稻秆浸提液对小麦根尖和胚乳结构及幼苗生长的影响
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摘要
【目的】探明稻秆浸提液对小麦发芽的影响机制,为稻秆还田条件下小麦高产高效栽培技术研究提供理论依据。【方法】以扬麦16和扬麦22为试验材料,设4个稻秆浸提液质量浓度(0.02、0.04、0.06和0.08 g/mL),以蒸馏水为对照(0 g/mL,CK),测定不同处理小麦的种子发芽率、苗高、根数、根长和α-淀粉酶活性,并观察萌发2和6 d的小麦胚乳及根尖显微结构。【结果】稻秆浸提液对小麦发芽率具有抑制作用,且浸提液质量浓度越高,抑制作用越强。不同质量浓度的稻秆浸提液对小麦苗高、根系生长的影响表现为典型的低促高抑现象,其中0.02 g/mL处理对小麦的根长和苗高均有促进作用,0.08 g/mL处理则对二者均有明显的抑制作用,其他稻秆浸提液处理对不同品种小麦幼苗生长的影响存在一定差异。随稻秆浸提液质量浓度的升高,小麦根系分生区细胞的形态结构发生改变,浸提液质量浓度超过一定程度时会使根尖分生区细胞明显变形。高质量浓度稻秆浸提液还会显著降低小麦胚乳淀粉体的降解程度(P<0.05),随着浸提液质量浓度的升高,小麦种子中α-淀粉酶活性也随之下降,0.08 g/mL处理的小麦α-淀粉酶活性萌发2 d时较CK下降36.70%,萌发6 d时较CK下降28.13%。【结论】稻秆浸提液对小麦种子萌发有抑制作用,对幼苗生长的影响表现为低促高抑,稻秆浸提液主要通过影响小麦淀粉体降解及淀粉酶活性来影响小麦种子萌发。
【Objective】Influence mechanism of rice straw extract on wheat germination were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for the study of high-yield and high-efficiency technology of wheat returning rice straw to the field.【Method】In this study,Yangmai 16 and Yangmai 22 were used as experimental materials. Four mass concentrations of rice straw extract including 0.02,0.04,0.06 and 0.08 g/mL were set up,with distilled water as control(0 g/mL,CK). Seed germination rate,seedling height,root number,root length and α-amylase activity of wheat in different treatments were determined,and the micro structure of wheat endosperm and root tip were observed 2 and 6 d after germination.【Result】Rice straw extract inhibited the germination rate of wheat and the inhibitory effect increased with the growth of mass concentration of extract. Different mass concentrations of rice straw extract had different effects on the seedling height and root growth of wheat,which was summarized as low concentration promoted growth and high concentration inhibited growth. When the mass concentration of rice straw extract was 0.02 g/mL,the root length and seedling height of wheat were promoted,and the root length and seedling height were inhibited when the mass concentration was 0.08 g/mL. The effects of other rice straw extracts on the seedling growth of different varieties of wheat were different. As the mass concentration of rice straw extract increased,the morphological structure of cells in wheat root meristematic zone also changed.When the concentration of extract was higher than a certain degree,cells in root tip meristematic zone would be deformed.High mass concentration of rice straw extract would significantly reduce the degradation degree of amyloplast in wheat endosperm. The activity of α-amylase in wheat seeds also decreased with the increase of the mass concentration of extract.Compared with CK treatment,the α-amylase activity of wheat under 0.08 g/mL treatment decreased by 36.70% and 28.13%respectively at 2 and 6 d after germination.【Conclusion】Rice straw extract inhibits the germination of wheat seed. The effects of rice straw extract on the seedling growth can be summarized as low concentration promotes growth and high concentration inhibits growth. Rice straw extract controls wheat seed germination by affecting amylase degradation and activity.
【Objective】Influence mechanism of rice straw extract on wheat germination were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for the study of high-yield and high-efficiency technology of wheat returning rice straw to the field.【Method】In this study,Yangmai 16 and Yangmai 22 were used as experimental materials. Four mass concentrations of rice straw extract including 0.02,0.04,0.06 and 0.08 g/mL were set up,with distilled water as control(0 g/mL,CK). Seed germination rate,seedling height,root number,root length and α-amylase activity of wheat in different treatments were determined,and the micro structure of wheat endosperm and root tip were observed 2 and 6 d after germination.【Result】Rice straw extract inhibited the germination rate of wheat and the inhibitory effect increased with the growth of mass concentration of extract. Different mass concentrations of rice straw extract had different effects on the seedling height and root growth of wheat,which was summarized as low concentration promoted growth and high concentration inhibited growth. When the mass concentration of rice straw extract was 0.02 g/mL,the root length and seedling height of wheat were promoted,and the root length and seedling height were inhibited when the mass concentration was 0.08 g/mL. The effects of other rice straw extracts on the seedling growth of different varieties of wheat were different. As the mass concentration of rice straw extract increased,the morphological structure of cells in wheat root meristematic zone also changed.When the concentration of extract was higher than a certain degree,cells in root tip meristematic zone would be deformed.High mass concentration of rice straw extract would significantly reduce the degradation degree of amyloplast in wheat endosperm. The activity of α-amylase in wheat seeds also decreased with the increase of the mass concentration of extract.Compared with CK treatment,the α-amylase activity of wheat under 0.08 g/mL treatment decreased by 36.70% and 28.13%respectively at 2 and 6 d after germination.【Conclusion】Rice straw extract inhibits the germination of wheat seed. The effects of rice straw extract on the seedling growth can be summarized as low concentration promotes growth and high concentration inhibits growth. Rice straw extract controls wheat seed germination by affecting amylase degradation and activity.
引文
董章杭,林文雄.2001.作物化感作用研究现状及前景展望[J].中国生态农业学报,9(1):80-83.[Dong Z H,Lin W X.2001.Current status and prospeets of allelopathy researeh in agriculture[J].Chinese Journal of Eeo-Agrieulture,9(1):80-83.]
何华勤,董章杭.2002.水稻化感作用研究的新进展[J].农业现代化研究,23(2):140-143.[He H Q,Dong Z H.2002New advance of research on allelopathy in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Rsearch of Agricultural Modernization,23(2):140-143.]
侯永侠,周宝利,吴晓玲.2009.不同作物秸秆对辣椒的化感效应[J].生态学杂志,28(6):1107-1111.[Hou Y X,Zhou B L,Wu X L.2009.Allelopathic effects of different crop stalks on pepper growth[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,28(6):1107-1111.]
贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,关春林,郜春花,石彦琴.2008.长期秸秆还田秋施肥对褐土微生物碳、氮量和酶活性的影响[J].华北农学报,23(2):138-142.[Jia W,Zhou H P,Xie W Y,Guan C L,Hao C H,Shi Y Q.2008.Effects of Long-term returning corn stalks to the field combined with applying fertilizer in autumn on microbial biomass C,Nand enzyme activity in cinnamon soil[J].Acta Agriculture Boreali-Sinica,23(2):138-142.]
李波,魏亚凤,薛亚光,潘宝国,刘建.2016.稻草浸提液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应[J].安徽农业科学,44(31):18-19.[Li B,Wei Y F,Xue Y G,Pan B G,Liu J.2016.Allelopathy of rice straw extract on wheat seed germination and seedling growth[J].Anhui Agricultural Sciences,44(31):18-19.]
李逢雨,孙锡发,冯文强.2008.水稻稻秆水浸提液对小麦的化感作用研究[J].西南农业学报,21(4):960-964.[Li FY,Sun X F,Feng W Q.2008.Study on allelopathic effect of extract of rice straw on wheat[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,21(4):960-964.]
李合生.2000.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社:169-172.[Li H S.2000.Principles and Techniques of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Experiment[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press:169-172.]
李欢欢,白波,尚云峰,王玲敏,王碧,叶优良.2010.硼钼钙肥在高产小麦上的应用效果研究[J].农业科技通讯,(3):33-35.[Li H H,Bai B,Shang Y F,Wang L M,Wang B,Ye Y L.2010.Application effect of boron,molybdenum fertilizer on high yield wheat[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,(3):33-35.]
潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,郭瑞英.2013.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,21(5):526-535.[Pan J L,Dai W A,Shang Z H,Guo R Y.2013.Review of research progress on the influence and mechanism of field straw residue incorporation on soil organic matter and nitrogen availability[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,21(5):526-535.]
王珍,冯浩.2010.秸秆不同还田方式对土壤入渗特性及持水能力的影响[J].农业工程学报,26(4):75-80.[Wang Z,Feng H.2010.Effects of different returning methods of straw on soil infiltration characteristics and water holding capacity[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering,26(4):75-80.]
杨超,慕小倩.2006.伴生杂草播娘蒿对小麦的化感效应[J].应用生态学报,17(12):2389-2393.[Yang C,Mu X Q.2006.Allelopathic effects of companion weed Descurainia sophia on wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,17(12):2389-2393.]
杨思存,霍琳,王建成.2005.秸秆还田的生化他感效应研究初报[J].西北农业学报,14(1):52-56.[Yang S C,Huo L,Wang J C.2005.Allelopathic effect of straw returning[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,14(1):52-56.]
于建光,顾元,常志州,李瑞鹏.2013.小麦秸秆浸提液和腐解液对水稻的化感效应[J].土壤学报,50(2):349-356.[Yu J G,Gu Y,Chang Z Z,Li R P.2013.Allelopathic effects of wheat straw extract and decomposition liquid on rice[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,50(2):349-356.]
张承胤.2007.玉米秸秆还田对小麦根部病害的化感作用研究[D].保定:河北农业大学.[Zhang C Y.2007.Studies on allelopathy of wheat root disease by returning maize straw to field[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University.]
张国伟,刘瑞显,杨长琴,杨富强.2015.棉花秸秆浸提液对小麦颖果萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应[J].麦类作物学报,35(4):555-562.[Zhang G W,Liu R X,Yang C Q,Yang F Q.2015.Allelopathic effects of cotton straw extraction seed germination and seeding growth of wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,35(4):555-562.]
张强,苏印泉.2010.小偃22秸秆对作物颖果的化感作用[J].西北农业学报,19(8):80-83.[Zhang Q,Su Y Q.2010.Allelopathy of Xiaoyan 22 wheat straw to different crop seed germination[J].Acta Agriculture Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,19(8):80-83.]
张琴,李艳宾,李勇.2011.不同腐解方式下棉秆腐解液对棉花种子萌发的化感效应[J].种子,30(4):17-21.[Zhang Q,Li Y B,Li Y.2011.Allelopathy effect of decomposed liquids of cotton stalk under different decomposing modes on cotton seeds germination[J].Seed,30(4):17-21.]
张晓珂,姜勇,梁文举,孔垂华.2004.小麦化感作用研究进展[J].应用生态学报,15(10):1967-1972.[Zhang X K,Jiang Y,Liang W J,Kong C H.2004.Research advances in wheat(Triticum aestivum)allelopathy[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,15(10):1967-1972.]
赵先龙.2014.玉米秸秆腐解开液化感效应及典型化感物质分离鉴定[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学.[Zhao X L.2014.Corn straw decay and identification of typical allelopathic substances and its effect on liquefaction[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University.]
Dudai N,Chaimovitsh D,Larkov O,Fischer R,Blaicher Y,Mayer A M.2009.Allelochemicals released by leaf residues of Micromeria fruticosa in soils,their uptake and metabolism by inhibited wheat seed[J].Plant Soil,314(1-2):311-317.
Kongjan P,Angelidaki I.2010.Extreme thermophilic biohydrogen production from wheat straw hydrolysate using mixed culture fermentation:Effect of reactor configuration[J].Bioresource Technology,101(20):7789-7796.
Silva G G D,Couturier M,Berrin J G,Buleon A,Rouau X.2012.Effects of grinding processes on enzymatic degradation of wheat straw[J].Bioresource Technology,103(1):192-200.
何华勤,董章杭.2002.水稻化感作用研究的新进展[J].农业现代化研究,23(2):140-143.[He H Q,Dong Z H.2002New advance of research on allelopathy in rice(Oryza sativa L.)[J].Rsearch of Agricultural Modernization,23(2):140-143.]
侯永侠,周宝利,吴晓玲.2009.不同作物秸秆对辣椒的化感效应[J].生态学杂志,28(6):1107-1111.[Hou Y X,Zhou B L,Wu X L.2009.Allelopathic effects of different crop stalks on pepper growth[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,28(6):1107-1111.]
贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,关春林,郜春花,石彦琴.2008.长期秸秆还田秋施肥对褐土微生物碳、氮量和酶活性的影响[J].华北农学报,23(2):138-142.[Jia W,Zhou H P,Xie W Y,Guan C L,Hao C H,Shi Y Q.2008.Effects of Long-term returning corn stalks to the field combined with applying fertilizer in autumn on microbial biomass C,Nand enzyme activity in cinnamon soil[J].Acta Agriculture Boreali-Sinica,23(2):138-142.]
李波,魏亚凤,薛亚光,潘宝国,刘建.2016.稻草浸提液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应[J].安徽农业科学,44(31):18-19.[Li B,Wei Y F,Xue Y G,Pan B G,Liu J.2016.Allelopathy of rice straw extract on wheat seed germination and seedling growth[J].Anhui Agricultural Sciences,44(31):18-19.]
李逢雨,孙锡发,冯文强.2008.水稻稻秆水浸提液对小麦的化感作用研究[J].西南农业学报,21(4):960-964.[Li FY,Sun X F,Feng W Q.2008.Study on allelopathic effect of extract of rice straw on wheat[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,21(4):960-964.]
李合生.2000.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社:169-172.[Li H S.2000.Principles and Techniques of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Experiment[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press:169-172.]
李欢欢,白波,尚云峰,王玲敏,王碧,叶优良.2010.硼钼钙肥在高产小麦上的应用效果研究[J].农业科技通讯,(3):33-35.[Li H H,Bai B,Shang Y F,Wang L M,Wang B,Ye Y L.2010.Application effect of boron,molybdenum fertilizer on high yield wheat[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,(3):33-35.]
潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,郭瑞英.2013.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,21(5):526-535.[Pan J L,Dai W A,Shang Z H,Guo R Y.2013.Review of research progress on the influence and mechanism of field straw residue incorporation on soil organic matter and nitrogen availability[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,21(5):526-535.]
王珍,冯浩.2010.秸秆不同还田方式对土壤入渗特性及持水能力的影响[J].农业工程学报,26(4):75-80.[Wang Z,Feng H.2010.Effects of different returning methods of straw on soil infiltration characteristics and water holding capacity[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering,26(4):75-80.]
杨超,慕小倩.2006.伴生杂草播娘蒿对小麦的化感效应[J].应用生态学报,17(12):2389-2393.[Yang C,Mu X Q.2006.Allelopathic effects of companion weed Descurainia sophia on wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,17(12):2389-2393.]
杨思存,霍琳,王建成.2005.秸秆还田的生化他感效应研究初报[J].西北农业学报,14(1):52-56.[Yang S C,Huo L,Wang J C.2005.Allelopathic effect of straw returning[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,14(1):52-56.]
于建光,顾元,常志州,李瑞鹏.2013.小麦秸秆浸提液和腐解液对水稻的化感效应[J].土壤学报,50(2):349-356.[Yu J G,Gu Y,Chang Z Z,Li R P.2013.Allelopathic effects of wheat straw extract and decomposition liquid on rice[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,50(2):349-356.]
张承胤.2007.玉米秸秆还田对小麦根部病害的化感作用研究[D].保定:河北农业大学.[Zhang C Y.2007.Studies on allelopathy of wheat root disease by returning maize straw to field[D].Baoding:Hebei Agricultural University.]
张国伟,刘瑞显,杨长琴,杨富强.2015.棉花秸秆浸提液对小麦颖果萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应[J].麦类作物学报,35(4):555-562.[Zhang G W,Liu R X,Yang C Q,Yang F Q.2015.Allelopathic effects of cotton straw extraction seed germination and seeding growth of wheat[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,35(4):555-562.]
张强,苏印泉.2010.小偃22秸秆对作物颖果的化感作用[J].西北农业学报,19(8):80-83.[Zhang Q,Su Y Q.2010.Allelopathy of Xiaoyan 22 wheat straw to different crop seed germination[J].Acta Agriculture Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,19(8):80-83.]
张琴,李艳宾,李勇.2011.不同腐解方式下棉秆腐解液对棉花种子萌发的化感效应[J].种子,30(4):17-21.[Zhang Q,Li Y B,Li Y.2011.Allelopathy effect of decomposed liquids of cotton stalk under different decomposing modes on cotton seeds germination[J].Seed,30(4):17-21.]
张晓珂,姜勇,梁文举,孔垂华.2004.小麦化感作用研究进展[J].应用生态学报,15(10):1967-1972.[Zhang X K,Jiang Y,Liang W J,Kong C H.2004.Research advances in wheat(Triticum aestivum)allelopathy[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,15(10):1967-1972.]
赵先龙.2014.玉米秸秆腐解开液化感效应及典型化感物质分离鉴定[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学.[Zhao X L.2014.Corn straw decay and identification of typical allelopathic substances and its effect on liquefaction[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University.]
Dudai N,Chaimovitsh D,Larkov O,Fischer R,Blaicher Y,Mayer A M.2009.Allelochemicals released by leaf residues of Micromeria fruticosa in soils,their uptake and metabolism by inhibited wheat seed[J].Plant Soil,314(1-2):311-317.
Kongjan P,Angelidaki I.2010.Extreme thermophilic biohydrogen production from wheat straw hydrolysate using mixed culture fermentation:Effect of reactor configuration[J].Bioresource Technology,101(20):7789-7796.
Silva G G D,Couturier M,Berrin J G,Buleon A,Rouau X.2012.Effects of grinding processes on enzymatic degradation of wheat straw[J].Bioresource Technology,103(1):192-200.