春小麦-青贮玉米前茬不同施氮量对土壤微生物多样性及脲酶活性的影响
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摘要
为探究适宜北疆地区滴灌小麦-青贮玉米种植模式下的合理施氮方式,实现作物高产高效。本文通过在滴灌小麦-青贮玉米模式中前茬小麦设置W0(0kg·hm-2)、W1(300kg·hm-2)以及W2(30kg·hm-2)3个不同施氮量处理,研究不同施氮量对后茬根系土壤微生物多样性及脲酶活性的影响。结果表明:前茬施氮处理的微生物多样性均低于未施肥处理,在Phylum、Order、Family与Genus四个分类水平上,各处理的微生物类群OTU数差异性均不显著(P>0.05),具体表现为W0>W2>W1,与Simpson、Shannon多样性指数表现一致;Chao1与ACE指数均表现为W2>W0>W1;施肥处理的微生物多样性随施氮量增加而上升,即W2>W1,没有显著性差异(P>0.05);脲酶活性随前茬施氮量的增加而上升,差异性不显著(P>0.05),施氮处理的脲酶活性与微生物多样性表现相一致。
In order to explore the mechanism of yield-increasing effect of the optimal allocation of nitrogen in the drip irrigation wheat-silage corn planting mode,we assessed the effects of different nitrogen application rates on soil microbial diversity and urease activity in the planting mode by setting three nitrogen levels,i.e.W0(0 kg·hm-2),W1(300 kg·hm-2),W2(450 kg·hm-2),in the previous crop.The results showed that microbial diversity in the nitrogen treatments was higher than that in treatment without nitrogen of the preceding crop of wheat-silage corn mode.At the Phylum,Order,Family and Genus levels,the differences in the number of OTUs among microbial groups were not significant(P>0.05),the specific performance for W0>W2>W1.Similar trends were observed in Simpson and Shannon indices.Chao1 and ACE indices were shown as W2>W0>W1.Although the microbial diversity of fertilization treatment increase with the increase of nitrogen fertilization(i.e.,W2> W1),no significant difference(P>0.05)was found.In wheat-silage corn preceding treatments,the urease activity increased with the application of nitrogen fertilizer.Urease activity in nitrogen fertilizer application treatments was consistent with microbial diversity.
In order to explore the mechanism of yield-increasing effect of the optimal allocation of nitrogen in the drip irrigation wheat-silage corn planting mode,we assessed the effects of different nitrogen application rates on soil microbial diversity and urease activity in the planting mode by setting three nitrogen levels,i.e.W0(0 kg·hm-2),W1(300 kg·hm-2),W2(450 kg·hm-2),in the previous crop.The results showed that microbial diversity in the nitrogen treatments was higher than that in treatment without nitrogen of the preceding crop of wheat-silage corn mode.At the Phylum,Order,Family and Genus levels,the differences in the number of OTUs among microbial groups were not significant(P>0.05),the specific performance for W0>W2>W1.Similar trends were observed in Simpson and Shannon indices.Chao1 and ACE indices were shown as W2>W0>W1.Although the microbial diversity of fertilization treatment increase with the increase of nitrogen fertilization(i.e.,W2> W1),no significant difference(P>0.05)was found.In wheat-silage corn preceding treatments,the urease activity increased with the application of nitrogen fertilizer.Urease activity in nitrogen fertilizer application treatments was consistent with microbial diversity.
引文
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[25]张彦东,孙志虎,沈有信.施肥对金沙江干热河谷退化草地土壤微生物的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):88-91.
[26]严君,韩晓增,王树起,等.不同施氮量下一次与分次施氮对大豆土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(3):150-154.
[27]符鲜,杨树青,刘德平,等.套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平对土壤养分与微生物数量的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(1):43-50.
[28]郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.氮素营养水平对小麦根际微生物及土壤酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):129-131.
[29]马冬云,郭天财,宋晓,等.尿素施用量对小麦根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):5222-5228.
[30]肖新,朱伟,肖靓,等.适宜的水氮处理提高稻基农田土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量碳氮[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(21):91-98.
[31]李晓婷,李立军,李杨,等.不同轮作方式对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,34(9):68-73.
[32]肖新,李英峰,韩贻涛,等.尿素施用量对道地药材滁菊土壤微生物活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(5):99-102.
[2] Wang M C,Liu Y H,Wang Q,et al.Impacts of methamidophos on the biochemical,catabolic,and genetic characteristics of soil microbial communities[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40(3):778-788.
[3]杨万勤.土壤生态退化与生物修复的生态适应性研究[D].重庆:西南农业大学,2001.
[4]薛冬,姚槐应,何振立,等.红壤酶活性与肥力的关系[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(8):1455-1458.
[5]侯彦林,王曙光,郭伟.尿素施肥量对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响[J].土壤通报,2004,35(3):303-306.
[6]冯伟,管涛,王晓宇,等.沼液与化肥配施对冬小麦根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(4):1007-1012.
[7]王鑫,徐秋明,曹兵,等.包膜控释尿素对保护地菜地土壤肥力及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5):77-80.
[8]侯晓杰,汪景宽,李世朋.不同施肥处理与地膜覆盖对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):655-661.
[9]王鑫,徐秋明,曹兵,等.包膜控释尿素对保护地菜地土壤肥力及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5):77-80.
[10]新华社.中共中央国务院关于深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革加快培育农业农村发展新动能的若干意见[J].农村实用技术,2017(7):7-13.
[11]吕双庆.滴灌施肥条件下玉米(Zea mays L.)氮素运筹效应研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2012:4-6.
[12]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[13] Blaxter M,Mann J,Chapman T,et al.Defining operational taxonomic units using DNA barcode data[J].Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences,2005,360(1462):1935-1943.
[14] Bokulich N A,Sathish S,Faith J J,et al.Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing[J].Nature Methods,2013,10(1):57-59.
[15] Heck K L,Belle G V,Simberloff D.Explicit calculation of the rarefaction diversity measurement and the determination of sufficient sample size[J].Ecology,1975,56(6):1459-1461.
[16] Kemp P F,Aller J Y.Bacterial diversity in aquatic and other environments:What 16SrDNA libraries can tell us[J].Fems Microbiology Ecology,2010,47(2):161-177.
[17]曹宏杰,倪红伟.土壤微生物多样性及其影响因素研究进展[J].国土与自然资源研究,2015(3):85-88.
[18] Chao A.Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population[J].Scandinavian Journal of Statistics,1984,11(4):265-270.
[19] Dawid A P.Stopping rules and estimation for recapture debugging with unequal failure rates[J].Biometrika,1993,80(1):193-201.
[20] Simpson E H.Measurement of diversity[J].Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia,1972,27(2):261.
[21] Shannon C E.A mathematical theory of communication[J].Bell System Technical Journal,1997,14(4):306.
[22] Bending G D,Turner M K,Rayns F,et al.Microbial and biochemical soil quality indicators and their potential for differentiating areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2004,36(11):1785-1792.
[23]黄进勇,李春霞.土壤微生物多样性的主要影响因子及其效应[J].河南科技大学学报(农学版),2004,24(4):10-13.
[24] Denef K,Roobroeck D,Wadu M C W M,et al.Microbial community composition and rhizodeposit-carbon assimilation in differently managed temperate grassland soils[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2009,41(1):144-153.
[25]张彦东,孙志虎,沈有信.施肥对金沙江干热河谷退化草地土壤微生物的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):88-91.
[26]严君,韩晓增,王树起,等.不同施氮量下一次与分次施氮对大豆土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(3):150-154.
[27]符鲜,杨树青,刘德平,等.套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平对土壤养分与微生物数量的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(1):43-50.
[28]郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.氮素营养水平对小麦根际微生物及土壤酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):129-131.
[29]马冬云,郭天财,宋晓,等.尿素施用量对小麦根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(12):5222-5228.
[30]肖新,朱伟,肖靓,等.适宜的水氮处理提高稻基农田土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量碳氮[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(21):91-98.
[31]李晓婷,李立军,李杨,等.不同轮作方式对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,34(9):68-73.
[32]肖新,李英峰,韩贻涛,等.尿素施用量对道地药材滁菊土壤微生物活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(5):99-102.