断乳后隔离对BALB/c小鼠的焦虑水平、社会行为及血清应激激素影响的性别差异（英文）
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摘要
社会隔离(社会剥夺)对行为和神经内分泌的效应已在社会性水平较高的动物被广泛研究,但社会性水平较低的动物是否具有类似效应,且这种效应是否具有性别差异还不清楚。BALB/c品系小鼠具有较低的社会性,为了探讨上述问题,将断乳后的BALB/c小鼠单独或群居饲养6周至成体,用旷场实验和同性社会互作实验分别检测雄性和雌性的焦虑水平、运动性及社会行为,并用酶联免疫方法检测血清皮质酮(corticosterone,CORT)、去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)和催产素(oxytocin,OT)的浓度。结果发现,与群居饲养相比,断乳后单独饲养增加了两性的社会探究行为,同时增加了雌性的焦虑水平及雄性的运动性和攻击行为,减少了雄性的身体接触。此外,单独饲养增加了雌性和雄性血清CORT水平及雌性NE和OT水平。这些结果表明断乳后隔离也能引起低社会性水平动物的行为和应激内分泌改变,且具有性别差异,这种差异可能与NE和OT两种激素释放的差异有关。
The effects of social isolation(social deprivation) on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses have been widely studied in prosocial animals.However,little is known about whether post-weaning isolation ex-erts similar effects in asocial animals,and whether there are sex-specific differences in these effects.BALB/c mice are generally less sociable.In order to investigate aforementioned question,weanling male and female BALB/c mice were singly or group housed for six weeks,then anxiety levels,locomotion and social behaviors were examined using an open field test and the same-sex social interaction test,and the concentrations of serum corticosterone(CORT),norepinephrine(NE) and oxytocin(OT) were measured using ELISA.The results showed that single rearing resulted in an increase in the social investigation behavior in both sexes compared to group rearing.Furthermore,the females experiencal single rearing enhanced the anxiety levels,while the males experienced single rearing increased the locomotion and the aggressive behavior,and de-creased the contact behavior.Along with these changes,single rearing aggravated the levels of serum CORT in both sexes,while serum NE and OT were increased only in females.Taken together,these results indicate that post-weaning isolation results in sex-specific changes in behaviors and stress endocrine in asocial animals,which might be associated with the release differences of NE and OT.
The effects of social isolation(social deprivation) on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses have been widely studied in prosocial animals.However,little is known about whether post-weaning isolation ex-erts similar effects in asocial animals,and whether there are sex-specific differences in these effects.BALB/c mice are generally less sociable.In order to investigate aforementioned question,weanling male and female BALB/c mice were singly or group housed for six weeks,then anxiety levels,locomotion and social behaviors were examined using an open field test and the same-sex social interaction test,and the concentrations of serum corticosterone(CORT),norepinephrine(NE) and oxytocin(OT) were measured using ELISA.The results showed that single rearing resulted in an increase in the social investigation behavior in both sexes compared to group rearing.Furthermore,the females experiencal single rearing enhanced the anxiety levels,while the males experienced single rearing increased the locomotion and the aggressive behavior,and de-creased the contact behavior.Along with these changes,single rearing aggravated the levels of serum CORT in both sexes,while serum NE and OT were increased only in females.Taken together,these results indicate that post-weaning isolation results in sex-specific changes in behaviors and stress endocrine in asocial animals,which might be associated with the release differences of NE and OT.
引文
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[3]SCOTTI M A,CARLTON E D,DEMAS G E,et al.Social isolation disrupts innate immune responses in both male and female prairie voles and enhances agonistic behavior in female prairie voles(Microtus ochrogaster)[J].Hormones and Behavior,2015,70:7-13.
[4]LENG A,FELDON J,FERGER B.Long-term social isolation and medial prefrontal cortex:dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission[J].Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,2004,77(2):371-379.
[5]WEISS I C,PRYCE C R,JONGEN-RELO A L,et al.Effect of social isolation on stress-related behavioural and neuroendocrine state in the rat[J].Behavioural Brain Research,2004,152(2):279-295.
[6]GUIDOTTI A,DONG E,MATSUMOTO K,et al.The sociallyisolated mouse:a model to study the putative role of allopregnanolone and 5α-dihydroprogesterone in psychiatric disorders[J].Brain Research Reviews,2001,37(1-3):110-115.
[7]FERDMAN N,MURMU R P,BOCK J,et al.Weaning age,social isolation,and gender,interact to determine adult explorative and social behavior,and dendritic and spine morphology in prefrontal cortex of rats[J].Behavioural Brain Research,2007,180(2):174-182.
[8]PAN Y L,LIU Y,YOUNG K A,et al.Post-weaning social isolation alters anxiety-related behavior and neurochemical gene expression in the brain of male prairie voles[J].Neuroscience Letters,2009,454(1):67-71.
[9]GRIPPO A J,GERENA D,HUANG J,et al.Social isolation induces behavioral and neuroendocrine disturbances relevant to depression in female and male prairie voles[J].Psychoneuroendocrinology,2007,32(8-10):966-980.
[10]POURNAJAFI-NAZARLOO H,PARTOO L,YEE J,et al.Effects of social isolation on m RNA expression for corticotrophinreleasing hormone receptors in prairie voles[J].Psychoneuroendocrinology,2011,36(6):780-789
[11]COWEN P J.Not fade away:the HPA axis and depression[J].Psychological Medicine,2010,40(4):1-4.
[12]STOLK J M,CONNOR R L,BARCHAS J D.Social environment and brain biogenic amine metabolism in rats[J].Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology,1974,87(2):203-207.
[13]KARKHANIS A N,LOCKE J L,MCCOOL B A,et al.Social isolation rearing increases nucleus accumbens dopamine and norepinephrine responses to acute ethanol in adulthood[J].Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research,2014,38(11):2770-2779.
[14]NELSON E,PANKSEPP J.Oxytocin mediates acquisition of maternally associated odor preferences in preweanling rat pups[J].Behavioral Neuroscience,1996,110(3):583-592.
[15]NISHIOKA T,ANSELMO-FRANCI J A,et al.Stress increases oxytocin release within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus[J].Brain Research,1998,781(1-2):57-61.
[16]GRIPPO A J,BELTZ T G,WEISS R M,et al.The effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on chronic mild stress-induced cardiovascular changes and anhedonia[J].Biological Psychiatry,2006,59(4):309-316.
[17]TAYLOR S E,GONZAGA G C,KLEIN L C,et al.Relation of oxytocin to psychological stress responses and hypothalamicpituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in older women[J].Psychosomatic Medicine,2006,68(2):238-245.
[18]TURNER R A,ALTEMUS M,ENOS T,et al.Preliminary research on plasma oxytocin in normal cycling women:investigating emotion and interpersonal distress[J].Psychiatry,1999,62(2):97-113.
[19]RAZZOLI M,CUSHING B S,CARTER C S,et al.Hormonal regulation of agonistic and affiliative behavior in female Mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus)[J].Hormones and Behavior,2003,43(5):549-553.
[20]LIM M M,YOUNG L J.Neuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animals[J].Hormones and Behavior,2006,50(4):506-517.
[21]NEUMANN I D,KRMER S A,TOSCHI N,et al.Brain oxytocin inhibits the(re)activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rats:involvement of hypothalamic and limbic brain regions[J].Regulatory Peptides,2000,96(1-2):31-38.
[22]CARTER C S.Developmental consequences of oxytocin[J].Physiology&Behavior,2003,79(3):383-397.
[23]DEVRIES A C,CHO M M,CARDILLO S,et al.Oxytocin can suppress the HPA axis in prairie voles[Z].Society for Neuroscience Abstract,1997.
[24]SHIMOZURU M,KIKUSUI T,TAKEUCHI Y,et al.Effects of isolation-rearing on the development of social behaviors in male Mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus)[J].Physiology&Behavior,2008,94(3):491-500.
[25]SHAPIRO L E,INSEL T R.Infant′s response to social separation reflects adult differences in affiliative behavior:a comparative developmental study in prairie and montane voles[J].Developmental Psychobiology,1990,23(5):375-393.
[26]STOWE J R,LIU Y,CURTIS J T,et al.Species differences in anxiety-related responses in male prairie and meadow voles:the effects of social isolation[J].Physiology&Behavior,2005,86(3):369-378.
[27]EINON D F,HUMPHREYS A P,CHIVERS S M,et al.Isolation has permanent effects upon the behavior of the rat,but not the mouse,gerbil or guinea pig[J].Developmental Psychobiology,1981,14(4):343-355.
[28]HOL T,VAN DEN BERG C L,VAN REE J M,et al.Isolation during the play period in infancy decreases adult social interactions in rats[J].Behavioural Brain Research,1999,100(1-2):91-97.
[29]STARKEY N J,NORMINGTON G,BRIDGES N J.The effects of individual housing on‘anxious’behaviour in male and female gerbils[J].Physiology&Behavior,2007,90(4):545-552.
[30]WANG J L,ZHANG L X,ZHANG P,et al.Cocaine-induced rewarding properties,behavioural sensitization and alteration in social behaviours in group-housed and postpuberty isolated female mandarin voles[J].Behavioral Pharmacology,2012,23(7):693-702.
[31]BRODKIN E S.BALB/c mice:low sociability and other phenotypes that may be relevant to autism[J].Behavioural Brain Research,2007,176(1):53-56.
[32]JACOME L F,BURKET J A,HERNDON A L,et al.Genetically inbred Balb/c mice differ from outbred Swiss Webster mice on discrete measures of sociability:relevance to a genetic mouse model of autism spectrum disorders[J].Autism Research,2011,4(6):393-400.
[33]AN X L,ZOU J X,WU R Y,et al.Strain and sex differences in anxiety-like and social behaviors in C57BL/6J and BALB/c J mice[J].Experimental Animals,2011,60(2):111-123.
[34]FIORE L,RATTI G.Remote laboratory and animal behaviour:an interactive open field system[J].Computers&Education,2007,49(4):1299-1307.
[35]ARAKAWA H.Ontogeny of sex differences in defensive burying behavior in rats:effect of social isolation[J].Aggressive Behavior,2007,33(1):38-47.
[36]LEUSSIS M P,ANDERSEN S L.Is adolescence a sensitive period for depression?Behavioral and neuroanatomical findings from a social stress model[J].Synapse,2008,62(1):22-30.
[37]LUKKES J L,ENGELMAN G H,ZELIN N S,et al.Post-weaning social isolation of female rats,anxiety-related behavior,and serotonergic systems[J].Brain Research,2012,1443:1-17.
[38]HERMES G,LI N,DUMAN C,et al.Post-weaning chronic social isolation produces profound behavioral dysregulation with decreases in prefrontal cortex synaptic-associated protein expression in female rats[J].Physiology&Behavior,2011,104(2):354-359.
[39]WEISS I C,DI IORIO L,FELDON J,et al.Strain differences in the isolation-induced effects on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and on locomotor activity[J].Behavioral Neuroscience,2000,114(2):364-373.
[40]WEISS I C,FELDON J,DOMENEY A M.Isolation rearinginduced disruption of prepulse inhibition:further evidence for fragility of the response[J].Behavioral Pharmacology,1999,10(2):139-149.
[41]LEE M,CHEN K,SHIH J C,et al.MAO-B knockout mice exhibit deficient habituation of locomotor activity but normal nicotine intake[J].Genes,Brain and Behavior,2004,3(4):216-227.
[42]WONGWITDECHA N,MARSDEN C A.Social isolation increases aggressive behaviour and alters the effects of diazepam in the rat social interaction test[J].Behavioural Brain Research,1996,75(1-2):27-32.
[43]ESTELLES J,RODRGUEZ-ARIAS M,AGUILAR M A,et al.Social behavioural profile of cocaine in isolated and grouped male mice[J].Drug and Alcohol Dependence,2004,76(2):115-123.
[44]MENG Q X,LI N X,HAN X,et al.Peri-adolescence isolation rearing alters social behavior and nociception in rats[J].Neuroscience Letters,2010,480(1):25-29.
[45]HOLLOWAY K S,SUTER R B.Play deprivation without social,isolation:housing controls[J].Developmental Psychobiology,2004,44(1):58-67.
[46]HAN X,WANG W W,SHAO F,et al.Isolation rearing alters social behaviors and monoamine neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of adult rats[J].Brain Research,2011,1385:175-181.
[47]TO C T,BAGDY G.Anxiogenic effect of central CCK administration is attenuated by chronic fluoxetine or ipsapirone treatment[J].Neuropharmacology,1999,38(2):279-282.
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