用于穿透和聚焦在散射介质内部的光学相位共轭技术(英文)
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摘要
Optical phase conjugation(OPC) is a technique that generates a light field with reversed wavefront and identical amplitude distribution as the incident light. It has a unique feature of suppressing the aberration of incident beam induced by inhomogeneous or disturbing medium. Although this technique has been extensively studied since the 1970s, it has become more attractive because of unprecedented achievements and prospective potentials in biomedical applications. OPC-based techniques have been successfully utilized to form a focus through/inside highly scattered biological samples. It opens a new avenue by significantly enhancing the light delivery in biological tissue for high-resolution imaging,diagnosis and treatment of medical diseases. In order to provide insight into its further development,recent progress of OPC techniques for focusing light through/inside biological tissue was summarized.
Optical phase conjugation (OPC) is a technique that generates a light field with reversed wavefront and identical amplitude distribution as the incident light. It has a unique feature of suppressing the aberration of incident beam induced by inhomogeneous or disturbing medium. Although this technique has been extensively studied since the 1970s, it has become more attractive because of unprecedented achievements and prospective potentials in biomedical applications. OPC-based techniques have been successfully utilized to form a focus through/inside highly scattered biological samples. It opens a new avenue by significantly enhancing the light delivery in biological tissue for high-resolution imaging,diagnosis and treatment of medical diseases. In order to provide insight into its further development,recent progress of OPC techniques for focusing light through/inside biological tissue was summarized.
Optical phase conjugation (OPC) is a technique that generates a light field with reversed wavefront and identical amplitude distribution as the incident light. It has a unique feature of suppressing the aberration of incident beam induced by inhomogeneous or disturbing medium. Although this technique has been extensively studied since the 1970s, it has become more attractive because of unprecedented achievements and prospective potentials in biomedical applications. OPC-based techniques have been successfully utilized to form a focus through/inside highly scattered biological samples. It opens a new avenue by significantly enhancing the light delivery in biological tissue for high-resolution imaging,diagnosis and treatment of medical diseases. In order to provide insight into its further development,recent progress of OPC techniques for focusing light through/inside biological tissue was summarized.
引文
[1]Fisher R.Optical Phase Conjugation[M].San Diego:Academic Press,1983.
[2]He G S.Optical phase conjugation:principles,techniques,and applications[J].Progress in Quantum Electronics,2002,26:131-191.
[3]Leith E N,Upatnieks J.Holographic imagery through diffusing media[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America,1966,56:523-523.
[4]Goodman J W,Huntley W H,Jackson D W,et al.Wavefront-reconstruction imaging through random media[J].Appl Phys Lett,1966,8:311-313.
[5]Pepper D M,Fekete D,Yariv A.Observation of amplified phase-conjugate reflection and optical parametric oscillation by degenerate 4-wave mixing in a transparent medium[J].Appl Phys Lett,1978,33:41-44.
[6]Auyeung J,Fekete D,Pepper D,et al.A theoretical and experimental investigation of the modes of optical resonators with phase-conjugate mirrors[J].IEEE J Quantum Electron,1979,15:1180-1188.
[7]Levenson M D.High-resolution imaging by wave-front conjugation[J].Opt Lett,1980,5:182-184.
[8]Sun X,Zhou Z,Li Y,et al.Holographic associative memory using a coherently induced double phase conjugate mirror[J].Opt Eng,1996,35:2153-2157.
[9]Yariv A.Phase conjugate optics and real-time holography[J].IEEE J Quantum Electron,1978,14:650-660.
[10]Dunning G J,Lind R C.Demonstration of image transmission through fibers by optical phase conjugation[J].Opt Lett,1982,7:558-560.
[11]Yariv A,Fekete D,Pepper D M.Compensation for channel dispersion by nonlinear optical phase conjugation[J].Opt Lett,1979,4:52-54.
[12]Gower M C,Caro R G.KrF laser with a phase-conjugate Brillouin mirror[J].Opt Lett,1982,7:162-164.
[13]Xu X,Liu H,Wang L V.Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing into scattering media[J].Nat Photonics,2011,5:154-157.
[14]Horstmeyer R,Ruan H,Yang C.Guidestar-assisted wavefrontshaping methods for focusing light into biological tissue[J].Nat Photonics,2015,9:563-571.
[15]Wang Lihong,Wu H.Biomedical Optics:Principles and Imaging[M].Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,2007.
[16]Yaqoob Z,Psaltis D,Feld M S,et al.Optical phase conjugation for turbidity suppression in biological samples[J].Nat Photonics,2008,2:110-115.
[17]Yariv A,Pepper D M.Amplified reflection,phase conjugation,and oscillation in degenerate four-wave mixing[J].Opt Lett,1977,1:16-18.
[18]Wang V,Giuliano C R.Correction of phase aberrations via stimulated Brillouin scattering[J].Opt Lett,1978,2:4-6.
[19]Tomov I V,Fedosejevs R,Mc Ken D C C,et al.Phase conjugation and pulse compression of KrF-laser radiation by stimulated Raman scattering[J].Opt Lett,1983,8:9-11.
[20]Kogelnik H.Holographic image projection through inhomogeneous media[J].Bell Syst Tech J,1965,44:2451-2455.
[21]Mc Dowell E J,Cui M,Vellekoop I M,et al.Turbidity suppression from the ballistic to the diffusive regime in biological tissues using optical phase conjugation[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2010,15(2):025004.
[22]Cui M,McDowell E J,Yang C.An in vivo study of turbidity suppression by optical phase conjugation(TSOPC)on rabbit ear[J].Opt Express,2010,18:25-30.
[23]Lai P,Xu X,Liu H,et al.Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing in biological tissue[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2012,17(3):036001.
[24]Yang Q,Xu X,Lai P,et al.Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing using two ultrasonic transducers for improved ultrasonic axial resolution[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2013,18(11):110502.
[25]Lai P,Suzuki Y,Xu X,et al.Focused fluorescence excitation with time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light and imaging in thick scattering media[J].Laser Physics Letters,2013,10(7):075604.
[26]Liu Y,Lai P,Ma C,et al.Optical focusing deep inside dynamic scattering media with near-infrared time-reversed ultrasonically encoded(TRUE)light[J].Nature Communications,2015,6:5904.
[27]Ma C,Xu X,Wang L V.Analog time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light focusing inside scattering media with a33 000×optical power gain[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:8896.
[28]Suzuki Y,Xu X,Lai P,et al.Energy enhancement in timereversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing using a photorefractive polymer[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2012,17(8):80507.
[29]Pang G,Liu H,Hou P,et al.Optical phase conjugation of diffused light with infinite gain by using gated two-color photorefractive crystal LiNbO3:Cu:Ce[J].Appl Opt,2018,57:2675-2678.
[30]Cui M,Yang C.Implementation of a digital optical phase conjugation system and its application to study the robustness of turbidity suppression by phase conjugation[J].Opt Express,2010,18:3444-3455.
[31]Jang M,Ruan H,Zhou H,et al.Method for auto-alignment of digital optical phase conjugation systems based on digital propagation[J].Opt Express,2014,22:14054-14071.
[32]Hemphill A S,Shen Y,Hwang J,et al.High-speed alignment optimization of digital optical phase conjugation systems based on autocovariance analysis in conjunction with orthonormal rectangular polynomials[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2018,24(3):031004.
[33]Azimipour M,Atry F,Pashaie R.Calibration of digital optical phase conjugation setups based on orthonormal rectangular polynomials[J].Appl Opt,2016,55:2873-2880.
[34]Hillman T R,Yamauchi T,Choi W,et al.Digital optical phase conjugation for delivering two-dimensional images through turbid media[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3:1909.
[35]Shen Y,Liu Y,Ma C,et al.Focusing light through biological tissue and tissue-mimicking phantoms up to 9.6 cm in thickness with digital optical phase conjugation[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2016,21(8):085001.
[36]Liu Y,Shen Y,Ruan H,et al.Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing through highly scattering ex vivo human cataractous lenses[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2018,23(1):010501.
[37]Jang M,Ruan H,Vellekoop I M,et al.Relation between speckle decorrelation and optical phase conjugation(OPC)-based turbidity suppression through dynamic scattering media:a study on in vivo mouse skin[J].Biomedical Optics Express,2015,6:72-85.
[38]Wang D,Zhou E H,Brake J,et al.Focusing through dynamic tissue with millisecond digital optical phase conjugation[J].Optica,2015,2(8):728-735.
[39]Wang Y M,Judkewitz B,DiMarzio C A,et al.Deep-tissue focal fluorescence imaging with digitally time-reversed ultrasound-encoded light[J].Nature Communications,2012,3:928.
[40]Si K,Fiolka R,Cui M.Fluorescence imaging beyond the ballistic regime by ultrasound-pulse-guided digital phase conjugation[J].Nat Photonics,2012,6:657-661.
[41]Si K,Fiolka R,Cui M.Breaking the spatial resolution barrier via iterative sound-light interaction in deep tissue microscopy[J].Scientific Reports,2012,2:748.
[42]Ruan H,Jang M,Judkewitz B,et al.Iterative time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light focusing in backscattering mode[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4:7156.
[43]Judkewitz B,Wang Y M,Horstmeyer R,et al.Specklescale focusing in the diffusive regime with time reversal of variance-encoded light(TROVE)[J].Nat Photonics,2013,7:300-305.
[44]Hsieh C L,Pu Y,Grange R,et al.Imaging through turbid layers by scanning the phase conjugated second harmonic radiation from a nanoparticle[J].Opt Express,2010,18:20723-20731.
[45]Vellekoop I M,Cui M,Yang C.Digital optical phase conjugation of fluorescence in turbid tissue[J].Appl Phys Lett,2012,101(8):81108.
[46]Ruan H,Jang M,Yang C.Optical focusing inside scattering media with time-reversed ultrasound microbubble encoded light[J].Nature Communications,2015,6:8968.
[47]Ruan H,Haber T,Liu Y,et al.Focusing light inside scattering media with magnetic-particle-guided wavefront shaping[J].Optica,2017,4:1337-1343.
[48]Ma C,Xu X,Liu Y,et al.Time-reversed adaptedperturbation(TRAP)optical focusing onto dynamic objects inside scattering media[J].Nat Photonics,2014,8:931-936.
[49]Zhou E H,Ruan H,Yang C,et al.Focusing on moving targets through scattering samples[J].Optica,2014,1:227-232.
[50]Ruan H,Brake J,Robinson J E,et al.Deep tissue optical focusing and optogenetic modulation with time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light[J].Science Advances,2017,3:eaao5520.
[51]Park J-H,Yu Z,Lee K,et al.Perspective:Wavefront shaping techniques for controlling multiple light scattering in biological tissues:Toward in vivo applications[J].APLPhotonics,2018,3:100901.
[52]Shen Y,Liu Y,Ma C,et al.Sub-Nyquist sampling boosts targeted light transport through opaque scattering media[J].Optica,2017,4:97-102.
[53]Hemphill A S,Shen Y,Liu Y,et al.High-speed single-shot optical focusing through dynamic scattering media with fullphase wavefront shaping[J].Appl Phys Lett,2017,111:221109.
[54]Klein M B.Beam coupling in undoped Ga As at 1.06μm using the photorefractive effect[J].Opt Lett,1984,9:350-352.
[55]Liu Y,Ma C,Shen Y,et al.Focusing light inside dynamic scattering media with millisecond digital optical phase conjugation[J].Optica,2017,4:280-288.
[56]Hemphill A S,Tay J W,Wang L V.Hybridized wavefront shaping for high-speed,high-efficiency focusing through dynamic diffusive media[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2016,21(12):121502.
[57]Liu Y,Ma C,Shen Y,et al.Bit-efficient,sub-millisecond wavefront measurement using a lock-in camera for timereversal based optical focusing inside scattering media[J].Opt Lett,2016,41:1321-1324.
[58]Ma C,Zhou F,Liu Y,et al.Single-exposure optical focusing inside scattering media using binarized time-reversed adapted perturbation[J].Optica,2015,2:869-876.
[2]He G S.Optical phase conjugation:principles,techniques,and applications[J].Progress in Quantum Electronics,2002,26:131-191.
[3]Leith E N,Upatnieks J.Holographic imagery through diffusing media[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America,1966,56:523-523.
[4]Goodman J W,Huntley W H,Jackson D W,et al.Wavefront-reconstruction imaging through random media[J].Appl Phys Lett,1966,8:311-313.
[5]Pepper D M,Fekete D,Yariv A.Observation of amplified phase-conjugate reflection and optical parametric oscillation by degenerate 4-wave mixing in a transparent medium[J].Appl Phys Lett,1978,33:41-44.
[6]Auyeung J,Fekete D,Pepper D,et al.A theoretical and experimental investigation of the modes of optical resonators with phase-conjugate mirrors[J].IEEE J Quantum Electron,1979,15:1180-1188.
[7]Levenson M D.High-resolution imaging by wave-front conjugation[J].Opt Lett,1980,5:182-184.
[8]Sun X,Zhou Z,Li Y,et al.Holographic associative memory using a coherently induced double phase conjugate mirror[J].Opt Eng,1996,35:2153-2157.
[9]Yariv A.Phase conjugate optics and real-time holography[J].IEEE J Quantum Electron,1978,14:650-660.
[10]Dunning G J,Lind R C.Demonstration of image transmission through fibers by optical phase conjugation[J].Opt Lett,1982,7:558-560.
[11]Yariv A,Fekete D,Pepper D M.Compensation for channel dispersion by nonlinear optical phase conjugation[J].Opt Lett,1979,4:52-54.
[12]Gower M C,Caro R G.KrF laser with a phase-conjugate Brillouin mirror[J].Opt Lett,1982,7:162-164.
[13]Xu X,Liu H,Wang L V.Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing into scattering media[J].Nat Photonics,2011,5:154-157.
[14]Horstmeyer R,Ruan H,Yang C.Guidestar-assisted wavefrontshaping methods for focusing light into biological tissue[J].Nat Photonics,2015,9:563-571.
[15]Wang Lihong,Wu H.Biomedical Optics:Principles and Imaging[M].Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,2007.
[16]Yaqoob Z,Psaltis D,Feld M S,et al.Optical phase conjugation for turbidity suppression in biological samples[J].Nat Photonics,2008,2:110-115.
[17]Yariv A,Pepper D M.Amplified reflection,phase conjugation,and oscillation in degenerate four-wave mixing[J].Opt Lett,1977,1:16-18.
[18]Wang V,Giuliano C R.Correction of phase aberrations via stimulated Brillouin scattering[J].Opt Lett,1978,2:4-6.
[19]Tomov I V,Fedosejevs R,Mc Ken D C C,et al.Phase conjugation and pulse compression of KrF-laser radiation by stimulated Raman scattering[J].Opt Lett,1983,8:9-11.
[20]Kogelnik H.Holographic image projection through inhomogeneous media[J].Bell Syst Tech J,1965,44:2451-2455.
[21]Mc Dowell E J,Cui M,Vellekoop I M,et al.Turbidity suppression from the ballistic to the diffusive regime in biological tissues using optical phase conjugation[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2010,15(2):025004.
[22]Cui M,McDowell E J,Yang C.An in vivo study of turbidity suppression by optical phase conjugation(TSOPC)on rabbit ear[J].Opt Express,2010,18:25-30.
[23]Lai P,Xu X,Liu H,et al.Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing in biological tissue[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2012,17(3):036001.
[24]Yang Q,Xu X,Lai P,et al.Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing using two ultrasonic transducers for improved ultrasonic axial resolution[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2013,18(11):110502.
[25]Lai P,Suzuki Y,Xu X,et al.Focused fluorescence excitation with time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light and imaging in thick scattering media[J].Laser Physics Letters,2013,10(7):075604.
[26]Liu Y,Lai P,Ma C,et al.Optical focusing deep inside dynamic scattering media with near-infrared time-reversed ultrasonically encoded(TRUE)light[J].Nature Communications,2015,6:5904.
[27]Ma C,Xu X,Wang L V.Analog time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light focusing inside scattering media with a33 000×optical power gain[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:8896.
[28]Suzuki Y,Xu X,Lai P,et al.Energy enhancement in timereversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing using a photorefractive polymer[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2012,17(8):80507.
[29]Pang G,Liu H,Hou P,et al.Optical phase conjugation of diffused light with infinite gain by using gated two-color photorefractive crystal LiNbO3:Cu:Ce[J].Appl Opt,2018,57:2675-2678.
[30]Cui M,Yang C.Implementation of a digital optical phase conjugation system and its application to study the robustness of turbidity suppression by phase conjugation[J].Opt Express,2010,18:3444-3455.
[31]Jang M,Ruan H,Zhou H,et al.Method for auto-alignment of digital optical phase conjugation systems based on digital propagation[J].Opt Express,2014,22:14054-14071.
[32]Hemphill A S,Shen Y,Hwang J,et al.High-speed alignment optimization of digital optical phase conjugation systems based on autocovariance analysis in conjunction with orthonormal rectangular polynomials[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2018,24(3):031004.
[33]Azimipour M,Atry F,Pashaie R.Calibration of digital optical phase conjugation setups based on orthonormal rectangular polynomials[J].Appl Opt,2016,55:2873-2880.
[34]Hillman T R,Yamauchi T,Choi W,et al.Digital optical phase conjugation for delivering two-dimensional images through turbid media[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3:1909.
[35]Shen Y,Liu Y,Ma C,et al.Focusing light through biological tissue and tissue-mimicking phantoms up to 9.6 cm in thickness with digital optical phase conjugation[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2016,21(8):085001.
[36]Liu Y,Shen Y,Ruan H,et al.Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing through highly scattering ex vivo human cataractous lenses[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2018,23(1):010501.
[37]Jang M,Ruan H,Vellekoop I M,et al.Relation between speckle decorrelation and optical phase conjugation(OPC)-based turbidity suppression through dynamic scattering media:a study on in vivo mouse skin[J].Biomedical Optics Express,2015,6:72-85.
[38]Wang D,Zhou E H,Brake J,et al.Focusing through dynamic tissue with millisecond digital optical phase conjugation[J].Optica,2015,2(8):728-735.
[39]Wang Y M,Judkewitz B,DiMarzio C A,et al.Deep-tissue focal fluorescence imaging with digitally time-reversed ultrasound-encoded light[J].Nature Communications,2012,3:928.
[40]Si K,Fiolka R,Cui M.Fluorescence imaging beyond the ballistic regime by ultrasound-pulse-guided digital phase conjugation[J].Nat Photonics,2012,6:657-661.
[41]Si K,Fiolka R,Cui M.Breaking the spatial resolution barrier via iterative sound-light interaction in deep tissue microscopy[J].Scientific Reports,2012,2:748.
[42]Ruan H,Jang M,Judkewitz B,et al.Iterative time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light focusing in backscattering mode[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4:7156.
[43]Judkewitz B,Wang Y M,Horstmeyer R,et al.Specklescale focusing in the diffusive regime with time reversal of variance-encoded light(TROVE)[J].Nat Photonics,2013,7:300-305.
[44]Hsieh C L,Pu Y,Grange R,et al.Imaging through turbid layers by scanning the phase conjugated second harmonic radiation from a nanoparticle[J].Opt Express,2010,18:20723-20731.
[45]Vellekoop I M,Cui M,Yang C.Digital optical phase conjugation of fluorescence in turbid tissue[J].Appl Phys Lett,2012,101(8):81108.
[46]Ruan H,Jang M,Yang C.Optical focusing inside scattering media with time-reversed ultrasound microbubble encoded light[J].Nature Communications,2015,6:8968.
[47]Ruan H,Haber T,Liu Y,et al.Focusing light inside scattering media with magnetic-particle-guided wavefront shaping[J].Optica,2017,4:1337-1343.
[48]Ma C,Xu X,Liu Y,et al.Time-reversed adaptedperturbation(TRAP)optical focusing onto dynamic objects inside scattering media[J].Nat Photonics,2014,8:931-936.
[49]Zhou E H,Ruan H,Yang C,et al.Focusing on moving targets through scattering samples[J].Optica,2014,1:227-232.
[50]Ruan H,Brake J,Robinson J E,et al.Deep tissue optical focusing and optogenetic modulation with time-reversed ultrasonically encoded light[J].Science Advances,2017,3:eaao5520.
[51]Park J-H,Yu Z,Lee K,et al.Perspective:Wavefront shaping techniques for controlling multiple light scattering in biological tissues:Toward in vivo applications[J].APLPhotonics,2018,3:100901.
[52]Shen Y,Liu Y,Ma C,et al.Sub-Nyquist sampling boosts targeted light transport through opaque scattering media[J].Optica,2017,4:97-102.
[53]Hemphill A S,Shen Y,Liu Y,et al.High-speed single-shot optical focusing through dynamic scattering media with fullphase wavefront shaping[J].Appl Phys Lett,2017,111:221109.
[54]Klein M B.Beam coupling in undoped Ga As at 1.06μm using the photorefractive effect[J].Opt Lett,1984,9:350-352.
[55]Liu Y,Ma C,Shen Y,et al.Focusing light inside dynamic scattering media with millisecond digital optical phase conjugation[J].Optica,2017,4:280-288.
[56]Hemphill A S,Tay J W,Wang L V.Hybridized wavefront shaping for high-speed,high-efficiency focusing through dynamic diffusive media[J].Journal of Biomedical Optics,2016,21(12):121502.
[57]Liu Y,Ma C,Shen Y,et al.Bit-efficient,sub-millisecond wavefront measurement using a lock-in camera for timereversal based optical focusing inside scattering media[J].Opt Lett,2016,41:1321-1324.
[58]Ma C,Zhou F,Liu Y,et al.Single-exposure optical focusing inside scattering media using binarized time-reversed adapted perturbation[J].Optica,2015,2:869-876.