19(4):52.