稀土CeO_2对W-Ni-Fe高比重合金摩擦磨损性能的影响
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摘要
采用高能球磨和放电等离子体烧结方法制备了W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe-xCeO_2高比重合金,通过XRD、SEM、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机等研究了稀土CeO_2添加量对W-Ni-Fe高比重合金物相、显微组织及摩擦磨损行为等的影响。结果表明,微量稀土氧化物掺杂后,W衍射峰出现不同程度的宽化现象,晶粒得到细化,生成的复合稀土相Ce_xW_yO_z可以促进Ni、Fe在W晶格中的固溶。随着稀土含量的增加,显微硬度不断减小,相对密度先增大再减小,当添加量为0.4%(质量分数,下同)时,相对密度达到最大。稀土氧化物CeO_2的添加能降低合金试样的摩擦磨损性能。当添加量为0.4%时,粘结相分布相对较均匀,W-W之间的界面结合强度较高,合金致密化程度最高,致使磨损曲线比较稳定,对材料耐磨性能的降低效果最小。
W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe-xCeO_2 high specific gravity alloy was prepared by applying High Energy Ball Milling and Discharge Plasma Sintering. The effects of rare earth CeO_2 dosage on the phase, microstructure, friction and wear behaviors are studied by XRD, SEM, microhardness tester and friction and wear tester. The results show that different degrees of broadening phenomenon are observed in W diffraction peak accompanied with refined particles after trace rare earth oxide's doping. The generated composite rare earth phase promotes the solid solution of Ni and Fe in W lattice. With the increase of rare earth content, the micro-hardness decreases. At the same time, the relative density first increases, then falls. The relative density reaches the maximum value when the dosage is 0.4 %. The addition of rare earth oxide CeO_2 reduces the friction and wear properties of alloy samples.
W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe-xCeO_2 high specific gravity alloy was prepared by applying High Energy Ball Milling and Discharge Plasma Sintering. The effects of rare earth CeO_2 dosage on the phase, microstructure, friction and wear behaviors are studied by XRD, SEM, microhardness tester and friction and wear tester. The results show that different degrees of broadening phenomenon are observed in W diffraction peak accompanied with refined particles after trace rare earth oxide's doping. The generated composite rare earth phase promotes the solid solution of Ni and Fe in W lattice. With the increase of rare earth content, the micro-hardness decreases. At the same time, the relative density first increases, then falls. The relative density reaches the maximum value when the dosage is 0.4 %. The addition of rare earth oxide CeO_2 reduces the friction and wear properties of alloy samples.
引文
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[2]邹俭鹏,张兆森.真空烧结制备90W-Ni-Fe高密度钨合金的性能与显微结构[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(3):703-710.ZOU Jianpeng,ZHANG Zhaosen.Performance and microstructure of90W-Ni-Fe high-density tungsten alloy fabricated by vacuum sintering[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(3):703-710.
[3]LIU Huiyuan,CAO Shuahua.Densification,microstructure and mechanical properties of 90W-4Ni-6Mn heavy alloy[J].Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2013,37:121-126.
[4]范景莲,李鹏飞,刘涛,等.高性能细晶钨及钨合金的研究进展[J].中国钨业,2015,30(2):41-48.FAN Jinglian,LI Pengfei,LIU Tao,et al.Advances in fine grained tungsten and tungsten alloys with high performance[J].China Tungsten Industry,2015,30(2):41-48.
[5]张雪辉,李晓闲,章标,等.稀土改性高密度W-Ni-Fe合金的研究现状及发展趋势[J].功能材料,2016,47(1):66-71.ZHANG Xuehui,LI Xiaoxian,ZHANG Biao,et al.Research progress of high performance fine grained tungsten and tungsten alloys[J].Journal of functional materials,2016,47(1):66-71.
[6]蔡立辉,刘桂荣,曹靖.高能球磨对W-Ni-Fe合金力学性能影响的初步探讨[J].粉末冶金工业,2005,15(3):15.CAI Lihui,LIU Guirong,CAO Jing.Preliminary study for effectof high energy ball milling on mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloy[J].Powder Metallurgy Industry,2005,15(3):15.
[7]向道平,丁雷.合金元素或氧化物强化W-Ni-Fe高密度合金的研究进展[J].中国有色金属学报,2013,23(6):1549-1559.XIANG Daoping,DING Lei.Research progress of W-Ni-Fe high density alloy strengthened by alloying element or oxide[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013,23(6):1549-1559.
[8]刘卫强,岳明,姜涛,等.放电等离子烧结W-Ni-Fe合金的显微组织与性能研究[J].功能材料,2004,35(增刊1):3019-3021.LIU Weiqiang,YUE Ming,JIANG Tao,et al.The microstructure of W-Ni-Fe alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering[J].Journal of Fuction Materials,2004,35(supply1):3019-3021.
[9]曾毅,范景莲,李勇明.微量稀土La对细晶W-Ni-Fe合金显微组织和性能的影响[J].粉末冶金技术,2010,28(6):403-406.ZENG Yi,FAN Jinglian,LI Yongming.Effect of trace rare earth La on microstructure and properties of fine grained W-Ni-Fe alloy[J].Powder Metallurgy Technology,2010,28(6):403-406.
[10]马运柱,张佳佳,刘文胜,等.真空热处理对微波烧结93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金显微组织及力学性能的影响[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2012,41(7):1680-1683.MA Yunzhu,ZHANG Jiajia,LIU Wensheng,et al.Effect of vacuum heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy sintered by microwave sintering[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2012,41(7):1680-1683.
[11]晏建武,周继承,鲁世强,等.热处理对W-Ni-Fe高密度合金组织与性能影响[J].国外金属加工,2005,26(4):43-49.YAN Jianwu,ZHOU Jicheng,LU Shiqiang,et al.Effect of treatment on microstructure and properties of W-Ni-Fe high density alloy[J].Metal Processing Abroad,2005,26(4):43-49.
[12]祁美贵,范景莲,张骁,等.微量Y2O3对细晶W-Ni-Fe粉末烧结行为和显微组织的影响[J].中国有色金属学报,2009,19(4):656-661.QI Meigui,FAN Jinglian,ZHANG Xiao,et al.Effect of micro Y2O3on sintering behavior and microstructure of fine grain W-Ni-Fe powder[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2009,19(4):656-661.
[13]RYU H J,HONG S H.Fabrication and properties of mechanically alloyed oxide-dispersed tungsten heavy alloys[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,363:179-184.
[14]张骁,范景莲,刘涛,等.微量稀土Y对细晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe合金性能的影响[J].粉末冶金技术,2009,27(6):425-428.ZHANG Xiao,FAN Jinglian,LIU Tao,et al.Effect of trace rare earth Y on the properties of fine grained 93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe alloy[J].Powder Metallurgy Technology,2009,27(6):425-428.
[15]金永中,刘东亮,孙亚丽,等.稀土元素镧对97W-Ni-Fe合金性能的影响[J].中国钨业,2007,22(2):34-36.JIN Yongzhong,LIU Dongliang,SUN Yali,et al.Effect of rare earth element lanthanum on properties of 97W-Ni-Fe alloy[J].China Tungsten Industry,2007,22(2):34-36.
[16]GU D D,Li Y L,Wang H Q,et al.Microstructure development and its mechanism of mechanical alloyed nanocrystalline W-10Ni alloy reinforced with Y2O3nanoparticles[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2014,(44):113-122.
[17]罗来马,卢泽龙,李浩,等.稀土改性钨合金的研究现状与发展趋势[J].稀有金属,2013,37(6):993-1002.LUO Laima,LU Zelong,LI Hao,et al.Current status and development trend on rare earth modified tungsten alloys[J].Chinese Journal of Rare Metals,2013,37(6):993-1002.
[18]彭石高,范景莲,刘涛,等.稀土含量和还原温度对制备超细(W,Ni,Fe)复合粉末的影响[J].粉末冶金技术,2009,27(1):36-39.PENG Shigao,FAN Jinglian,LIU Tao,et al.Effects of rare earth content and reduction temperature on preparation of superfine(W,Ni,Fe)composite powder[J].Powder Metallurgy Technology,2009,27(1):36-39,66.
[19]ZAFARI A,GHASEMI H M,MAHMUDI R.Effect of earth elements addition on the tribological behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy at elevated temperature[J].Wear,2013,303(1/2):98-108.
[20]马国亮,田伟,王铀.纳米稀土氧化物对7075铝合金硬度和耐磨性的影响[J].材料热处理学报,2007,28(增刊1):79-85.MA Guoliang,TIAN Wei,WANG You.Influence of nanosized rare earth oxide dopant on hardness and wear resistance of 7075aluminum alloy[J].Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment,2007,28(supply1):79-85.
[21]刘光磊.多元Al-Si-Cu合金铸造工艺参数优化及其在汽车发动机缸体应用的研究[D].镇江:江苏大学,2013:106.LIU Guanglei.Research on optimization of multielement Al-Si-Cu alloy casting process factors and application in automobile engine cylinder[D].Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University,2013:106.
[22]HE Y J,WINNUBST L,BURGGRAAF A J,et al.Grain-size dependence of sliding wear in tetragonal zirconia polycrystals[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society,1996,79(12):3090-3096.
[23]ZUM G K H,BUNDSCHUH W,ZIMMERLIN B.Effect of grain size on friction and sliding wear ofoxide ceramics[J].Wear,1993,162/163/164(93):269-279.