基于碘化钠探测器的闪电γ射线爆发观测研究
|
摘要
本文采用NaI(Tl)探测器搭建了闪电高能辐射地面观测装置并进行了性能测试。于2016年夏季探测到1次自然负地闪过程中的两次回击之前产生的γ射线爆发信号,这是国内首次获得自然闪电高能辐射的实测波形数据。第1次γ射线爆发持续时间为563μs,第2次γ射线爆发持续时间为353μs,两次γ射线爆发的截止时间间隔为76.288ms,与同步观测到的回击电场波形时间间隔一致。经分析发现,梯级先导的负脉冲信号与高能辐射的脉冲信号具有一一对应的特征,表明梯级先导是本次测量所获闪电高能辐射的产生根源。
By using a NaI(Tl)detector,a lightning high energy radiation ground observation system was set up in this paper,and a performance test was conducted.In summer of 2016,two bursts of γ-rays were recorded at ground level for the first time in China when the return strokes of a nearby negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash occurred.The first γ-ray burst has a duration of 563μs and the second one has a duration of 353μs.The time interval between the end time of the two bursts is 76.288 ms,and this is coincident with the time interval of return strokes revealed by the synchronous electric field signal.The analysis result shows that the signals from the stepped leader and the γ-ray have one to one correspondence,and the stepped leader of the light-ning is the source of the high energy radiation.
By using a NaI(Tl)detector,a lightning high energy radiation ground observation system was set up in this paper,and a performance test was conducted.In summer of 2016,two bursts of γ-rays were recorded at ground level for the first time in China when the return strokes of a nearby negative cloud-to-ground lightning flash occurred.The first γ-ray burst has a duration of 563μs and the second one has a duration of 353μs.The time interval between the end time of the two bursts is 76.288 ms,and this is coincident with the time interval of return strokes revealed by the synchronous electric field signal.The analysis result shows that the signals from the stepped leader and the γ-ray have one to one correspondence,and the stepped leader of the light-ning is the source of the high energy radiation.
引文
[1]WILSON C T R.The electric field of a thundercloud and some of its effects[J].Proceedings of the Physical Society of London,2002,37(1):32D-37D.
[2]SCHONLAND B F J.Thunder-storms and the penetrating radiation[J].Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,1930,30(2):206-215.
[3]SCHONLAND B F J,VILJOEN J P T.On a penetrating radiation from thunderclouds[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,1933,140(841):314-333.
[4]HALLIDAY E C.The thundercloud as a source of penetrating particles[J].Physical Review,1941,60(2):101-106.
[5]CALY J,JONGEN H F,AARTS A J J.High energy electrons produced in a thunderstorm[J].Physica,1952,18(11):801-808.
[6]HILL R D.Investigation of electron runaway in lightning[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1963,68(23):6 261-6 266.
[7]WHITMIRE D P.Search for high-energy radiation near lightning strokes[J].Lettere al NuovoCimento,1979,26(16):497-501.
[8]FISHMAN G J,BHAT P N,MALLOZZI R,et al.Discovery of intense gamma-ray flashes of atmospheric origin[J].Science,1994,264(5163):1 313-1 316.
[9]SMITH D M,BARRINGTON-LEIGH C P.Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes observed up to20 MeV[J].Science,2005,307(5712):1 085-1 088.
[10]BRIGGS M S,FISHMAN G J,CONNAUGHTON V,et al.First results on terrestrial gamma ray flashes from the Fermi gamma-ray burst monitor[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics,2010,115(A7):387-410.
[11]MARISALDI M,FUSCHINO F,LABANTI C,et al.Detection of terrestrial gamma ray flashes up to 40MeV by the AGILE satellite[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2010,115(A00E13):1-12.
[12]MARISALDI M,ARGAN A,TROIS A,et al.Gamma-ray localization of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes[J].Physical Review Letters,2010,105(12):1-12.
[13]MOORE C B,EACK K B,AULICH G D,et al.Energetic radiation associated with lightning stepped-leaders[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(11):2 141-2 144.
[14]DWYER J R,RASSOUL H K,Al-DAYEH M,et al.A ground level gamma-ray burst observed in association with rocket-triggered lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(5):179-211.
[15]DWYER J R,RASSOUL H K,Al-DAYEH M,et al.X-ray bursts associated with leader steps in cloud-to-ground lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(1):1-4.
[16]SMITH D M,DWYER J R,HAZELTON B J,et al.A terrestrial gamma ray flash observed from an aircraft[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2011,116(D20):999-
[17]DWYER J R,SCHAAL M M,CRAMER E,et al.Observation of a gamma-ray flash at ground level in association with a cloud-to-ground lightning return stroke[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics,2012,117(A10303):1-13.
[18]RINGUETTE R,CASE G L,CHERRY M L,et al.TETRA observation of gamma-rays at ground level associated with nearby thunderstorms[J].Journal of Geophysical Researchspace Physics,2013,118(12):7 841-7 849.
[19]KURODA Y,OGURI S,KATO Y,et al.Observation of gamma ray bursts at ground level under the thunderclouds[J].Physics Letters B,2016,758(C):286-291.
[20]王俊芳,郄秀书,卢红,等.雷暴电场对宇宙射线次级粒子μ子的影响研究[J].物理学报,2012,61(15):159202.WANG Junfang,QIE Xieshu,LU Hong,et al.Effect of thunderstorm electric field on intensity of cosmic ray muons[J].Acta Phys Sin,2012,61(15):159202(in Chinese).
[21]孔祥贞,张彤,赵阳,等.雷暴条件下高能辐射能量的探测和初步观测[J].高原气象,2011,30(6):1 676-1 680.KONG Xiangzhen,ZHANG Tong,ZHAO Yang,et al.Detection of energy of energetic radiation and preparatory observation under thunderstorm condition[J].Plateau Meteorology,2011,30(6):1 676-1 680(in Chinese).
[22]蒋如斌,郄秀书,王彩霞,等.峰值电流达几千安量级的闪电M分量放电特征及机理探讨[J].物理学报,2011,60(7):867-874.JIANG Rubin,QIE Xiushu,WANG Caixia,et al.Lightning M-components with peak currents of kilo amperes and their mechanism[J].Acta Phys Sin,2011,60(7):867-874(in Chinese).
[23]王彩霞,郄秀书,蒋如斌,等.一次人工触发闪电上行正先导的传输特征[J].物理学报,2012,61(3):553-560.WANG Caixia,QIE Xiushu,JIANG Rubin,et al.Propagating properties of a upward positive leader in a negative triggered lightning[J].Acta Phys Sin,2012,61(3):553-560(in Chinese).
[2]SCHONLAND B F J.Thunder-storms and the penetrating radiation[J].Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,1930,30(2):206-215.
[3]SCHONLAND B F J,VILJOEN J P T.On a penetrating radiation from thunderclouds[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,1933,140(841):314-333.
[4]HALLIDAY E C.The thundercloud as a source of penetrating particles[J].Physical Review,1941,60(2):101-106.
[5]CALY J,JONGEN H F,AARTS A J J.High energy electrons produced in a thunderstorm[J].Physica,1952,18(11):801-808.
[6]HILL R D.Investigation of electron runaway in lightning[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1963,68(23):6 261-6 266.
[7]WHITMIRE D P.Search for high-energy radiation near lightning strokes[J].Lettere al NuovoCimento,1979,26(16):497-501.
[8]FISHMAN G J,BHAT P N,MALLOZZI R,et al.Discovery of intense gamma-ray flashes of atmospheric origin[J].Science,1994,264(5163):1 313-1 316.
[9]SMITH D M,BARRINGTON-LEIGH C P.Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes observed up to20 MeV[J].Science,2005,307(5712):1 085-1 088.
[10]BRIGGS M S,FISHMAN G J,CONNAUGHTON V,et al.First results on terrestrial gamma ray flashes from the Fermi gamma-ray burst monitor[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics,2010,115(A7):387-410.
[11]MARISALDI M,FUSCHINO F,LABANTI C,et al.Detection of terrestrial gamma ray flashes up to 40MeV by the AGILE satellite[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2010,115(A00E13):1-12.
[12]MARISALDI M,ARGAN A,TROIS A,et al.Gamma-ray localization of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes[J].Physical Review Letters,2010,105(12):1-12.
[13]MOORE C B,EACK K B,AULICH G D,et al.Energetic radiation associated with lightning stepped-leaders[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(11):2 141-2 144.
[14]DWYER J R,RASSOUL H K,Al-DAYEH M,et al.A ground level gamma-ray burst observed in association with rocket-triggered lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(5):179-211.
[15]DWYER J R,RASSOUL H K,Al-DAYEH M,et al.X-ray bursts associated with leader steps in cloud-to-ground lightning[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(1):1-4.
[16]SMITH D M,DWYER J R,HAZELTON B J,et al.A terrestrial gamma ray flash observed from an aircraft[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2011,116(D20):999-
[17]DWYER J R,SCHAAL M M,CRAMER E,et al.Observation of a gamma-ray flash at ground level in association with a cloud-to-ground lightning return stroke[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics,2012,117(A10303):1-13.
[18]RINGUETTE R,CASE G L,CHERRY M L,et al.TETRA observation of gamma-rays at ground level associated with nearby thunderstorms[J].Journal of Geophysical Researchspace Physics,2013,118(12):7 841-7 849.
[19]KURODA Y,OGURI S,KATO Y,et al.Observation of gamma ray bursts at ground level under the thunderclouds[J].Physics Letters B,2016,758(C):286-291.
[20]王俊芳,郄秀书,卢红,等.雷暴电场对宇宙射线次级粒子μ子的影响研究[J].物理学报,2012,61(15):159202.WANG Junfang,QIE Xieshu,LU Hong,et al.Effect of thunderstorm electric field on intensity of cosmic ray muons[J].Acta Phys Sin,2012,61(15):159202(in Chinese).
[21]孔祥贞,张彤,赵阳,等.雷暴条件下高能辐射能量的探测和初步观测[J].高原气象,2011,30(6):1 676-1 680.KONG Xiangzhen,ZHANG Tong,ZHAO Yang,et al.Detection of energy of energetic radiation and preparatory observation under thunderstorm condition[J].Plateau Meteorology,2011,30(6):1 676-1 680(in Chinese).
[22]蒋如斌,郄秀书,王彩霞,等.峰值电流达几千安量级的闪电M分量放电特征及机理探讨[J].物理学报,2011,60(7):867-874.JIANG Rubin,QIE Xiushu,WANG Caixia,et al.Lightning M-components with peak currents of kilo amperes and their mechanism[J].Acta Phys Sin,2011,60(7):867-874(in Chinese).
[23]王彩霞,郄秀书,蒋如斌,等.一次人工触发闪电上行正先导的传输特征[J].物理学报,2012,61(3):553-560.WANG Caixia,QIE Xiushu,JIANG Rubin,et al.Propagating properties of a upward positive leader in a negative triggered lightning[J].Acta Phys Sin,2012,61(3):553-560(in Chinese).