The Puesto Piris Formation: Evidence of basin-development in the North Patagonian Massif during crustal extension associated with Gondwana breakup
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摘要
The Marifil Volcanic Complex, exposed in the eastern North Patagonian Massif, Argentina, includes up to 550 m of red conglomerates, sandstones, black siltstones, limestones, and reworked tuff of the Puesto Piris Formation. The basal part of this unit, which was deposited in high-gradient topographic relief, is composed of conglomerates and sandstones with thin layers of reworked tuffs. The lithofacies associations of the basal part indicate that the depositional mechanisms were mantled and gravitational flows.The middle part of the unit consists of fine sandstones, limestones, and black siltstones that were deposited in low-energy fluvial and lacustrine environments. The outcrops are located along the NEe SW direction and the major thickest units represented by limestones and siltstones, occur near the southeastern border of this NEeS W depocenter. Since the rhyolitic and trachytic lava flows and tuffs of the Marifil Volcanic Complex are interbedded with the sedimentary sequences of the Puesto Piris Formation,both units are coeval. Zircon Ue Pb age was obtained for a trachytic lava flow(193.4 ±3.1 Ma) suggesting that sedimentation and volcanism are Sinemurian. This extensional episode was recorded in the eastern,western, and southwestern sectors of the North Patagonian Massif, and is possibly associated with the Gondwana supercontinent breakup.
The Marifil Volcanic Complex, exposed in the eastern North Patagonian Massif, Argentina, includes up to 550 m of red conglomerates, sandstones, black siltstones, limestones, and reworked tuff of the Puesto Piris Formation. The basal part of this unit, which was deposited in high-gradient topographic relief, is composed of conglomerates and sandstones with thin layers of reworked tuffs. The lithofacies associations of the basal part indicate that the depositional mechanisms were mantled and gravitational flows.The middle part of the unit consists of fine sandstones, limestones, and black siltstones that were deposited in low-energy fluvial and lacustrine environments. The outcrops are located along the NEe SW direction and the major thickest units represented by limestones and siltstones, occur near the southeastern border of this NEeS W depocenter. Since the rhyolitic and trachytic lava flows and tuffs of the Marifil Volcanic Complex are interbedded with the sedimentary sequences of the Puesto Piris Formation,both units are coeval. Zircon Ue Pb age was obtained for a trachytic lava flow(193.4 ±3.1 Ma) suggesting that sedimentation and volcanism are Sinemurian. This extensional episode was recorded in the eastern,western, and southwestern sectors of the North Patagonian Massif, and is possibly associated with the Gondwana supercontinent breakup.
The Marifil Volcanic Complex, exposed in the eastern North Patagonian Massif, Argentina, includes up to 550 m of red conglomerates, sandstones, black siltstones, limestones, and reworked tuff of the Puesto Piris Formation. The basal part of this unit, which was deposited in high-gradient topographic relief, is composed of conglomerates and sandstones with thin layers of reworked tuffs. The lithofacies associations of the basal part indicate that the depositional mechanisms were mantled and gravitational flows.The middle part of the unit consists of fine sandstones, limestones, and black siltstones that were deposited in low-energy fluvial and lacustrine environments. The outcrops are located along the NEe SW direction and the major thickest units represented by limestones and siltstones, occur near the southeastern border of this NEeS W depocenter. Since the rhyolitic and trachytic lava flows and tuffs of the Marifil Volcanic Complex are interbedded with the sedimentary sequences of the Puesto Piris Formation,both units are coeval. Zircon Ue Pb age was obtained for a trachytic lava flow(193.4 ±3.1 Ma) suggesting that sedimentation and volcanism are Sinemurian. This extensional episode was recorded in the eastern,western, and southwestern sectors of the North Patagonian Massif, and is possibly associated with the Gondwana supercontinent breakup.
引文
Airic, V., Feraud, G., Bertrand, H., Hailer, M., Labudia, C., Zubia, M., 1995. 40Ar/39Ar dating of Patagonian Jurassic volcanism:new constraints on Gondwana breakup. Terra Nova 7(Abstract Suppl. 1), 353.
Arrondo, O., Spalletti, L., Morel, E.M., Ganuza, D., 1991. The sedimentological and paleobotanical characteristics of an Upper Triassic-Lower Liassic basin in northwestern Patagonia(Argentina). In:Ulbrich, H., Rocha-Campos, A.C.(Eds.),7th Gondwana Symposium Proceedings, vol. 714. Instituto de Geociencias,Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 517-532.
Brenner, W., Foster, C.B., 1994. Chlorophycean algae from the Triassic of Australia.Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 80, 209-234.
Cabaleri, N.G., Benavente, C.A., 2013. Sedimentology and paleoenvironments of the Las Chacritas carbonate paleolake, Canadon Asfalto Formation(Jurassic), Patagonia, Argentina. Sedimentary Geology 284-285, 91-105.
Caminos, R., 1983. Informe preliminar de las Hojas 39-g, Cerro Tapiluke y 39-h,Chipauquil, provincial de Rio Negro. Servicio Geologico Nacional, Buenos Aires,p. 41(unpublished)(in Spanish with English abstract).
Caminos, R., 2001. Hoja Geologica 4166-1, Valcheta. Provincia de Rio Negro. Instituto de Geologia y Recursos Minerales. Servicio Geologico Minero Argentino, Boletin299, Buenos Aires, p. 71(in Spanish with English abstract).
Chernicoff, C.J., Caminos, R., 1996a. Estructura y relaciones estratigraficas de la Formacion Nahuel Niyeu, Macizo Nordpatagonico oriental, Provincia de Rio Negro. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 51, 201-212(in Spanish with English abstract).
Chernicoff, C.J., Caminos, R., 1996b. Estructura y metamorfismo del Complejo Yaminue, Macizo Nordpatagonico oriental, provincia de Rio Negro. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 51, 107-118(in Spanish with English abstract).
Cortes, J., 1981. El sustrato precretacico del extremo nordeste de la provincia del Chubut. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 36, 217-235(in Spanish with English abstract).
Cortinas, J.S., 1996. La cuenca de Somuncura-Canadon Asfalto; sus limites, ciclos evolutivos del relleno sedimentario y posibilidades exploratorias. Actas del Congreso Geologico Argentine)XIII 1, 147-163(in Spanish with English abstract).
Cox, K.G., 1992. Karoo igneous activity, and the early stages of the break-up of Gondwanaland. In:Storey, B.C., Alabaster, T., Pankhurst, R.J.(Eds.), Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, vol. 68, pp. 137-148.
Cuneo, R., Ramezani, J., Scasso, R., Pol, D., Escapa, I., Zavattieri, A.M., Bowring, M.,2013. High-precision U-Pb geochronology and a new chronostratigraphy for the Canadon Asfalto Basin, Chubut, central Patagonia:implications for terrestrial faunal and floral evolution in Jurassic. Gondwana Research 24,1267-1275.
Dunham, R.J., 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In:Ham, W.E.(Ed.), Classification of Carbonate Rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, pp. 108-121.
Encarnacion, J, Fleming, T.H., Elliot, D.H., Eales, H.V., 1996. Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early break-up of Gondwana. Geology 24(6), 535-538.
Feraud, G., Alric, V., Fornari, M., Bertrand, H., Haller, M., 1999. The Mesozoic silicic volcanic Province of Patagonia synchronous with the Gondwana Break-up and subduction:spacetime evolution evidenced by 40Ar/39Ar data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 172, 83-96.
Freytet, P., Verrecchia, E.P., 1998. Freshwater organisms that build stromatolites:a synopsis of biocrystallization by prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae. Sedimentology 45, 535-563.
Gehrels, G.E., Valencia, V., Ruiz,J.,2008. Enhancedprecision, accuracy, efficiency and spatial resolution of U-Pb ages by laserablation-multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9,Q03017. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001805.
Giacosa, R., 1994a. Geologia y petrologia de las rocas pre-Cretacicas del area arroyo Salado-arroyo Tembrao, sector oriental del Macizo Norpatagonico, Rio Negro(Ph.D. thesis). Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, p. 200(in Spanish with English abstract).
Giacosa, R., 1994b. Evolucion tectonica pre-Cretacica del margen Atlantico del Macizo Nordpatagonico, Argentina. Zentralblat Geologie und Palaontologie. I7-8, 687-700(in Spanish with English abstract).
Gozalvez, M.R., 2009a. Petrografia y edad 40Ar/39Ar de leucogranitos peraluminosos al oeste de Valcheta. Macizo Nordpatagonico(Rio Negro). Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 64,183-359(in Spanish with English abstract).
Gozalvez, M.R., 2009b. Caracterizacion del pluton San Martin y las mineralizaciones de wolframio asociadas, departamento Valcheta, provincia de Rio Negro.Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 64, 409-425(in Spanish with English abstract).
Greco, G.A., Gonzalez, P.D., Gonzalez, S.N., Sato, A.M., Basei, M.A.S., Tassinari, C.C.G.,Sato, K., Varela, R., Llambias, E.J., 2015. Geology, structure and age of the Nahuel Niyeu Formation in the Aguada Cecilio area, North Patagonian Massif,Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 62, 12-32.
Lopez de Luchi, M.G., Wemmer, K., Rapalini, A.E., 2008. The cooling history of the North Patagonian Massif:first results for the granitoids of the Valcheta area, Rio Negro, Argentina. In:Linares, E., Cabaleri, N.G., Do Campo, M.D., Ducos, E.I.,Panarello, H.O.(Eds.), VI South American Symposium on Isotope Geology. San Carlos de Bariloche. Abstracts, 33.
Malvicini, L., Llambias, E., 1974. Geologia y genesis del deposito de manganeso Arroyo Verde, provincia del Chubut. In:V Congreso Geologico Argentino. Buenos Aires. Actas 2, pp. 185-202(in Spanish with English abstract).
Marquez,M., Massaferro, G.I., Fernandez, M.I., 2010. El volcanismo del Complejo Marifil en Arroyo Verde, vertiente suroriental del Macizo de Somun Cura,Chubut. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 66(3), 314-324(in Spanish with English abstract).
Marquez, M., Massaferro, G.I., Fernandez, M.I., Menegatti, N., Navarrete, C.R., 2012.El centro volcanico Sierra Grande:caracterizacion petrografica y geoquimica del magmatismo extensional liasico, noroeste de la Patagonia. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 68, 555-570(in Spanish with English abstract).
Nunez, E.,Bachmann, E., Ravazzoli, I., Britos.A., Franchi,M., Lizuain,A.,Sepulveda, E., 1975. Rasgos geologicos del sector oriental del Macizo Somuncura, provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina. In:2°Congreso beroamericano de Geologia Economica, Actas 4, pp. 247-266(in Spanish with English abstract).
Pankhurst, R.J., Sruoga, P., Rapela, C.W., 1993. Estudio geocronologico Rb-Sr de Ios Complejos Chon Aike y El Quemado a to 47°30'LS. In:12 Congreso Geologico Argentino y 2do Congreso de Exploracion de Hidrocarburos, Mendoza, Actas IV.Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Buenos Aires, pp. 171-178(in Spanish with English abstract).
Pankhurst, R., Rapela, C., 1995. Production of Jurassic rhyolite by anatexis of the lower crust of Patagonia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 134, 23-36.
Pankhurst, R.J.,Leat, P.T., Sruoga,P., Storey, B.C., Rapela, C.W., Riley,T.R.,Marquez, M., 1998. The Chon Aike province of Patagonia and related rocks in West Antarctica:a silicic large igneous province. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 81,113-136.
Pankhurst, R., Riley, T., Fanning, C., Kelley, S., 2000. Episodic silicic volcanism in Patagonia and the Antarctic Peninsula:chronology of magmatism associated with the break-up of Gondwana. Journal of Petrology 41, 605-625.
Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., Fanning, C.M., Marquez, M., 2006. Gondwanide continental collision and the origin of Patagonia. Earth-Science Reviews 76,235-257.
Piatnitzky, A., 1936. Estudio geologico de la region del rio Chubut y del rio Genua.Boletin de Informaciones Petroliferas 137(1924), 83-118(in Spanish with English abstract).
Rapalini, A.E., Lopez de Luchi, M., Tohver, E., Cawood, P.A., 2013. The South American ancestry of the North Patagonian Massif:geochronological evidence for an autochthonous origin? Terra Nova 25, 337-342.
Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., 1992. The granites of northern Patagonia and the Gastre Fault System in relation to the break-up of Gondwana. In:Storey, B.C.,Alabaster, T., Pankhurst, R.J.(Eds.), Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, vol. 68, pp. 209-220.
Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., 1993. El volcanismo riolitico del noreste de la Patagonia:un evento meso-jurasico de corta duracion y origen profundo. In:12Congreso Geologico Argentino y 2do Congreso de Exploracion de Hidrocarburos, Mendoza, Actas IV. Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Buenos Aires,pp. 791-794(in Spanish with English abstract).
Riley, T.R., Knight, K.B., 2001. Age of pre-break-up Gondwana magmatism:a review.Antarctic Science 13, 99-110.
Spalletti, L.A., Franzese, J.R., Morel, E.M., D'elia, L., Zuniga, A., Fanning, C., 2010.Consideraciones acerca de la sedimentologia, paleobotanica y geocronologia dela Formacion Piedra del Aguila(Jurasico Inferior, Neuquen, Republica Argentina). Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 66, 305-313(in Spanish with English abstract).
Stipanicic, P.N., Methol, E.J., 1980. Comarca Nordpatagonica. Segundo simposio de geologia regional Argentina. Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba,Cordoba, pp. 1071-1097(in Spanish with English abstract).
Storey, B.C., Vaughan,A.P.M., Riley, T.R., 2013. The links between large igneous provinces, continental break-up and environmental change:evidence reviewed from Antarctica. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104,1-14.
Volkheimer, W., Caccavari, M., Gonzalez Amicon, O., 1981. Estudio palinologico de estratos liasicos en el borde austral de la Cuenca Neuquina, 8°Congreso Geologico Argentino(San Luis), 4, pp. 777-793(in Spanish with English abstract).
Zanettini, J.C., 1980. Sedimentitas triasicas al sur de Sierra Grande(pcias. de Rio Negro y Chubut). Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 35, 301-307(in Spanish with English abstract).
Zavattieri, A.M., 1991. Granos de polen de la Formacion Las Cabras(Triasico)en su localidad tipo, provincial de Mendoza, Argentina. Parte 2. Ameghiniana 28(3-4), 205-224(in Spanish with English abstract).
Arrondo, O., Spalletti, L., Morel, E.M., Ganuza, D., 1991. The sedimentological and paleobotanical characteristics of an Upper Triassic-Lower Liassic basin in northwestern Patagonia(Argentina). In:Ulbrich, H., Rocha-Campos, A.C.(Eds.),7th Gondwana Symposium Proceedings, vol. 714. Instituto de Geociencias,Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 517-532.
Brenner, W., Foster, C.B., 1994. Chlorophycean algae from the Triassic of Australia.Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 80, 209-234.
Cabaleri, N.G., Benavente, C.A., 2013. Sedimentology and paleoenvironments of the Las Chacritas carbonate paleolake, Canadon Asfalto Formation(Jurassic), Patagonia, Argentina. Sedimentary Geology 284-285, 91-105.
Caminos, R., 1983. Informe preliminar de las Hojas 39-g, Cerro Tapiluke y 39-h,Chipauquil, provincial de Rio Negro. Servicio Geologico Nacional, Buenos Aires,p. 41(unpublished)(in Spanish with English abstract).
Caminos, R., 2001. Hoja Geologica 4166-1, Valcheta. Provincia de Rio Negro. Instituto de Geologia y Recursos Minerales. Servicio Geologico Minero Argentino, Boletin299, Buenos Aires, p. 71(in Spanish with English abstract).
Chernicoff, C.J., Caminos, R., 1996a. Estructura y relaciones estratigraficas de la Formacion Nahuel Niyeu, Macizo Nordpatagonico oriental, Provincia de Rio Negro. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 51, 201-212(in Spanish with English abstract).
Chernicoff, C.J., Caminos, R., 1996b. Estructura y metamorfismo del Complejo Yaminue, Macizo Nordpatagonico oriental, provincia de Rio Negro. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 51, 107-118(in Spanish with English abstract).
Cortes, J., 1981. El sustrato precretacico del extremo nordeste de la provincia del Chubut. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 36, 217-235(in Spanish with English abstract).
Cortinas, J.S., 1996. La cuenca de Somuncura-Canadon Asfalto; sus limites, ciclos evolutivos del relleno sedimentario y posibilidades exploratorias. Actas del Congreso Geologico Argentine)XIII 1, 147-163(in Spanish with English abstract).
Cox, K.G., 1992. Karoo igneous activity, and the early stages of the break-up of Gondwanaland. In:Storey, B.C., Alabaster, T., Pankhurst, R.J.(Eds.), Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, vol. 68, pp. 137-148.
Cuneo, R., Ramezani, J., Scasso, R., Pol, D., Escapa, I., Zavattieri, A.M., Bowring, M.,2013. High-precision U-Pb geochronology and a new chronostratigraphy for the Canadon Asfalto Basin, Chubut, central Patagonia:implications for terrestrial faunal and floral evolution in Jurassic. Gondwana Research 24,1267-1275.
Dunham, R.J., 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In:Ham, W.E.(Ed.), Classification of Carbonate Rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, pp. 108-121.
Encarnacion, J, Fleming, T.H., Elliot, D.H., Eales, H.V., 1996. Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early break-up of Gondwana. Geology 24(6), 535-538.
Feraud, G., Alric, V., Fornari, M., Bertrand, H., Haller, M., 1999. The Mesozoic silicic volcanic Province of Patagonia synchronous with the Gondwana Break-up and subduction:spacetime evolution evidenced by 40Ar/39Ar data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 172, 83-96.
Freytet, P., Verrecchia, E.P., 1998. Freshwater organisms that build stromatolites:a synopsis of biocrystallization by prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae. Sedimentology 45, 535-563.
Gehrels, G.E., Valencia, V., Ruiz,J.,2008. Enhancedprecision, accuracy, efficiency and spatial resolution of U-Pb ages by laserablation-multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9,Q03017. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001805.
Giacosa, R., 1994a. Geologia y petrologia de las rocas pre-Cretacicas del area arroyo Salado-arroyo Tembrao, sector oriental del Macizo Norpatagonico, Rio Negro(Ph.D. thesis). Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia, p. 200(in Spanish with English abstract).
Giacosa, R., 1994b. Evolucion tectonica pre-Cretacica del margen Atlantico del Macizo Nordpatagonico, Argentina. Zentralblat Geologie und Palaontologie. I7-8, 687-700(in Spanish with English abstract).
Gozalvez, M.R., 2009a. Petrografia y edad 40Ar/39Ar de leucogranitos peraluminosos al oeste de Valcheta. Macizo Nordpatagonico(Rio Negro). Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 64,183-359(in Spanish with English abstract).
Gozalvez, M.R., 2009b. Caracterizacion del pluton San Martin y las mineralizaciones de wolframio asociadas, departamento Valcheta, provincia de Rio Negro.Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 64, 409-425(in Spanish with English abstract).
Greco, G.A., Gonzalez, P.D., Gonzalez, S.N., Sato, A.M., Basei, M.A.S., Tassinari, C.C.G.,Sato, K., Varela, R., Llambias, E.J., 2015. Geology, structure and age of the Nahuel Niyeu Formation in the Aguada Cecilio area, North Patagonian Massif,Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 62, 12-32.
Lopez de Luchi, M.G., Wemmer, K., Rapalini, A.E., 2008. The cooling history of the North Patagonian Massif:first results for the granitoids of the Valcheta area, Rio Negro, Argentina. In:Linares, E., Cabaleri, N.G., Do Campo, M.D., Ducos, E.I.,Panarello, H.O.(Eds.), VI South American Symposium on Isotope Geology. San Carlos de Bariloche. Abstracts, 33.
Malvicini, L., Llambias, E., 1974. Geologia y genesis del deposito de manganeso Arroyo Verde, provincia del Chubut. In:V Congreso Geologico Argentino. Buenos Aires. Actas 2, pp. 185-202(in Spanish with English abstract).
Marquez,M., Massaferro, G.I., Fernandez, M.I., 2010. El volcanismo del Complejo Marifil en Arroyo Verde, vertiente suroriental del Macizo de Somun Cura,Chubut. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 66(3), 314-324(in Spanish with English abstract).
Marquez, M., Massaferro, G.I., Fernandez, M.I., Menegatti, N., Navarrete, C.R., 2012.El centro volcanico Sierra Grande:caracterizacion petrografica y geoquimica del magmatismo extensional liasico, noroeste de la Patagonia. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 68, 555-570(in Spanish with English abstract).
Nunez, E.,Bachmann, E., Ravazzoli, I., Britos.A., Franchi,M., Lizuain,A.,Sepulveda, E., 1975. Rasgos geologicos del sector oriental del Macizo Somuncura, provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina. In:2°Congreso beroamericano de Geologia Economica, Actas 4, pp. 247-266(in Spanish with English abstract).
Pankhurst, R.J., Sruoga, P., Rapela, C.W., 1993. Estudio geocronologico Rb-Sr de Ios Complejos Chon Aike y El Quemado a to 47°30'LS. In:12 Congreso Geologico Argentino y 2do Congreso de Exploracion de Hidrocarburos, Mendoza, Actas IV.Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Buenos Aires, pp. 171-178(in Spanish with English abstract).
Pankhurst, R., Rapela, C., 1995. Production of Jurassic rhyolite by anatexis of the lower crust of Patagonia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 134, 23-36.
Pankhurst, R.J.,Leat, P.T., Sruoga,P., Storey, B.C., Rapela, C.W., Riley,T.R.,Marquez, M., 1998. The Chon Aike province of Patagonia and related rocks in West Antarctica:a silicic large igneous province. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 81,113-136.
Pankhurst, R., Riley, T., Fanning, C., Kelley, S., 2000. Episodic silicic volcanism in Patagonia and the Antarctic Peninsula:chronology of magmatism associated with the break-up of Gondwana. Journal of Petrology 41, 605-625.
Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., Fanning, C.M., Marquez, M., 2006. Gondwanide continental collision and the origin of Patagonia. Earth-Science Reviews 76,235-257.
Piatnitzky, A., 1936. Estudio geologico de la region del rio Chubut y del rio Genua.Boletin de Informaciones Petroliferas 137(1924), 83-118(in Spanish with English abstract).
Rapalini, A.E., Lopez de Luchi, M., Tohver, E., Cawood, P.A., 2013. The South American ancestry of the North Patagonian Massif:geochronological evidence for an autochthonous origin? Terra Nova 25, 337-342.
Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., 1992. The granites of northern Patagonia and the Gastre Fault System in relation to the break-up of Gondwana. In:Storey, B.C.,Alabaster, T., Pankhurst, R.J.(Eds.), Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, vol. 68, pp. 209-220.
Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., 1993. El volcanismo riolitico del noreste de la Patagonia:un evento meso-jurasico de corta duracion y origen profundo. In:12Congreso Geologico Argentino y 2do Congreso de Exploracion de Hidrocarburos, Mendoza, Actas IV. Asociacion Geologica Argentina, Buenos Aires,pp. 791-794(in Spanish with English abstract).
Riley, T.R., Knight, K.B., 2001. Age of pre-break-up Gondwana magmatism:a review.Antarctic Science 13, 99-110.
Spalletti, L.A., Franzese, J.R., Morel, E.M., D'elia, L., Zuniga, A., Fanning, C., 2010.Consideraciones acerca de la sedimentologia, paleobotanica y geocronologia dela Formacion Piedra del Aguila(Jurasico Inferior, Neuquen, Republica Argentina). Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 66, 305-313(in Spanish with English abstract).
Stipanicic, P.N., Methol, E.J., 1980. Comarca Nordpatagonica. Segundo simposio de geologia regional Argentina. Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Cordoba,Cordoba, pp. 1071-1097(in Spanish with English abstract).
Storey, B.C., Vaughan,A.P.M., Riley, T.R., 2013. The links between large igneous provinces, continental break-up and environmental change:evidence reviewed from Antarctica. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 104,1-14.
Volkheimer, W., Caccavari, M., Gonzalez Amicon, O., 1981. Estudio palinologico de estratos liasicos en el borde austral de la Cuenca Neuquina, 8°Congreso Geologico Argentino(San Luis), 4, pp. 777-793(in Spanish with English abstract).
Zanettini, J.C., 1980. Sedimentitas triasicas al sur de Sierra Grande(pcias. de Rio Negro y Chubut). Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina 35, 301-307(in Spanish with English abstract).
Zavattieri, A.M., 1991. Granos de polen de la Formacion Las Cabras(Triasico)en su localidad tipo, provincial de Mendoza, Argentina. Parte 2. Ameghiniana 28(3-4), 205-224(in Spanish with English abstract).