Stimulation impact of electric currents on heterotrophic denitrifying microbial viability and denitrification performance in high concentration nitrate-contaminated wastewater
|
摘要
Electric current stimulation has been shown to have a positive influence on heterotrophic denitrifying microbial viability and has the potential to improve wastewater denitrification performance. This study investigated the effects of varying current densities on microbial activity and NO_3~- removal efficiency under heterotrophic conditions.NO_3~-removal rate was highest at an applied current density of 400 mA/m~2. However, the optimum removal efficiency of total inorganic nitrogen(TIN; 99%) was achieved when the current density was fixed at 200 m A/m~2. Accumulation of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N byproducts were also minimized at this current density. The activity of heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms was much higher at both 200 and 400 mA/m~2. Moreover, the average adenosine-5′-triphosphate(ATP)content(an indicator of cell metabolism) at a current density of 1600 mA/m~2 was lower than that under no current, indicating heterotrophic denitrifying microbial activity can be inhibited at high current densities. Hence, direct electrical stimulation on the activity of heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms in the developed system should be lower than 1600 mA/m~2. This study improves the understanding of electric current influence on heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms and promotes the intelligent application of direct electrical stimulation on wastewater treatment processes.
Electric current stimulation has been shown to have a positive influence on heterotrophic denitrifying microbial viability and has the potential to improve wastewater denitrification performance. This study investigated the effects of varying current densities on microbial activity and NO_3~- removal efficiency under heterotrophic conditions.NO_3~-removal rate was highest at an applied current density of 400 mA/m~2. However, the optimum removal efficiency of total inorganic nitrogen(TIN; 99%) was achieved when the current density was fixed at 200 m A/m~2. Accumulation of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N byproducts were also minimized at this current density. The activity of heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms was much higher at both 200 and 400 mA/m~2. Moreover, the average adenosine-5′-triphosphate(ATP)content(an indicator of cell metabolism) at a current density of 1600 mA/m~2 was lower than that under no current, indicating heterotrophic denitrifying microbial activity can be inhibited at high current densities. Hence, direct electrical stimulation on the activity of heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms in the developed system should be lower than 1600 mA/m~2. This study improves the understanding of electric current influence on heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms and promotes the intelligent application of direct electrical stimulation on wastewater treatment processes.
Electric current stimulation has been shown to have a positive influence on heterotrophic denitrifying microbial viability and has the potential to improve wastewater denitrification performance. This study investigated the effects of varying current densities on microbial activity and NO_3~- removal efficiency under heterotrophic conditions.NO_3~-removal rate was highest at an applied current density of 400 mA/m~2. However, the optimum removal efficiency of total inorganic nitrogen(TIN; 99%) was achieved when the current density was fixed at 200 m A/m~2. Accumulation of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N byproducts were also minimized at this current density. The activity of heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms was much higher at both 200 and 400 mA/m~2. Moreover, the average adenosine-5′-triphosphate(ATP)content(an indicator of cell metabolism) at a current density of 1600 mA/m~2 was lower than that under no current, indicating heterotrophic denitrifying microbial activity can be inhibited at high current densities. Hence, direct electrical stimulation on the activity of heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms in the developed system should be lower than 1600 mA/m~2. This study improves the understanding of electric current influence on heterotrophic denitrifying microorganisms and promotes the intelligent application of direct electrical stimulation on wastewater treatment processes.
引文
APHA,2012.Standard Methods for the Examination of Water&Wastewater.American Public Health Association(APHA),American Water Works Association(AWWA)&Water Environment Federation(WEF).
Boley,A.,Muller,W.R.,Haider,G.,2002.Biodegradable polymers as solid substrate and biofilm carrier for denitrification in recirculated aquaculture systems.Aquac.Eng.22(1-2),75-85.
Brylev,O.,Sarrazin,M.,Roue,L.,Belanger,D.,2007.Nitrate and nitrite electrocatalytic reduction on Rh-modified pyrolytic graphite electrodes.Electrochim.Acta 52(21),6237-6247.
Chen,Y.X.,Zhang,Y.,Liu,H.Y.,2003.Reduction of nitrate from groundwater:powder catalysts and catalytic membrane.J.Environ.Sci.-China 15(5),600-606.
Cheng,K.C.,Lin,Y.F.,1993.Relationship between denitrifying bacteria and methanogenic bacteria in a mixed culture system of acclimated sludges.Water Res.27(12),1749-1759.
Dash,B.P.,Chaudhari,S.,2005.Electrochemical denitrification of simulated ground water.Water Res.39,4065-4072.
Diao,M.,Li,X.Y.,Gu,J.D.,Shi,H.C.,Xie,Z.M.,2004.Electron microscopic investigation of the bactericidal action of electrochemical disinfection in comparison with chlorination,ozonation and Fenton reaction.Process Biochem.39(11),1421-1426.
Ergas,S.J.,Reuss,A.F.,2001.Hydrogenotrophic denitrification of drinking water using a hollow fibre membrane bioreactor.J.Water Supply Res.Technol.AQUA 50(3),161-171.
Ibeid,S.,Elektorowicz,M.,Oleszkiewicz,J.A.,2013.Modification of activated sludge properties caused by application of continuous and intermittent current.Water Res.47,903-910.
Jackman,S.A.,Maini,G.,Sharman,A.K.,Knowles,C.J.,1999.The effects of direct electric current on the viability and metabolism of acidophilic bacteria.Enzym.Microb.Technol.24(6),316-324.
Li,X.,Cui,Y.,Feng,Y.,Xie,Z.,Gu,J.,2005.Reaction pathways and mechanisms of the electrochemical degradation of phenol on different electrodes.Water Res.39(10),1972-1981.
Li,M.,Feng,C.,Zhang,Z.,Yang,S.,Sugiura,N.,2010.Treatment of nitrate contaminated water using an electrochemical method.Bioresour.Technol.101,6553-6557.
Liessens,J.,Vanbrabant,J.,Vos,P.D.,Kersters,K.,Verstraete,W.,1992.Mixed culture hydrogenotrophic nitrate reduction in drinking water.Microb.Ecol.24(3),271-290.
Liu,H.,Tong,S.,Chen,N.,Liu,Y.,Feng,C.,Hu,Q.,2015a.Effect of electro-stimulation on activity of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria and denitrification performance.Bioresour.Technol.196,123-128.
Liu,S.,Song,H.,Wei,S.,Liu,Q.,Li,X.,Qian,X.,2015b.Effect of direct electrical stimulation on decolorization and degradation of azo dye reactive brilliant red X-3B in biofilm-electrode reactors.Biochem.Eng.J.93,294-302.
Liu,H.,Chen,N.,Feng,C.,Tong,S.,Li,R.,2017.Impact of electrostimulation on denitrifying bacterial growth and analysis of bacterial growth kinetics using a modified Gompertz model in a bio-electrochemical denitrification reactor.Bioresour.Technol.232,344-353.
Monteagudo,L.,Moreno,J.L.,Picazo,F.,2012.River eutrophication:Irrigated vs.non-irrigated agriculture through different spatial scales.Water Res.46,2759-2771.
Moreno-Casillas,H.A.,Cocke,D.L.,Gomes,J.A.G.,Morkovsky,P.,Parga,J.R.,Peterson,E.,2007.Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal.Sep.Purif.Technol.56(2),204-211.
Mousavi,S.,Ibrahim,S.,Aroua,M.K.,Ghafari,S.,2012.Development of nitrate elimination by autohydrogenotrophic bacteria in bio-electrochemical reactors-A review.Biochem.Eng.J.67(34),251-264.
Okochi,M.,Matsunaga,T.,1997.Electrochemical sterilization of bacteria using a graphite electrode modified with adsorbed ferrocene.Electrochim.Acta 42(20),3247-3250.
Park,J.B.K.,Craggs,R.J.,Sukias,J.P.S.,2008.Treatment of hydroponic wastewater by denitrification filters using plant prunings as the organic carbon source.Bioresour.Technol.99(8),2711-2716.
Posadas,E.,García-Encina,P.,Soltau,A.,Domínguez,A.,Díaz,I.,Munoz,R.,2013.Carbon and nutrient removal from centrates and domestic wastewater using algal-bacterial biofilm bioreactors.Bioresour.Technol.139,50-58.
Prosnansky,M.,Sakakibara,Y.,Kuroda,M.,2002.High-rate denitrification and SS rejection by biofilm-electrode reactor(BER)combined with microfiltration.Water Res.36(19),4801-4810.
Safari,M.,Rezaee,A.,Ayati,B.,Jafari,A.J.,2013.Autohydrogenotrophic denitrification by a bioelectrochemical process:a viability study.Iran.J.Health Saf.Environ.1(2),53-58.
Saremi,A.,Saremi,K.,Saremi,A.,Sadeghi,M.,Sedghi,H.,2013.The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality parameters of Haraz River.Iran.J.Fish.Sci.12(2),445-453.
She,P.,Song,B.,Xing,X.,Loosdrecht,M.,Liu,Z.,2006.Electrolytic stimulation of bacteria Enterobacter dissolvens by a direct current.Biochem.Eng.J.28(1),23-29.
Soares,M.I.M.,2000.Biological denitrification of groundwater.Water Air Soil Pollut.123(1-4),183-193.
Tang,Y.N.,Ziv-Ei,M.,Meyer,K.,Zhou,C.,Shin,J.H.,Ahn,C.H.,et al.,2012.Comparing heterotrophic and hydrogen-based autotrophic denitrification reactors for effluent water quality and post-treatment.Water Sci.Technol.Water Supply 12(2),227-233.
Tong,S.,Zhang,B.,Feng,C.,Zhao,Y.,Chen,N.,Hao,C.,et al.,2013.Characteristics of heterotrophic/biofilm-electrode autotrophic denitrification for nitrate removal from groundwater.Bioresour.Technol.148,121-127.
Tong,S.,Chen,N.,Wang,H.,Liu,H.,Tao,C.,Feng,C.,et al.,2014.Optimization of C/N and current density in a heterotrophic/biofilm-electrode autotrophic denitrification reactor(HAD-BER).Bioresour.Technol.171,389-395.
Wang,K.,Sheng,Y.,Cao,H.,Yan,K.,Zhang,Y.,2017.Impact of applied current on sulfate-rich wastewater treatment and microbial biodiversity in the cathode chamber of microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)reactor.Chem.Eng.J.307,150-158.
Wei,V.,Elektorowicz,M.,Oleszkiewicz,J.A.,2011.Influence of electric current on bacterial viability in wastewater treatment.Water Res.45(16),5058-5062.
Wu,Q.,Chang,J.,Yan,X.,Ailijiang,N.,Fan,Q.,Wang,S.,et al.,2016.Electrical stimulation enhanced denitrification of nitritedependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria.Biochem.Eng.J.106,125-128.
Xiao,Y.,Wu,S.,Yang,Z.H.,Wang,Z.J.,Yan,C.Z.,Zhao,F.,2013.In situ probing the effect of potentials on the microenvironment of heterotrophic denitrification biofilm with microelectrodes.Chemosphere 93,1295-1300.
Xiao,Y.,Zheng,Y.,Wu,S.,Yang,Z.H.,Zhao,F.,2015.Bacterial community structure of autotrophic denitrification biocathode by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.Microb.Ecol.69(3),492-499.
Xiao,Y.,Zheng,Y.,Wu,S.,Yang,Z.H.,Zhao,F.,2016.Nitrogen recovery from wastewater using microbial fuel cells.Front.Environ.Sci.Eng.10(1),185-191.
Zhang,C.,Huang,J.,2015.Optimization of process parameters for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.J.Environ.Stud.24,391-395.
Zhang,J.,Feng,C.,Hong,S.,Hao,H.,Yang,Y.,2012.Behavior of solid carbon sources for biological denitrification in groundwater remediation.Water Sci.and Technol.65(9),1696-1704.
Zhang,B.,Liu,Y.,Tong,S.,Zheng,M.,Zhao,Y.,Tian,C.,et al.,2014a.Enhancement of bacterial denitrification for nitrate removal in groundwater with electrical stimulation from microbial fuel cells.J.Power Sources 268,423-429.
Zhang,W.,Zhang,Y.,Su,W.,Jiang,Y.,Su,M.,Gao,P.,et al.,2014b.Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems.J.Environ.Sci.26,885-891.
Zhao,Y.,Feng,C.,Wang,Q.,Hao,C.,2011.Nitrate removal from groundwater by cooperating heterotrophic with autotrophic denitrification in a biofilm electrode reactor.J.Hazard.Mater.192(3),1033-1039.
Zhao,Y.,Zhang,B.,Feng,C.,Huang,F.,Zhang,P.,Zhang,Z.,et al.,2012.Behavior of autotrophic denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification in an intensified biofilm-electrode reactor for nitrate contaminated drinking water treatment.Bioresour.Technol.107,159-165.
Boley,A.,Muller,W.R.,Haider,G.,2002.Biodegradable polymers as solid substrate and biofilm carrier for denitrification in recirculated aquaculture systems.Aquac.Eng.22(1-2),75-85.
Brylev,O.,Sarrazin,M.,Roue,L.,Belanger,D.,2007.Nitrate and nitrite electrocatalytic reduction on Rh-modified pyrolytic graphite electrodes.Electrochim.Acta 52(21),6237-6247.
Chen,Y.X.,Zhang,Y.,Liu,H.Y.,2003.Reduction of nitrate from groundwater:powder catalysts and catalytic membrane.J.Environ.Sci.-China 15(5),600-606.
Cheng,K.C.,Lin,Y.F.,1993.Relationship between denitrifying bacteria and methanogenic bacteria in a mixed culture system of acclimated sludges.Water Res.27(12),1749-1759.
Dash,B.P.,Chaudhari,S.,2005.Electrochemical denitrification of simulated ground water.Water Res.39,4065-4072.
Diao,M.,Li,X.Y.,Gu,J.D.,Shi,H.C.,Xie,Z.M.,2004.Electron microscopic investigation of the bactericidal action of electrochemical disinfection in comparison with chlorination,ozonation and Fenton reaction.Process Biochem.39(11),1421-1426.
Ergas,S.J.,Reuss,A.F.,2001.Hydrogenotrophic denitrification of drinking water using a hollow fibre membrane bioreactor.J.Water Supply Res.Technol.AQUA 50(3),161-171.
Ibeid,S.,Elektorowicz,M.,Oleszkiewicz,J.A.,2013.Modification of activated sludge properties caused by application of continuous and intermittent current.Water Res.47,903-910.
Jackman,S.A.,Maini,G.,Sharman,A.K.,Knowles,C.J.,1999.The effects of direct electric current on the viability and metabolism of acidophilic bacteria.Enzym.Microb.Technol.24(6),316-324.
Li,X.,Cui,Y.,Feng,Y.,Xie,Z.,Gu,J.,2005.Reaction pathways and mechanisms of the electrochemical degradation of phenol on different electrodes.Water Res.39(10),1972-1981.
Li,M.,Feng,C.,Zhang,Z.,Yang,S.,Sugiura,N.,2010.Treatment of nitrate contaminated water using an electrochemical method.Bioresour.Technol.101,6553-6557.
Liessens,J.,Vanbrabant,J.,Vos,P.D.,Kersters,K.,Verstraete,W.,1992.Mixed culture hydrogenotrophic nitrate reduction in drinking water.Microb.Ecol.24(3),271-290.
Liu,H.,Tong,S.,Chen,N.,Liu,Y.,Feng,C.,Hu,Q.,2015a.Effect of electro-stimulation on activity of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria and denitrification performance.Bioresour.Technol.196,123-128.
Liu,S.,Song,H.,Wei,S.,Liu,Q.,Li,X.,Qian,X.,2015b.Effect of direct electrical stimulation on decolorization and degradation of azo dye reactive brilliant red X-3B in biofilm-electrode reactors.Biochem.Eng.J.93,294-302.
Liu,H.,Chen,N.,Feng,C.,Tong,S.,Li,R.,2017.Impact of electrostimulation on denitrifying bacterial growth and analysis of bacterial growth kinetics using a modified Gompertz model in a bio-electrochemical denitrification reactor.Bioresour.Technol.232,344-353.
Monteagudo,L.,Moreno,J.L.,Picazo,F.,2012.River eutrophication:Irrigated vs.non-irrigated agriculture through different spatial scales.Water Res.46,2759-2771.
Moreno-Casillas,H.A.,Cocke,D.L.,Gomes,J.A.G.,Morkovsky,P.,Parga,J.R.,Peterson,E.,2007.Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal.Sep.Purif.Technol.56(2),204-211.
Mousavi,S.,Ibrahim,S.,Aroua,M.K.,Ghafari,S.,2012.Development of nitrate elimination by autohydrogenotrophic bacteria in bio-electrochemical reactors-A review.Biochem.Eng.J.67(34),251-264.
Okochi,M.,Matsunaga,T.,1997.Electrochemical sterilization of bacteria using a graphite electrode modified with adsorbed ferrocene.Electrochim.Acta 42(20),3247-3250.
Park,J.B.K.,Craggs,R.J.,Sukias,J.P.S.,2008.Treatment of hydroponic wastewater by denitrification filters using plant prunings as the organic carbon source.Bioresour.Technol.99(8),2711-2716.
Posadas,E.,García-Encina,P.,Soltau,A.,Domínguez,A.,Díaz,I.,Munoz,R.,2013.Carbon and nutrient removal from centrates and domestic wastewater using algal-bacterial biofilm bioreactors.Bioresour.Technol.139,50-58.
Prosnansky,M.,Sakakibara,Y.,Kuroda,M.,2002.High-rate denitrification and SS rejection by biofilm-electrode reactor(BER)combined with microfiltration.Water Res.36(19),4801-4810.
Safari,M.,Rezaee,A.,Ayati,B.,Jafari,A.J.,2013.Autohydrogenotrophic denitrification by a bioelectrochemical process:a viability study.Iran.J.Health Saf.Environ.1(2),53-58.
Saremi,A.,Saremi,K.,Saremi,A.,Sadeghi,M.,Sedghi,H.,2013.The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality parameters of Haraz River.Iran.J.Fish.Sci.12(2),445-453.
She,P.,Song,B.,Xing,X.,Loosdrecht,M.,Liu,Z.,2006.Electrolytic stimulation of bacteria Enterobacter dissolvens by a direct current.Biochem.Eng.J.28(1),23-29.
Soares,M.I.M.,2000.Biological denitrification of groundwater.Water Air Soil Pollut.123(1-4),183-193.
Tang,Y.N.,Ziv-Ei,M.,Meyer,K.,Zhou,C.,Shin,J.H.,Ahn,C.H.,et al.,2012.Comparing heterotrophic and hydrogen-based autotrophic denitrification reactors for effluent water quality and post-treatment.Water Sci.Technol.Water Supply 12(2),227-233.
Tong,S.,Zhang,B.,Feng,C.,Zhao,Y.,Chen,N.,Hao,C.,et al.,2013.Characteristics of heterotrophic/biofilm-electrode autotrophic denitrification for nitrate removal from groundwater.Bioresour.Technol.148,121-127.
Tong,S.,Chen,N.,Wang,H.,Liu,H.,Tao,C.,Feng,C.,et al.,2014.Optimization of C/N and current density in a heterotrophic/biofilm-electrode autotrophic denitrification reactor(HAD-BER).Bioresour.Technol.171,389-395.
Wang,K.,Sheng,Y.,Cao,H.,Yan,K.,Zhang,Y.,2017.Impact of applied current on sulfate-rich wastewater treatment and microbial biodiversity in the cathode chamber of microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)reactor.Chem.Eng.J.307,150-158.
Wei,V.,Elektorowicz,M.,Oleszkiewicz,J.A.,2011.Influence of electric current on bacterial viability in wastewater treatment.Water Res.45(16),5058-5062.
Wu,Q.,Chang,J.,Yan,X.,Ailijiang,N.,Fan,Q.,Wang,S.,et al.,2016.Electrical stimulation enhanced denitrification of nitritedependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria.Biochem.Eng.J.106,125-128.
Xiao,Y.,Wu,S.,Yang,Z.H.,Wang,Z.J.,Yan,C.Z.,Zhao,F.,2013.In situ probing the effect of potentials on the microenvironment of heterotrophic denitrification biofilm with microelectrodes.Chemosphere 93,1295-1300.
Xiao,Y.,Zheng,Y.,Wu,S.,Yang,Z.H.,Zhao,F.,2015.Bacterial community structure of autotrophic denitrification biocathode by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.Microb.Ecol.69(3),492-499.
Xiao,Y.,Zheng,Y.,Wu,S.,Yang,Z.H.,Zhao,F.,2016.Nitrogen recovery from wastewater using microbial fuel cells.Front.Environ.Sci.Eng.10(1),185-191.
Zhang,C.,Huang,J.,2015.Optimization of process parameters for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.J.Environ.Stud.24,391-395.
Zhang,J.,Feng,C.,Hong,S.,Hao,H.,Yang,Y.,2012.Behavior of solid carbon sources for biological denitrification in groundwater remediation.Water Sci.and Technol.65(9),1696-1704.
Zhang,B.,Liu,Y.,Tong,S.,Zheng,M.,Zhao,Y.,Tian,C.,et al.,2014a.Enhancement of bacterial denitrification for nitrate removal in groundwater with electrical stimulation from microbial fuel cells.J.Power Sources 268,423-429.
Zhang,W.,Zhang,Y.,Su,W.,Jiang,Y.,Su,M.,Gao,P.,et al.,2014b.Effects of cathode potentials and nitrate concentrations on dissimilatory nitrate reductions by Pseudomonas alcaliphila in bioelectrochemical systems.J.Environ.Sci.26,885-891.
Zhao,Y.,Feng,C.,Wang,Q.,Hao,C.,2011.Nitrate removal from groundwater by cooperating heterotrophic with autotrophic denitrification in a biofilm electrode reactor.J.Hazard.Mater.192(3),1033-1039.
Zhao,Y.,Zhang,B.,Feng,C.,Huang,F.,Zhang,P.,Zhang,Z.,et al.,2012.Behavior of autotrophic denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification in an intensified biofilm-electrode reactor for nitrate contaminated drinking water treatment.Bioresour.Technol.107,159-165.