黑岛传治反战文学思想与其“中国体验”
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摘要
黑岛传治以1929年末的中国之行为素材,创作了多篇涉及中国的反战作品。在中国之行之前,其反战文学思想已经形成以对底层民众的关怀为出发点、以无产阶级视角为特征的较成熟的体系。以中国之行为基础撰写的系列作品集中体现了黑岛反战文学思想的这些特性。从阶级视角出发,黑岛传治深刻揭露了日军侵略行径的实质,但其对日军普通士兵表现出的"平庸之恶"缺乏足够的批判深度,且对"中东铁路事件"中的苏联形象有所偏袒和拔高。同时,"中国体验"也使黑岛传治发现了反战思想中阶级视角所不能囊括的复杂层面,由此,其作品中亦出现了对战争中民族—国家视角、社会边缘群体等的描写,其反战文学也体现出了多面性和张力。
Denji Kuroshima created several anti-war works concerning China based on his visit to China at the end of 1929. Before the visit, his anti-war literary thought had formed a relatively mature system with deep concern for grassroots people and the proletarian perspective. The works written on the basis of his trip to China embody the above characteristics of his anti-war literary thought. The anti-war claim from the class perspective profoundly exposes the essence of the Japanese aggression with insufficient critical depth to the "Banality of Evil" displayed by ordinary Japanese soldiers, which also favors and exalts the image of the socialist Soviet Union in the "Chinese Eastern Railway Incident." Meanwhile, the "China experience" has also made it possible to explore those complex aspects that cannot be covered by the class perspective in the anti-war ideology. Therefore, in his works there are descriptions of the nation-state perspective as well as the marginalized groups in the war, which contribute to the multiple dimensions and tension of his anti-war literature.
Denji Kuroshima created several anti-war works concerning China based on his visit to China at the end of 1929. Before the visit, his anti-war literary thought had formed a relatively mature system with deep concern for grassroots people and the proletarian perspective. The works written on the basis of his trip to China embody the above characteristics of his anti-war literary thought. The anti-war claim from the class perspective profoundly exposes the essence of the Japanese aggression with insufficient critical depth to the "Banality of Evil" displayed by ordinary Japanese soldiers, which also favors and exalts the image of the socialist Soviet Union in the "Chinese Eastern Railway Incident." Meanwhile, the "China experience" has also made it possible to explore those complex aspects that cannot be covered by the class perspective in the anti-war ideology. Therefore, in his works there are descriptions of the nation-state perspective as well as the marginalized groups in the war, which contribute to the multiple dimensions and tension of his anti-war literature.
引文
井上ひさし、小森陽一編:『昭和文学史座談会第一巻』。東京:集英社,2003。
加藤周一:『日本文学史序説』。東京:筑摩書房,1999。
黒島伝治:『定本黒島伝治全集第三巻』。東京:勉誠出版,2001。
黒島伝治:『定本黒島伝治全集第四巻』。東京:勉誠出版,2001。
黒島伝治:『定本黒島伝治全集第五巻』。東京:勉誠出版,2001。
黒島伝治:『黒島伝治全集Ⅲ』。東京:筑摩書房,1970。
高崎隆治:「プロレタリア文学運動と反戦」。『ペンと戦争:その屈辱と抵抗』(東京:成甲書房,1976),第93-106頁。
浜賀知彦:『黒島伝治の軌跡』。東京:青磁社,1990。
三上聡太:「黒島伝治『武装せる市街』論」。『〈外地〉日本語文学への射程』(東京:双文社,2014),第177 -94頁。
湯地朝雄:「黒島伝治『武装せる市街』」。『プロレタリア文学運動――その理想と現実』(東京:晩生社,1991),第298-328頁。
阿伦特:《艾希曼在耶路撒冷——一份关于平庸的恶的报告》,安尼译。南京:译林出版社,2017。[Arendt,Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem:A Paper on the Banality of Evil. Trans. An Ni. Nanjing:Yilin, 2017.]
李弘慧:《从“抚顺”到“齐齐哈尔”——评黑岛传治及其两篇反战小小说》,载《日本研究》1993年第3期,第76-79页。[Li, Honghui.“From‘Fushun’ to‘Qiqihaer’:A Review of Denji Kuroshima and His Two Anti-War Short Novels.” Japan Studies 3(1993):76-79.]
马蔚云:《从中俄密约到中苏同盟:中东铁路六十年》。北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016。[Ma,Weiyun. From Sino-Russian Secret Treaty to Sino-Soviet Alliance:The Sixty Years of The Chinese Eastern Railway. Beijing:Social Sciences Academic, 2016.]
(1)浜贺知彦在《黑岛传治的轨迹》(『黒島伝治の軌跡』)一书中推断黑岛是由门司港出发,由青岛登陆中国,归途经朝鲜回国。此推断比较合理,但无确切证据。
(2)此文一开始题为「題を××にした小説」,其中的××为“伏字”,当时日本无产阶级文学作品为了避免日本当局检查,将敏感字眼以这种符号代替。此文与前述随笔《济南》为两部不同的作品。
(1)这一句在修订版中被删去。黑岛传治作品集共有两个版本,分别于1970、2001年由筑摩书房和勉诚出版社出版。本句选自1970年筑摩书房的版本。
加藤周一:『日本文学史序説』。東京:筑摩書房,1999。
黒島伝治:『定本黒島伝治全集第三巻』。東京:勉誠出版,2001。
黒島伝治:『定本黒島伝治全集第四巻』。東京:勉誠出版,2001。
黒島伝治:『定本黒島伝治全集第五巻』。東京:勉誠出版,2001。
黒島伝治:『黒島伝治全集Ⅲ』。東京:筑摩書房,1970。
高崎隆治:「プロレタリア文学運動と反戦」。『ペンと戦争:その屈辱と抵抗』(東京:成甲書房,1976),第93-106頁。
浜賀知彦:『黒島伝治の軌跡』。東京:青磁社,1990。
三上聡太:「黒島伝治『武装せる市街』論」。『〈外地〉日本語文学への射程』(東京:双文社,2014),第177 -94頁。
湯地朝雄:「黒島伝治『武装せる市街』」。『プロレタリア文学運動――その理想と現実』(東京:晩生社,1991),第298-328頁。
阿伦特:《艾希曼在耶路撒冷——一份关于平庸的恶的报告》,安尼译。南京:译林出版社,2017。[Arendt,Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem:A Paper on the Banality of Evil. Trans. An Ni. Nanjing:Yilin, 2017.]
李弘慧:《从“抚顺”到“齐齐哈尔”——评黑岛传治及其两篇反战小小说》,载《日本研究》1993年第3期,第76-79页。[Li, Honghui.“From‘Fushun’ to‘Qiqihaer’:A Review of Denji Kuroshima and His Two Anti-War Short Novels.” Japan Studies 3(1993):76-79.]
马蔚云:《从中俄密约到中苏同盟:中东铁路六十年》。北京:社会科学文献出版社,2016。[Ma,Weiyun. From Sino-Russian Secret Treaty to Sino-Soviet Alliance:The Sixty Years of The Chinese Eastern Railway. Beijing:Social Sciences Academic, 2016.]
(1)浜贺知彦在《黑岛传治的轨迹》(『黒島伝治の軌跡』)一书中推断黑岛是由门司港出发,由青岛登陆中国,归途经朝鲜回国。此推断比较合理,但无确切证据。
(2)此文一开始题为「題を××にした小説」,其中的××为“伏字”,当时日本无产阶级文学作品为了避免日本当局检查,将敏感字眼以这种符号代替。此文与前述随笔《济南》为两部不同的作品。
(1)这一句在修订版中被删去。黑岛传治作品集共有两个版本,分别于1970、2001年由筑摩书房和勉诚出版社出版。本句选自1970年筑摩书房的版本。