Evaluating Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Cropland Soils Under Different Rotations in Mato Grosso, Brazil:A Scenario Simulation Study
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摘要
Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes, and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil. For instance, increased application of nitrogen(N) fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide(N_2O) from the soil to the atmosphere. The emission factor(EF) proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) assumes a linear relationship between added N and N_2O-N fluxes, but it does not account for environmental factors, such as soil properties or climate. Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N_2O-N fluxes, mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales. In this study, we evaluated simulated N_2O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state, Mato Grosso, using the CANDY(Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics) model. A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1 650 scenarios covering different sites(soil + climate) and management regimes(crop rotation +amount of applied fertilizer + sowing and harvesting dates). Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions, which is not accounted for by static EF. Furthermore, most fertilizer-induced N_2O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function. For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale, there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics. The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N_2O emission study.
Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes, and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil. For instance, increased application of nitrogen(N) fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide(N_2O) from the soil to the atmosphere. The emission factor(EF) proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) assumes a linear relationship between added N and N_2O-N fluxes, but it does not account for environmental factors, such as soil properties or climate. Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N_2O-N fluxes, mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales. In this study, we evaluated simulated N_2O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state, Mato Grosso, using the CANDY(Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics) model. A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1 650 scenarios covering different sites(soil + climate) and management regimes(crop rotation +amount of applied fertilizer + sowing and harvesting dates). Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions, which is not accounted for by static EF. Furthermore, most fertilizer-induced N_2O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function. For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale, there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics. The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N_2O emission study.
Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes, and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil. For instance, increased application of nitrogen(N) fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide(N_2O) from the soil to the atmosphere. The emission factor(EF) proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) assumes a linear relationship between added N and N_2O-N fluxes, but it does not account for environmental factors, such as soil properties or climate. Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N_2O-N fluxes, mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales. In this study, we evaluated simulated N_2O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state, Mato Grosso, using the CANDY(Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics) model. A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1 650 scenarios covering different sites(soil + climate) and management regimes(crop rotation +amount of applied fertilizer + sowing and harvesting dates). Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions, which is not accounted for by static EF. Furthermore, most fertilizer-induced N_2O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function. For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale, there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics. The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N_2O emission study.
引文
Akaike H.1973.Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle.In Petrov B N,Csáki F(eds.)Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory.Akadémiai Kiadó,Budapest.pp.267-281.
Brazilian Agricultural Ministry.2016.Séries históricas(Historical Series)(in Portuguese).Available online at http://www.cvm.gov.br/menu/acesso informacao/serieshistoricas/serieshistoricas/sobre.html(verified on July 29,2016).
Brocks S,Jungkunst H F,Bareth G.2014.A regionally disaggregated inventory of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils in Germany-a GIS-based empirical approach.Erdkunde.68:125-144.
Carauta M,Guzman-Bustamante I,Meurer K,Hampf A,Troost C,Rodrigues R,Berger T.2018.Assessing the full distribution of greenhouse gas emissions from crop,livestock and commercial forestry plantations in Brazil’s Southern Amazon.In International Association of Agricultural Economists(IAAE)(ed.)Proceedings of the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists.IAAE,Vancouver.
Carvalho J L N,Raucci G S,Fraz?o L A,Cerri C E P,Bernoux M,Cerri C C.2014.Crop-pasture rotation:A strategy to reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions in the Brazilian Cerrado.Agr Ecosyst Environ.183:167-175.
Carvalho M T de M,Madari B E,Leal W G de O,da Costa A R,Machado P L O de A,da Silveira P M,Moreira JA A,Heinemann A B.2013.Nitrogen fluxes from irrigated common-bean as affected by mulching and mineral fertilization.Pesq Agropec Bras.48:478-486.
Coelho M R,dos Santos H G,da Silva E F,Aglio M L D.2002.Orecurso natural solo(The natural resources of soil).In Manzatto C V,de Freitas Junior E,Peres J R R(eds.)Uso Agrícola dos Solos Brasileiros(Agricultural Use of Brazilian Soils)(in Portuguese).Embrapa Solos,Rio de Janeiro.pp.1-11.
Cooper M,Mendes L M S,Costa Silva W L,Sparovek G.2005.Anational soil profile database for Brazil available to international scientists.Soil Sci Soc Am J.69:649-652.
Cruvinel E B F,Bustamante M M da C,Kozovits A R,Zepp RG.2011.Soil emissions of NO,N2O and CO2 from croplands in the savanna region of central Brazil.Agr Ecosyst Environ.144:29-40.
de Klein C,Novoa R S A,Ogle S,Smith K A,Rochette P,Wirth T C,McConkey B,Mosier A,Rypdal K.2006.N2O emissions from managed soils,and CO2 emissions from lime and urea application.In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(ed.)IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.Institute for Global Environmental Strategies,Hayama.pp.1-54.
de Mendiburu F.2017.Agricolae:Statistical procedures for agricultural research.R package version 1.2-8.Available online at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=agricolae(verified on September 12,2017).
Dias de Oliveira M E,Moraes S O.2017.Modeling approaches for agricultural N2O fluxes from large scale areas:A case for sugarcane crops in the state of S?o Paulo,Brazil.Agr Syst.150:1-11.
dos Santos J H G,da Costa A R,Madari B E,Machado P L de O A,Alves B J R.2008.Emiss?o de oxido nitroso derivada do cultivo de feijoeiro comum(3asafra)seguido de milho em latossolo de Cerrado(Emission of nitrous oxide derived from common bean(3rd crop)followed by corn in Cerrado latosol).Documentos IAC Campinas(in Portuguese).85:1125-1128.
Elzhov T V,Mullen K M,Spiess A N,Bilker B.2016.Minpack.lm:R interface to the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least-squares algorithm found in MINPACK,plus support for bounds.R package version 1.2-1.Available online at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=minpack.lm(verified on October 30,2018).
Escobar L F,Amado T J C,Bayer C,Chavez L F,Zanatta J A,Fiorin J E.2010.Postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical oxisol as influenced by summer crop residues and their management.Rev Bras Ciênc Solo.34:507-516.
Firestone M K,Davidson E A.1989.Microbiological basis of NOand N2O production and consumption in soil.In Andreae MO,Schimel D S(eds.)Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere.Wiley&Sons Ltd.,New York.pp.7-21.
Franko U,Oelschl?gel B,Schenk S.1995.Simulation of temperature-,water-and nitrogen dynamics using the model CAN-DY.Ecol Model.81:213-222.
Franko U,Oelschl?gel B,Schenk S,Puhlmann M,Kuka K,Mallast J,Thiel E,Prays N,Meurer K,B?necke E.2015.CANDYManual-Description of Background.UFZ,Halle.
Frolking S E,Mosier A R,Ojima D S,Li C,Parton W J,Potter CS,Priesack E,Stenger R,Haberbosch C,D?rsch P,Flessa H,Smith K A.1998.Comparison of N2O emissions from soils at three temperate agricultural sites:Simulations of yearround measurements by four models.Nutr Cycl Agroecosys.52:77-105.
Gerber J S,Carlson K M,Makowski D,Mueller N D,Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri I,Havlík R,Herrero M,Launay M,O’Connell C S,Smith P,West P C.2016.Spatially explicit estimates of N2O emissions from croplands suggest climate mitigation opportunities from improved fertilizer management.Glob Change Biol.22:3383-3394.
Giacomini S J,Jantalia C P,Aita C,Urquiaga S S,Alves B JR.2006.Nitrous oxide emissions following pig slurry application in soil under no-tillage system.Pesq Agropec Bras.41:1653-1661.
Gomes J,Bayer C,de Souza Costa F,de Cássia Piccolo M,Zanatta J A,Vieira F C B,Six J.2009.Soil nitrous oxide emissions in long-term cover crops-based rotations under subtropical climate.Soil Till Res.106:36-44.
G?pel J,Schüngel J,Schaldach R,Meurer K H E,Jungkunst H F,Franko U,Boy J,Strey R,Strey S,Guggenberger G,Hampf A,Parker P.2018.Future land use and land cover in Southern Amazonia and resulting greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils.Reg Environ Change.18:129-142.
Jantalia C P,dos Santos H P,Urquiaga S,Boddey R M,Alves B J R.2008.Fluxes of nitrous oxide from soil under different crop rotations and tillage systems in the South of Brazil.Nutr Cycl Agroecosys.82:161-173.
Kim D G,Hernandez-Ramirez G,Giltrap D.2013.Linear and nonlinear dependency of direct nitrous oxide emissions on fertilizer nitrogen input:A meta-analysis.Agr Ecosyst Environ.168:53-65.
Linn D M,Doran J W.1984.Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils.Soil Sci Soc Am J.48:1267-1272.
Lisboa C C,Butterbach-Bahl K,Mauder M,Kiese R.2011.Bioethanol production from sugarcane and emissions of greenhouse gases-known and unknowns.Glob Change Biol Bioenergy.3:277-292.
Metay A,Olivier R,Scopel E,Douzet J M,Moreira J A A,Maraux F,Feigl B J,Feller C.2007.N2O and CH4 emissions from soils under conventional and no-till management practices in Goi?ania(Cerrados,Brazil).Geoderma.141:78-88.
Meurer K H E,Franko U,Stange C F,Dalla Rosa J,Madari B E,Jungkunst H F.2016a.Direct nitrous oxide(N2O)fluxes from soils under different land use in Brazil-a critical review.Environ Res Lett.11:023001.
Meurer K H E,Franko U,Spott O,Stange C F,Jungkunst HF.2016b.Model testing for nitrous oxide(N2O)fluxes from Amazonian cattle pastures.Atmos Environ.143:67-78.
Meurer K H E,Franko U,Spott O,Schützenmeister K,Niehaus E,Stange C F,Jungkunst H F.2017.Missing hot moments of greenhouse gases in Southern Amazonia.Erdkunde.71:195-211.
Moraes,M C M M,Libera A A D,Chen R F F,Hampf A,Dantas I R M,Silveira J M F J,Berger T.2016.On-farm trade-offs for optimal agricultural practices in Mato Grosso,Brazil.In Brazilian Society of Economics,Administration and Rural Sociology(SOBER)(ed.)The 54th Congress of the Brazilian Society of Economics,Administration and Rural Sociology.SOBER,Maceió.pp.299-322.
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Nelder J A,Mead R.1965.A simplex method for function minimization.Comput J.7:308-313.
Neto M S,Piccolo M de C,Junior C C,Cerri C C,Bernoux M.2011.Emiss?o de gases do efeito estufa em diferentes usos da terra no bioma Cerrado(Emission of greenhouse gases in different land uses in the Cerrado biome).Rev Bras Ciênc Solo(in Portuguese).35:63-76.
Oelschl?gel B,Franko U,Boenecke E,Meurer K,Prays N,Witing F.2015.Optimizer-description of usage.Available online at http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=39727(verified on October 20,2018).
Parton W J,Mosier A R,Ojima D S,Valentine D W,Schimel D S,Weier K,Kulmala A E.1996.Generalized model for N2 and N2O production from nitrification and denitrification.Global Biogeochem Cycles.10:401-412.
Passianoto C C,Ahrens T,Feigl B J,Steudler P A,do Carmo J B,Melillo J M.2003.Emissions of CO2,N2O,and NO in conventional and no-till management practices in Rond?onia,Brazil.Biol Fertil Soils.38:200-208.
Piva J T,Dieckow J,Bayer C,Zanatta J A,de Moraes A,Tomazi M,Pauletti V,Barth G,Piccolo M de C.2014.Soil gaseous N2O and CH4 emissions and carbon pool due to integrated crop-livestock in a subtropical Ferralsol.Agr Ecosyst Environ.190:87-93.
R Core Team.2016.The R project for statistical computing.Available online at https://www.R-project.org/(verified on October 30,2018).
Ripley R,Lapsley M.2016.RODBC:ODBC database access.Available online at https://CRAN.P-project.org/package=RODBC(verified on October 30,2018).
Rochette P,Janzen H H.2005.Towards a revised coefficient for estimating N2O emissions from legumes.Nutr Cycl Agroecosys.73:171-179.
Schaap M G,Leij F J,van Genuchten M T.2001.ROSETTA:A computer program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical pedotransfer functions.J Hydrol.251:163-176.
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Brazilian Agricultural Ministry.2016.Séries históricas(Historical Series)(in Portuguese).Available online at http://www.cvm.gov.br/menu/acesso informacao/serieshistoricas/serieshistoricas/sobre.html(verified on July 29,2016).
Brocks S,Jungkunst H F,Bareth G.2014.A regionally disaggregated inventory of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils in Germany-a GIS-based empirical approach.Erdkunde.68:125-144.
Carauta M,Guzman-Bustamante I,Meurer K,Hampf A,Troost C,Rodrigues R,Berger T.2018.Assessing the full distribution of greenhouse gas emissions from crop,livestock and commercial forestry plantations in Brazil’s Southern Amazon.In International Association of Agricultural Economists(IAAE)(ed.)Proceedings of the 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists.IAAE,Vancouver.
Carvalho J L N,Raucci G S,Fraz?o L A,Cerri C E P,Bernoux M,Cerri C C.2014.Crop-pasture rotation:A strategy to reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions in the Brazilian Cerrado.Agr Ecosyst Environ.183:167-175.
Carvalho M T de M,Madari B E,Leal W G de O,da Costa A R,Machado P L O de A,da Silveira P M,Moreira JA A,Heinemann A B.2013.Nitrogen fluxes from irrigated common-bean as affected by mulching and mineral fertilization.Pesq Agropec Bras.48:478-486.
Coelho M R,dos Santos H G,da Silva E F,Aglio M L D.2002.Orecurso natural solo(The natural resources of soil).In Manzatto C V,de Freitas Junior E,Peres J R R(eds.)Uso Agrícola dos Solos Brasileiros(Agricultural Use of Brazilian Soils)(in Portuguese).Embrapa Solos,Rio de Janeiro.pp.1-11.
Cooper M,Mendes L M S,Costa Silva W L,Sparovek G.2005.Anational soil profile database for Brazil available to international scientists.Soil Sci Soc Am J.69:649-652.
Cruvinel E B F,Bustamante M M da C,Kozovits A R,Zepp RG.2011.Soil emissions of NO,N2O and CO2 from croplands in the savanna region of central Brazil.Agr Ecosyst Environ.144:29-40.
de Klein C,Novoa R S A,Ogle S,Smith K A,Rochette P,Wirth T C,McConkey B,Mosier A,Rypdal K.2006.N2O emissions from managed soils,and CO2 emissions from lime and urea application.In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(ed.)IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.Institute for Global Environmental Strategies,Hayama.pp.1-54.
de Mendiburu F.2017.Agricolae:Statistical procedures for agricultural research.R package version 1.2-8.Available online at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=agricolae(verified on September 12,2017).
Dias de Oliveira M E,Moraes S O.2017.Modeling approaches for agricultural N2O fluxes from large scale areas:A case for sugarcane crops in the state of S?o Paulo,Brazil.Agr Syst.150:1-11.
dos Santos J H G,da Costa A R,Madari B E,Machado P L de O A,Alves B J R.2008.Emiss?o de oxido nitroso derivada do cultivo de feijoeiro comum(3asafra)seguido de milho em latossolo de Cerrado(Emission of nitrous oxide derived from common bean(3rd crop)followed by corn in Cerrado latosol).Documentos IAC Campinas(in Portuguese).85:1125-1128.
Elzhov T V,Mullen K M,Spiess A N,Bilker B.2016.Minpack.lm:R interface to the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least-squares algorithm found in MINPACK,plus support for bounds.R package version 1.2-1.Available online at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=minpack.lm(verified on October 30,2018).
Escobar L F,Amado T J C,Bayer C,Chavez L F,Zanatta J A,Fiorin J E.2010.Postharvest nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical oxisol as influenced by summer crop residues and their management.Rev Bras Ciênc Solo.34:507-516.
Firestone M K,Davidson E A.1989.Microbiological basis of NOand N2O production and consumption in soil.In Andreae MO,Schimel D S(eds.)Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere.Wiley&Sons Ltd.,New York.pp.7-21.
Franko U,Oelschl?gel B,Schenk S.1995.Simulation of temperature-,water-and nitrogen dynamics using the model CAN-DY.Ecol Model.81:213-222.
Franko U,Oelschl?gel B,Schenk S,Puhlmann M,Kuka K,Mallast J,Thiel E,Prays N,Meurer K,B?necke E.2015.CANDYManual-Description of Background.UFZ,Halle.
Frolking S E,Mosier A R,Ojima D S,Li C,Parton W J,Potter CS,Priesack E,Stenger R,Haberbosch C,D?rsch P,Flessa H,Smith K A.1998.Comparison of N2O emissions from soils at three temperate agricultural sites:Simulations of yearround measurements by four models.Nutr Cycl Agroecosys.52:77-105.
Gerber J S,Carlson K M,Makowski D,Mueller N D,Garcia de Cortazar-Atauri I,Havlík R,Herrero M,Launay M,O’Connell C S,Smith P,West P C.2016.Spatially explicit estimates of N2O emissions from croplands suggest climate mitigation opportunities from improved fertilizer management.Glob Change Biol.22:3383-3394.
Giacomini S J,Jantalia C P,Aita C,Urquiaga S S,Alves B JR.2006.Nitrous oxide emissions following pig slurry application in soil under no-tillage system.Pesq Agropec Bras.41:1653-1661.
Gomes J,Bayer C,de Souza Costa F,de Cássia Piccolo M,Zanatta J A,Vieira F C B,Six J.2009.Soil nitrous oxide emissions in long-term cover crops-based rotations under subtropical climate.Soil Till Res.106:36-44.
G?pel J,Schüngel J,Schaldach R,Meurer K H E,Jungkunst H F,Franko U,Boy J,Strey R,Strey S,Guggenberger G,Hampf A,Parker P.2018.Future land use and land cover in Southern Amazonia and resulting greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils.Reg Environ Change.18:129-142.
Jantalia C P,dos Santos H P,Urquiaga S,Boddey R M,Alves B J R.2008.Fluxes of nitrous oxide from soil under different crop rotations and tillage systems in the South of Brazil.Nutr Cycl Agroecosys.82:161-173.
Kim D G,Hernandez-Ramirez G,Giltrap D.2013.Linear and nonlinear dependency of direct nitrous oxide emissions on fertilizer nitrogen input:A meta-analysis.Agr Ecosyst Environ.168:53-65.
Linn D M,Doran J W.1984.Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils.Soil Sci Soc Am J.48:1267-1272.
Lisboa C C,Butterbach-Bahl K,Mauder M,Kiese R.2011.Bioethanol production from sugarcane and emissions of greenhouse gases-known and unknowns.Glob Change Biol Bioenergy.3:277-292.
Metay A,Olivier R,Scopel E,Douzet J M,Moreira J A A,Maraux F,Feigl B J,Feller C.2007.N2O and CH4 emissions from soils under conventional and no-till management practices in Goi?ania(Cerrados,Brazil).Geoderma.141:78-88.
Meurer K H E,Franko U,Stange C F,Dalla Rosa J,Madari B E,Jungkunst H F.2016a.Direct nitrous oxide(N2O)fluxes from soils under different land use in Brazil-a critical review.Environ Res Lett.11:023001.
Meurer K H E,Franko U,Spott O,Stange C F,Jungkunst HF.2016b.Model testing for nitrous oxide(N2O)fluxes from Amazonian cattle pastures.Atmos Environ.143:67-78.
Meurer K H E,Franko U,Spott O,Schützenmeister K,Niehaus E,Stange C F,Jungkunst H F.2017.Missing hot moments of greenhouse gases in Southern Amazonia.Erdkunde.71:195-211.
Moraes,M C M M,Libera A A D,Chen R F F,Hampf A,Dantas I R M,Silveira J M F J,Berger T.2016.On-farm trade-offs for optimal agricultural practices in Mato Grosso,Brazil.In Brazilian Society of Economics,Administration and Rural Sociology(SOBER)(ed.)The 54th Congress of the Brazilian Society of Economics,Administration and Rural Sociology.SOBER,Maceió.pp.299-322.
Myhre G,Shindell D,Bréon F M,Collins W,Fuglestvedt J,Huang J,Koch D,Lamarque J F,Lee D,Mendoza B,Nakajima T,Robock A,Stephens G,Takemura T,Zhang H.2013.Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing.In Stocker TF,Qin D,Plattner G K,Tignor M,Allen S K,Boschung J,Nauels A,Xia Y,Bex V,Midgley P M(eds.)Climate Change 2013:The Physical Sciences Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge and New York.pp.659-740.
Nelder J A,Mead R.1965.A simplex method for function minimization.Comput J.7:308-313.
Neto M S,Piccolo M de C,Junior C C,Cerri C C,Bernoux M.2011.Emiss?o de gases do efeito estufa em diferentes usos da terra no bioma Cerrado(Emission of greenhouse gases in different land uses in the Cerrado biome).Rev Bras Ciênc Solo(in Portuguese).35:63-76.
Oelschl?gel B,Franko U,Boenecke E,Meurer K,Prays N,Witing F.2015.Optimizer-description of usage.Available online at http://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=39727(verified on October 20,2018).
Parton W J,Mosier A R,Ojima D S,Valentine D W,Schimel D S,Weier K,Kulmala A E.1996.Generalized model for N2 and N2O production from nitrification and denitrification.Global Biogeochem Cycles.10:401-412.
Passianoto C C,Ahrens T,Feigl B J,Steudler P A,do Carmo J B,Melillo J M.2003.Emissions of CO2,N2O,and NO in conventional and no-till management practices in Rond?onia,Brazil.Biol Fertil Soils.38:200-208.
Piva J T,Dieckow J,Bayer C,Zanatta J A,de Moraes A,Tomazi M,Pauletti V,Barth G,Piccolo M de C.2014.Soil gaseous N2O and CH4 emissions and carbon pool due to integrated crop-livestock in a subtropical Ferralsol.Agr Ecosyst Environ.190:87-93.
R Core Team.2016.The R project for statistical computing.Available online at https://www.R-project.org/(verified on October 30,2018).
Ripley R,Lapsley M.2016.RODBC:ODBC database access.Available online at https://CRAN.P-project.org/package=RODBC(verified on October 30,2018).
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