植物修复石油烃污染土壤的机制
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摘要
根据石油烃污染土壤植物修复的应用和研究现状,对近年来国内外植物修复机制进行阐述与探讨。植物首先通过根系直接吸收石油烃,并利用自身的新陈代谢或植物内生菌的协作将其去除。石油烃一旦被根系吸收,植物就会通过木质化作用将其储存在组织中,或通过植物挥发或植物降解将其转化成一些低毒的中间代谢产物或CO_2和H2O;而植物内生菌与植物降解、植物修复以及植物保护密切相关。其次,根际分泌物和根际微生物在石油烃污染土壤根际修复方面起到重要作用。根际是受根系活动影响的一个微生态区,因而可以认为根际修复是去除土壤中石油烃的主要方式。植物根系可以向根际释放一些分泌物和酶类。其中,酶可以直接作用于石油烃,对石油烃的降解起到关键的作用;而根际分泌物可以向根际微生物提供碳源、能源或共代谢物,使根际微生物数量和活性明显高于非根际,生物降解作用增强。今后可以从根际分泌物作用的微生态过程、功能基因的寻找和构建、厌氧氧化的过程和机制、植物内生菌的作用和应用,以及利用组学手段研究植物修复机制5个方面开展工作,以期望为未来植物修复工作提供重要的科学支持。
Based on recent applications and research situations of phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils,phytoremediation mechanisms of petroleum-contaminated soils were analyzed and summarized. First of all,plant roots can directly absorb petroleum hydrocarbons,and use their metabolisms or plant endophytes to remove the pollutants. Once plant roots absorbed petroleum hydrocarbons,they would be stored in the tissues( phytoextraction) by lignification mechanism,or be converted to some intermediate metabolites with low toxicity,CO_2 and H2O through phytovolatilization or phytodegradation mechanisms. Plant endophytes are closely correlated with phytodegradation,phytoremediation and phytoprotection of petroleum-contaminated soils. And then,root exudates and rhizosphere microbes determine the direction of rhizosphere mechanisms underlying phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The rhizosphere,affected by root activities,is a microecological zone. Thus,rhizodegradation is considered as the main mechanism to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from soils. Plant roots can release some exudates or enzymes to the rhizosphere. Enzymes play a key role in degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Furthermore,root exudates can provide carbon,energy or co-metabolites to rhizosphere microbes so that their numbers and activities are significantly higher than those in nonrhizospheres,which greatly enhance the capacity of biodegradation. Finally,the future directions can be taken from the following aspects in order to provide important and scientific support for future phytoremediation research:( 1) the microecological processes of root exudates;( 2) finding and building the functional genes;( 3) the processes and mechanisms of anaerobic oxidation;( 4) the roles and applications of endophytes;( 5) using the omics tools to study phytoremediation mechanisms.
Based on recent applications and research situations of phytoremediation of petroleum contaminated soils,phytoremediation mechanisms of petroleum-contaminated soils were analyzed and summarized. First of all,plant roots can directly absorb petroleum hydrocarbons,and use their metabolisms or plant endophytes to remove the pollutants. Once plant roots absorbed petroleum hydrocarbons,they would be stored in the tissues( phytoextraction) by lignification mechanism,or be converted to some intermediate metabolites with low toxicity,CO_2 and H2O through phytovolatilization or phytodegradation mechanisms. Plant endophytes are closely correlated with phytodegradation,phytoremediation and phytoprotection of petroleum-contaminated soils. And then,root exudates and rhizosphere microbes determine the direction of rhizosphere mechanisms underlying phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The rhizosphere,affected by root activities,is a microecological zone. Thus,rhizodegradation is considered as the main mechanism to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from soils. Plant roots can release some exudates or enzymes to the rhizosphere. Enzymes play a key role in degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Furthermore,root exudates can provide carbon,energy or co-metabolites to rhizosphere microbes so that their numbers and activities are significantly higher than those in nonrhizospheres,which greatly enhance the capacity of biodegradation. Finally,the future directions can be taken from the following aspects in order to provide important and scientific support for future phytoremediation research:( 1) the microecological processes of root exudates;( 2) finding and building the functional genes;( 3) the processes and mechanisms of anaerobic oxidation;( 4) the roles and applications of endophytes;( 5) using the omics tools to study phytoremediation mechanisms.
引文
程立娟,周启星.2014.野生观赏植物长药八宝对石油烃污染土壤的修复研究.环境科学报,34(4):980-986.
戴树桂.2006.环境化学.北京:高等教育出版社.
宋雪英,宋玉芳,孙铁珩,等.2006.石油污染土壤植物修复后对陆生高等植物的生毒性.环境科学,27(9):1866-1871.
唐景春.2014.石油污染土壤生态修复技术与原理.北京:科学出版社.
唐景春,王斐,褚洪蕊,等.2010.玉米草(Zea mexicana)与海藻寡糖联合修复石油烃污染土壤的研究.农业环境科学学报,29(11):2107-2113.
王靖,张忠智,苏幼明,等.2008.石油污染土壤植物修复根际效应研究.石油化工高等学校学报,21(2):36-40.
周启星,罗义.2011.污染生态化学.北京:科学出版社.
周启星,宋玉芳,孙铁珩.2004.生物修复研究与应用进展自然科学进展,14(7):721-728.
周启星,魏树和,刁春燕.2007.污染土壤生态修复基本原理及研究进展.农业环境科学学报,26(2):419-424.
Abhilash PC,Jamil S,Singh N.2009.Transgenic plants for enhanced biodegradation and phytoremediation of organic xenobiotics.Biotechnology Advances,27:474-488.
Alleman BC,Lesson A.1999.Phytoremediation and Innovative Strategies for Specialized Remedial Applications.San Diego:Battell Press.
Anderson TA,Guthrie EA,Walton BT.1993.Bioremediation in the rhizosphere.Environmental Science&Technology,27:2630-2636.
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Bell TH,Joly S,Pitre FE,et al.2014.Increasing phytoremediation efficiency and reliability using novel omics approaches.Trends in Biotechnology,32:271-280.
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Chen SH,Aitken MD.1999.Salicylate stimulates the degradation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas saccharophila P15.Environmenta Science&Technology,33:435-439.
Corgie SC,Beguiristain T,Leyval C.2006.Profiling 16S bacterial DNA and RNA:Difference between community structure and transcriptional activity the vicinity of in phenanthrene polluted sand in plant roots.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,38:1545-1553.
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Debruyn JM,Chewning CS,Sayler GS.2007.Comparative quantitative prevalence of Mycobacteria and functionally abundant nid A,nah Ac,and nag Ac dioxygenase genes in coal tar contaminated sediments.Environmental Science&Technology,41:5426-5432.
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Dua M,Singh A,Sethunathan N,et al.2002.Biotechnology and bioremediation:Successes and limitations.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,59:143-152.
Escalante EE,Gallegos-Martinez ME,Favela-Torres E,et al2005.Improvement of the hydrocarbon phytoremediation rate by Cyperus laxus Lam.inoculated with a microbial consortium in a model system.Chemosphere,59:405-413.
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Gurska J,Wang WX,Gerhardt KE,et al.2009.Three year field test of a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhanced phytoremediation system at a land farm for treatment of hydrocarbon waste.Environmental Science&Technology,43:4472-4479.
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宋雪英,宋玉芳,孙铁珩,等.2006.石油污染土壤植物修复后对陆生高等植物的生毒性.环境科学,27(9):1866-1871.
唐景春.2014.石油污染土壤生态修复技术与原理.北京:科学出版社.
唐景春,王斐,褚洪蕊,等.2010.玉米草(Zea mexicana)与海藻寡糖联合修复石油烃污染土壤的研究.农业环境科学学报,29(11):2107-2113.
王靖,张忠智,苏幼明,等.2008.石油污染土壤植物修复根际效应研究.石油化工高等学校学报,21(2):36-40.
周启星,罗义.2011.污染生态化学.北京:科学出版社.
周启星,宋玉芳,孙铁珩.2004.生物修复研究与应用进展自然科学进展,14(7):721-728.
周启星,魏树和,刁春燕.2007.污染土壤生态修复基本原理及研究进展.农业环境科学学报,26(2):419-424.
Abhilash PC,Jamil S,Singh N.2009.Transgenic plants for enhanced biodegradation and phytoremediation of organic xenobiotics.Biotechnology Advances,27:474-488.
Alleman BC,Lesson A.1999.Phytoremediation and Innovative Strategies for Specialized Remedial Applications.San Diego:Battell Press.
Anderson TA,Guthrie EA,Walton BT.1993.Bioremediation in the rhizosphere.Environmental Science&Technology,27:2630-2636.
Angelini LG,Carpanese G,Cioni PL,et al.2003.Essential oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae as weed germination inhibitors.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,51:6158-6164.
Basu A,Das D,Bapat P,et al.2009.Sequential utilization of substrates by Pseudomonas putida CSV86:Signatures of intermediate metabolites and online measurements.Microbiological Research,164:429-437.
Bell TH,Joly S,Pitre FE,et al.2014.Increasing phytoremediation efficiency and reliability using novel omics approaches.Trends in Biotechnology,32:271-280.
Benedek T,Vajna B,Tancsics A,et al.2013.Remarkable impact of PAHs and TPHs on the richness and diversity of bacterial species in surface soils exposed to long-term hydrocarbon pollution.World Journal of Microbiology&Biotechnology,29:1989-2002.
Bernard O,Michel M.2005.Petroleum Microbiology.Washington:ASM Press.
Cai Z,Zhou QX,Peng SW,et al.2010.Promoted biodegradation and microbiological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons by Impatiens balsamina L.with strong endurance.Journa of Hazardous Materials,183:731-737.
Chen SH,Aitken MD.1999.Salicylate stimulates the degradation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas saccharophila P15.Environmenta Science&Technology,33:435-439.
Corgie SC,Beguiristain T,Leyval C.2006.Profiling 16S bacterial DNA and RNA:Difference between community structure and transcriptional activity the vicinity of in phenanthrene polluted sand in plant roots.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,38:1545-1553.
Corgie SC,Joner EJ,Leyval C.2003.Rhizospheric degradation of phenanthrene is a function of proximity to roots.Plan and Soil,257:143-150.
Debruyn JM,Chewning CS,Sayler GS.2007.Comparative quantitative prevalence of Mycobacteria and functionally abundant nid A,nah Ac,and nag Ac dioxygenase genes in coal tar contaminated sediments.Environmental Science&Technology,41:5426-5432.
Doddamani HP,Ninnekar HZ.2000.Biodegradation of phenanthrene by a Bacillus species.Current Microbiology,41:11-14.
Du WD,Wan YY,Zhong NN,et al.2011.Status quo of soi petroleum contamination and evolution of bioremediation Petroleum Science,8:502-514.
Dua M,Singh A,Sethunathan N,et al.2002.Biotechnology and bioremediation:Successes and limitations.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,59:143-152.
Escalante EE,Gallegos-Martinez ME,Favela-Torres E,et al2005.Improvement of the hydrocarbon phytoremediation rate by Cyperus laxus Lam.inoculated with a microbial consortium in a model system.Chemosphere,59:405-413.
Freidig AK,Goldman IL.2014.Geosmin(2β,6α-Dimethylbicyclo[4.4.0]decan-1β-ol)production associated with Beta vulgaris ssp.vulgaris is cultivar specific.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,62:2031-2036.
Gerhardt KE,Huang XD,Glick BR,et al.2009.Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation of organic soil contaminants:Potential and challenges.Plant Science,176:20-30.
Gilbert ES,Crowley DE.1997.Plant compounds that induce polychlorinated biphenyl biodegradation by Arthrobacter sp strain B1B.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,63:1933-1938.
Gottfried A,Singhal N,Elliot R,et al.2010.The role of salicylate and biosurfactant in inducing phenanthrene degradation in batch soil slurries.Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,86:1563-1571.
Gurska J,Wang WX,Gerhardt KE,et al.2009.Three year field test of a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhanced phytoremediation system at a land farm for treatment of hydrocarbon waste.Environmental Science&Technology,43:4472-4479.
Habe H,Omori T.2003.Genetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in diverse aerobic bacteria.Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry,67:225-243.
Harsh PB,Tiffany LW,Laura GP,et al.2006.The role of roo exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms.Annual Review of Plant Biology,57:233-266.
Hu XG,Mu L,Kang J,et al.2014.Humic acid acts as a natural antidote of graphene by regulating nanomaterial translocation and metabolic fluxes in vivo.Environmental Science&Technology,48:6919-6927.
Huang XD,El-Alawi Y,Gurska J,et al.2005.A multi-process phytoremediation system for decontamination of persistent total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPHs)from soils.Microchemical Journal,81:139-147.
Johnsen AR,Wick LY,Harms H.2005.Principles of microbial PAH-degradation in soil.Environmental Pollution,133:71-84.
Joner EJ,Corgie SC,Amellal N,et al.2002.Nutritional constraints to degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a simulated rhizosphere.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,34:859-864.
Jones DL.1998.Organic acids in the rhizosphere:A critical review.Plant and Soil,205:25-44.
Karlsson MF,Birgersson G,Cotes-Prado AM,et al.2009.Plant odor analysis of potato:Response of guatemalan moth to above-and belowground potato volatiles.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,57:5903-5909.
Keshav PS,Nand KS,Shivesh S.2010.Bioremediation:Developments,current practices and perspectives.Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Journal,2010:1-20.
Khan Z,Roman D,Kintz T,et al.2014.Degradation,Phytoprotection and phytoremediation of phenanthrene by endophyte Pseudomonas putida,PD1.Environmental Science&Technology,48:12221-12228.
Kloos K,Munch JC,Schloter M.2006.A new method for the detection of alkane-monooxygenase homologous genes(alk B)in soils based on PCR-hybridization.Journal of Microbiological Methods,66:486-496.
Knee EM,Gong FC,Gao MS,et al.2001.Root mucilage from pea and its utilization by rhizosphere bacteria as a sole carbon source.Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,14:775-784.
Lefevre GH,Hozalski RM,Novak PJ.2013.Root exudate enhanced contaminant desorption:An abiotic contribution to the rhizosphere effect.Environmental Science&Technology,47:11545-11553.
Less H,Galili G.2008.Principal transcriptional programs regulating plant amino acid metabolism in response to abiotic stresses.Plant Physiology,147:316-330.
Ling W,Sun R,Gao X,et al.2015.Low-molecular-weight organic acids enhance desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil.European Journal of Soil Science,66:339-347.
Liste HH,Prutz I.2006.Plant performance,dioxygenase-expressing rhizosphere bacteria,and biodegradation of weathered hydrocarbons in contaminated soil.Chemosphere,62:1411-1420.
Louvel B,Cebron A,Leyval C.2011.Root exudates affect phenanthrene biodegradation,bacterial community and functional gene expression in sand microcosms.International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,65:947-953.
Martin BC,George SJ,Price CA,et al.2014.The role of root exuded low molecular weight organic anions in facilitating petroleum hydrocarbon degradation:Current knowledge and future directions.Science of the Total Environment,472:642-653.
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