自我-他人重叠及其相关概念辨析
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摘要
在总结自我-他人重叠概念的提出历程、测量方法、结构,以及常用改变方法的基础上,通过辨析自我-他人重叠与关系自我、自我扩张之间的关系,以及它和社会距离之间的异同,明晰了自我-他人重叠的本质特点。自我-他人重叠是强调自己和他人具有相似表征的关系自我,是个体在自我扩张动机的驱使下,将他人的资源、观点和特质纳入自我的结果。未来可以借鉴关系自我神经机制的研究成果来探讨自我-他人重叠的神经机制,还可以深入探讨过高的自我-他人重叠对亲密关系的消极作用。
Self-others overlap is the overlap of self-concept between individuals and others. In previous studies, multiple concepts of self-others overlap were proposed, and different measurements were formulated to measure the two dimensions of perceived closeness and overlapping representation. Moreover,a variety of methods were developed to modify an individual's self-other overlap with others. Furthermore,this article analyzed the relationships between self-other overlap with relational self, self-expansion, and social distance. It was found that self-others overlap is the result of self-expanding activities through including the others' identities, resources, and perspectives into themselves. In future, it is necessary to explore the neural mechanism of the self-other overlap, in addition to negative impacts on the interpersonal relationship.
Self-others overlap is the overlap of self-concept between individuals and others. In previous studies, multiple concepts of self-others overlap were proposed, and different measurements were formulated to measure the two dimensions of perceived closeness and overlapping representation. Moreover,a variety of methods were developed to modify an individual's self-other overlap with others. Furthermore,this article analyzed the relationships between self-other overlap with relational self, self-expansion, and social distance. It was found that self-others overlap is the result of self-expanding activities through including the others' identities, resources, and perspectives into themselves. In future, it is necessary to explore the neural mechanism of the self-other overlap, in addition to negative impacts on the interpersonal relationship.
引文
郑莹灿,胡媛艳,陈红.(2014).父母在自我概念中的神经表征.心理科学,(5),1111-1116.
钟毅平,杨子鹿,范伟.(2015).自我-他人重叠对助人行为的影响:观点采择的调节作用.心理学报,47(8),1050-1057.
周丽,苏彦捷.(2008).实际亲密度对恋人参照效应的影响.心理学报,40(4),487-495.
Alves,H.,Koch,A.,&Unkelbach,C.(2016).My friends are all alike-The relation between liking and perceived similarity in person perception.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,62,103-117.
Aron,A.,&Aron,E.N.(2009).Self-expansion model.In H.T.Reis&S.Sprecher(Eds.).Encyclopedia of human relationships(pp.1426-1430).California,America:Sage Publications.
Aron,A.,&Aron,E.N.(2015).An inspiration for expanding the self-expansion model of love.Emotion Review,8(2),112-113.
Aron,A.,Aron,E.N.,&Smollan,D.(1992).Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63(4),596-612.
Aron,A.,Aron,E.N.,Tudor,M.,&Nelson,G.(1991).Close relationships as including other in the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60(2),241-253.
Aron,A.,McLaughlin-Volpe,T.,Mashek,D.,Lewandowski,G.,Wright,S.C.,&Aron,E.N.(2004).Including others in the self.European Review of Social Psychology,15(1),101-132.
Aron,A.,Lewandowski,G.W.,Jr,Mashek,D.,&Aron,E.N.(2013).The self-expansion model of motivation and cognition in close relationships.In J.A.Simpson&L.Campbell(Eds.),The Oxford handbook of close relationships(pp.90-115).Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Avenanti,A.,Candidi,M.,&Urgesi,C.(2013).Vicarious motor activation during action perception:Beyond correlational evidence.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,7,185.
Barton,S.(2014).Mechanisms of intimate partner violence revictimization:Contributions of impaired self-reference.Dissertations&Theses-Gradworks.
Batson,C.D.,Early,S.,&Salvarani,G.(1997).Perspective taking:Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,23(7),751-758.
Bernstein,R.E.,Laurent,S.M.,Nelson,B.W.,&Laurent,H.K.(2015).Perspective-taking induction mitigates the effect of partner attachment avoidance on self-partner overlap.Personal Relationships,22(2),356-367.
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Brewer,M.B.,&Gardner,W.(1996).Who is this“we”?Levels of collective identity and self representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,71(1),83-93.
Buffone,A.E.K.,Poulin,M.,Delury,S.,Ministero,L.,Morrisson,C.,&Scalco,M.(2017).Don't walk in her shoes!Different forms of perspective taking affect stress physiology.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,72,161-168
Burton,K.A.,Adams,J.M.,Hart,W.,Grant,B.,Richardson,K.,&Tortoriello,G.(2017).You remind me of someone awesome:Narcissistic tolerance is driven by perceived similarity.Personality&Individual Differences,104,499-503.
Cheek,N.N.(2015).Erratum:Taking perspective the next time around.Commentary on:"Perceived perspective taking:When others walk in our shoes".Frontiers in Psychology,6,434.
Chen,J.,Zhang,Y.X.,Zhong,J.,Hu,L.,&Li,H.(2013).The primacy of the individual versus the collective self:Evidence from an event-related potential study.Neuroscience Letters,535,30-34.
Cheng,Y.H.,&Grühn,D.(2015).Perceived similarity in emotional reaction profiles between the self and a close other as a predictor of emotional well-being.Journal of Social&Personal Relationships,33(6),711-732.
Cialdini,R.B.,Brown,S.L.,Lewis,B.P.,Luce,C.,&Neuberg,S.L.(1997).Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship:When one into one equals oneness.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,73(3),481-494.
Cooke,A.N.,Bazzini,D.G.,Curtin,L.A.,&Emery,L.J.(2018).Empathic understanding:Benefits of perspective-taking and facial mimicry instructions are mediated by self-other overlap.Motivation&Emotion,42(3),446-457.
Davis,M.H.(2016).Social projection to liked and disliked targets:The role of perceived similarity.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,70,286-293.
Davis,M.H.,Conklin,L.,Smith,A.,&Luce,C.(1996).Effect of perspective taking on the cognitive representation of persons:A merging of self and other.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70(4),713-726.
Diazgranados,S.,Selman,R.L.,&Dionne,M.(2016).Acts of social perspective taking:A functional construct and the validation of a performance measure for early adolescents.Social Development,25(3),572-601.
Farley,S.D.(2014).Nonverbal reactions to an attractive stranger:The role of mimicry in communicating preferred social distance.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,38(2),195-208.
Galinsky,A.D.,Maddux,W.W.,Gilin,D.,&White,J.B.(2008).Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent:The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations.Psychological Science,19(4),378-384.
Gallese,V.,&Sinigaglia,C.(2011).What is so special about embodied simulation?.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15(11),512-519.
Garcia-Retamero,R.,&Galesic,M.(2012).Doc,what would you do if you were me?On self-other discrepancies in medical decision making.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied,18(1),38-51.
Goldstein,N.J.,Vezich,I.S.,&Shapiro,J.R.(2014).Perceived perspective taking:When others walk in our shoes.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,106(6),941-960.
Harada,T.,Li,Z.,&Chiao,J.Y.(2010).Differential dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal representations of the implicit self modulated by individualism and collectivism:An fMRI study.Social Neuroscience,5(3),257-271.
Hewstone,M.,Lolliot,S.,Swart,H.,Myers,E.,Voci,A.,Al Ramiah,A.,&Cairns,E.(2014).Intergroup contact and intergroup conflict.Peace and Conflict:Journal of Peace Psychology,20(1),39-53.
Hodges,S.D.,Sharp,C.A.,Gibson,N.J.S.,&Tipsord,J.M.(2013).Nearer my god to thee:Self-god overlap and believers"relationships with god.Self and Identity,12(3),337-356.
Huang,W.,Mamat,M.,Shang,R.,Zhang,T.Y.,Li,H.,Wang,Y.,…&Wu,Y.H.(2014).Analysis of the private,collective,and relational self-cognitions among Han and Tibetan Chinese.Psychological Reports,115(1),179-198.
G?chter,S.,Starmer,C.,&Tufano,F.(2015).Measuring the closeness of relationships:A comprehensive evaluation of the'inclusion of the other in the self'scale.Plos One,10(6),e0129478.
Kneebone,S.,Fielding,K.,&Smith,L.(2017).It's what you do and the place you do it:Perceived similarity in household water saving behaviours.Journal of Environmental Psychology,55,1-10.
Krienen,F.M.,Tu,P.C.,&Buckner,R.L.(2010).Clan mentality:Evidence that the medial prefrontal cortex responds to close others.Journal of Neuroscience,30(41),13906-13915.
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Lewandowski,G.W.,Jr.,Aron,A.,Bassis,S.,&Kunak,J.(2006).Losing a self-expanding relationship:Implications for the self-concept.Personal Relationships,13(1),317-331.
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Liddell,B.J.,Felmingham,K.L.,Das,P.,Whitford,T.J.,Malhi,G.S.,&Battaglini,E.,&Bryanta,R.A.(2017).Self-construal differences in neural responses to negative social cues.Biological Psychology,129,62-72.
Lumsden,J.,Miles,L.K.,&Macrae,C.N.(2014).Sync or sink?Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem.Frontiers in Psychology,5(3),1064.
Maister,L.,&Tsakiris,M.(2016).Intimate imitation:Automatic motor imitation in romantic relationships.Cognition,152,108-113.
Mantovani,D.,de Andrade,L.M.,&Negr?o,A.(2017).How motivations for CSR and consumer-brand social distance influence consumers to adopt pro-social behavior.Journal of Retailing&Consumer Services,36,156-163.
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Matsunaga,R.,Yokosawa,K.,&Abe,J.I.(2012).Magnetoencephalography evidence for different brain subregions serving two musical cultures.Neuropsychologia,50(14),3218-3227
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周丽,苏彦捷.(2008).实际亲密度对恋人参照效应的影响.心理学报,40(4),487-495.
Alves,H.,Koch,A.,&Unkelbach,C.(2016).My friends are all alike-The relation between liking and perceived similarity in person perception.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,62,103-117.
Aron,A.,&Aron,E.N.(2009).Self-expansion model.In H.T.Reis&S.Sprecher(Eds.).Encyclopedia of human relationships(pp.1426-1430).California,America:Sage Publications.
Aron,A.,&Aron,E.N.(2015).An inspiration for expanding the self-expansion model of love.Emotion Review,8(2),112-113.
Aron,A.,Aron,E.N.,&Smollan,D.(1992).Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63(4),596-612.
Aron,A.,Aron,E.N.,Tudor,M.,&Nelson,G.(1991).Close relationships as including other in the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60(2),241-253.
Aron,A.,McLaughlin-Volpe,T.,Mashek,D.,Lewandowski,G.,Wright,S.C.,&Aron,E.N.(2004).Including others in the self.European Review of Social Psychology,15(1),101-132.
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Avenanti,A.,Candidi,M.,&Urgesi,C.(2013).Vicarious motor activation during action perception:Beyond correlational evidence.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,7,185.
Barton,S.(2014).Mechanisms of intimate partner violence revictimization:Contributions of impaired self-reference.Dissertations&Theses-Gradworks.
Batson,C.D.,Early,S.,&Salvarani,G.(1997).Perspective taking:Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,23(7),751-758.
Bernstein,R.E.,Laurent,S.M.,Nelson,B.W.,&Laurent,H.K.(2015).Perspective-taking induction mitigates the effect of partner attachment avoidance on self-partner overlap.Personal Relationships,22(2),356-367.
Berscheid,E.,Snyder,M.,&Omoto,A.M.(1989).The relationship closeness inventory:Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57(5),792-807.
Brewer,M.B.,&Gardner,W.(1996).Who is this“we”?Levels of collective identity and self representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,71(1),83-93.
Buffone,A.E.K.,Poulin,M.,Delury,S.,Ministero,L.,Morrisson,C.,&Scalco,M.(2017).Don't walk in her shoes!Different forms of perspective taking affect stress physiology.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,72,161-168
Burton,K.A.,Adams,J.M.,Hart,W.,Grant,B.,Richardson,K.,&Tortoriello,G.(2017).You remind me of someone awesome:Narcissistic tolerance is driven by perceived similarity.Personality&Individual Differences,104,499-503.
Cheek,N.N.(2015).Erratum:Taking perspective the next time around.Commentary on:"Perceived perspective taking:When others walk in our shoes".Frontiers in Psychology,6,434.
Chen,J.,Zhang,Y.X.,Zhong,J.,Hu,L.,&Li,H.(2013).The primacy of the individual versus the collective self:Evidence from an event-related potential study.Neuroscience Letters,535,30-34.
Cheng,Y.H.,&Grühn,D.(2015).Perceived similarity in emotional reaction profiles between the self and a close other as a predictor of emotional well-being.Journal of Social&Personal Relationships,33(6),711-732.
Cialdini,R.B.,Brown,S.L.,Lewis,B.P.,Luce,C.,&Neuberg,S.L.(1997).Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship:When one into one equals oneness.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,73(3),481-494.
Cooke,A.N.,Bazzini,D.G.,Curtin,L.A.,&Emery,L.J.(2018).Empathic understanding:Benefits of perspective-taking and facial mimicry instructions are mediated by self-other overlap.Motivation&Emotion,42(3),446-457.
Davis,M.H.(2016).Social projection to liked and disliked targets:The role of perceived similarity.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,70,286-293.
Davis,M.H.,Conklin,L.,Smith,A.,&Luce,C.(1996).Effect of perspective taking on the cognitive representation of persons:A merging of self and other.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70(4),713-726.
Diazgranados,S.,Selman,R.L.,&Dionne,M.(2016).Acts of social perspective taking:A functional construct and the validation of a performance measure for early adolescents.Social Development,25(3),572-601.
Farley,S.D.(2014).Nonverbal reactions to an attractive stranger:The role of mimicry in communicating preferred social distance.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior,38(2),195-208.
Galinsky,A.D.,Maddux,W.W.,Gilin,D.,&White,J.B.(2008).Why it pays to get inside the head of your opponent:The differential effects of perspective taking and empathy in negotiations.Psychological Science,19(4),378-384.
Gallese,V.,&Sinigaglia,C.(2011).What is so special about embodied simulation?.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,15(11),512-519.
Garcia-Retamero,R.,&Galesic,M.(2012).Doc,what would you do if you were me?On self-other discrepancies in medical decision making.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied,18(1),38-51.
Goldstein,N.J.,Vezich,I.S.,&Shapiro,J.R.(2014).Perceived perspective taking:When others walk in our shoes.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,106(6),941-960.
Harada,T.,Li,Z.,&Chiao,J.Y.(2010).Differential dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal representations of the implicit self modulated by individualism and collectivism:An fMRI study.Social Neuroscience,5(3),257-271.
Hewstone,M.,Lolliot,S.,Swart,H.,Myers,E.,Voci,A.,Al Ramiah,A.,&Cairns,E.(2014).Intergroup contact and intergroup conflict.Peace and Conflict:Journal of Peace Psychology,20(1),39-53.
Hodges,S.D.,Sharp,C.A.,Gibson,N.J.S.,&Tipsord,J.M.(2013).Nearer my god to thee:Self-god overlap and believers"relationships with god.Self and Identity,12(3),337-356.
Huang,W.,Mamat,M.,Shang,R.,Zhang,T.Y.,Li,H.,Wang,Y.,…&Wu,Y.H.(2014).Analysis of the private,collective,and relational self-cognitions among Han and Tibetan Chinese.Psychological Reports,115(1),179-198.
G?chter,S.,Starmer,C.,&Tufano,F.(2015).Measuring the closeness of relationships:A comprehensive evaluation of the'inclusion of the other in the self'scale.Plos One,10(6),e0129478.
Kneebone,S.,Fielding,K.,&Smith,L.(2017).It's what you do and the place you do it:Perceived similarity in household water saving behaviours.Journal of Environmental Psychology,55,1-10.
Krienen,F.M.,Tu,P.C.,&Buckner,R.L.(2010).Clan mentality:Evidence that the medial prefrontal cortex responds to close others.Journal of Neuroscience,30(41),13906-13915.
Krueger,J.I.,Ullrich,J.,&Chen,L.J.(2016).Expectations and decisions in the volunteer’s dilemma:Effects of social distance and social projection.Frontiers in Psychology,7(572),1909.
Laurent,S.M.,&Myers,M.W.(2011).I know you're me,but who am I?Perspective taking and seeing the other in the self.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47(6),1316-1319.
Leising,D.,Scharloth,J.,Lohse,O.,&Wood,D.(2014).What types of terms do people use when describing an individual's personality?.Psychological Science,25(9),1787-1794.
Lewandowski,G.W.,Jr.,Aron,A.,Bassis,S.,&Kunak,J.(2006).Losing a self-expanding relationship:Implications for the self-concept.Personal Relationships,13(1),317-331.
Liddell,B.J.,&Laura,J.(2016).The impact of cultural differences in self-representation on the neural substrates of posttraumatic stress disorder.European Journal of Psychotraumatology,7(1).30464
Liddell,B.J.,Felmingham,K.L.,Das,P.,Whitford,T.J.,Malhi,G.S.,&Battaglini,E.,&Bryanta,R.A.(2017).Self-construal differences in neural responses to negative social cues.Biological Psychology,129,62-72.
Lumsden,J.,Miles,L.K.,&Macrae,C.N.(2014).Sync or sink?Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem.Frontiers in Psychology,5(3),1064.
Maister,L.,&Tsakiris,M.(2016).Intimate imitation:Automatic motor imitation in romantic relationships.Cognition,152,108-113.
Mantovani,D.,de Andrade,L.M.,&Negr?o,A.(2017).How motivations for CSR and consumer-brand social distance influence consumers to adopt pro-social behavior.Journal of Retailing&Consumer Services,36,156-163.
Markus,H.R.,&Kitayama,S.(1991).Culture and the self:Implication for cognition,emotion and motivation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98(2),224-253.
Matsunaga,R.,Yokosawa,K.,&Abe,J.I.(2012).Magnetoencephalography evidence for different brain subregions serving two musical cultures.Neuropsychologia,50(14),3218-3227
Mattingly.B.A.,&Lewandowski.G.W.(2013).The power of one:Benefits of individual self-expansion.Journal of Positive Psychology,8(1),12-22.
Mitchell,J.P.,Banaji,M.R.,&Macrae,C.N.(2014).The link between social cognition and self-referential thought in the medial prefrontal cortex.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,17(8),1306-1315.
Molenberghs,P.,Johnson,H.,Henry,J.D.,&Mattingley,J.B.(2016).Understanding the minds of others:A neuroimaging meta-analysis.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,65,276-291.
Myers,M.W.,&Hodges,S.D.(2011).The structure of self-other overlap and its relationship to perspective taking.Personal Relationships,19(4),663-679.
Myers,M.W.,Laurent,S.M.,&Hodges,S.D.(2014).Perspective taking instructions and self-other overlap:Different motives for helping.Motivation and Emotion,38(2),224-234.
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