摘要
随着全球一体化的加深与科技发展的日新月异,企业所面临的生存环境和经营管理环境发生了巨大的变化,组织之间的整合程度也越来越高,企业日益的嵌入到各种各样的外部网络中。在网络环境中,企业要在竞争中保持并逐步提高自身优势,就要充分认识网络化环境对企业带来的影响并充分利用网络。网络作为企业环境特征,其形成、结构、治理与演化等都会影响企业间的竞争,因此充分利用网络这种“资源”是企业在当前竞争中获取成功的关键因素。价值网理论打破了传统价值链的线性思维和价值活动顺序分离的机械模式,围绕顾客价值重构原有的价值链,使价值链的各个环节、不同的主体按照整体价值最优的原则相互衔接、融合、动态互动。利益主体在关注自身价值的同时,更加关注价值网内的各节点之间的联系,冲破价值链各个环节的壁垒,提高网络在主体之间相互作用及其对价值创造的推动作用。鉴于此,本文选择研究价值网视角下企业外部网络对企业绩效的影响,具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本研究在社会网络理论、价值网理论、网络能力理论、企业绩效理论的相关文献阅读、整理和评述的基础上,结合对企业界人士的访谈,提出了从价值网的视角分析网络能力对企业绩效影响的研究课题。在广泛阅读国内外相关文献的基础上,结合研究内容和研究目标,本文首先把网络能力定义为网络中的企业所具有的集聚(assemble)、整合(integrate)和配置(deploy)网络资源并协同(combination or co-present with)其他企业内部资源以提高网络绩效和获得竞争优势的一种能力,并从网络愿景能力、网络构建能力、关系管理能力以及组合管理能力四个维度对其进行测量。其次,以网络位置和吸收能力为中间变量,分析了网络能力对企业绩效产生影响的传导机制。网络能力的四个维度分别影响着企业在网络中所处的位置以及其对新资源、新知识的吸收能力。网络位置则通过控制网络内部资源和信息的流动获得竞争优势和控制收益；吸收能力则通过对新资源、新知识的识别、获取、消化和利用,提升企业的技术优势和管理水平,最终影响企业的绩效；此外,吸收能力还可能调节企业对网络位置的运用,只有有着较强的吸收能力,企业才可能把利用优势网络位置获取的资源进行充分的利用。再次,在理论分析的基础上,本文给出了一系列的假设,并设计了调查问卷,对山东省制造业基地中的制造业企业进行了关于“网络能力与企业绩效”的问卷调查,最终得到了青岛市、烟台市和威海市191家制造业企业的有效问卷。对这些问卷的数据进行收集、整理后,运用AMOS和SPSS软件,本文对调研数据进行了分析,包括信度与效度检验、描述性统计,Pearson相关性检验、多因素方差分析、结构方程模型等分析。通过一系列的实证分析和检验,本文得出以下研究结论：通过系统地对价值网理论与企业理论进行分析,提出价值网作为一种运营模式属于企业网络的理论范畴,但是属于企业网络发展的一种特殊高级阶段。网络能力的四个构成维度均对网络能力具有正向影响,其中网络的组合管理能力对网络能力的影响最大。吸收能力各要素对企业吸收能力都具有正向作用,且获取资源的能力对企业吸收能力的影响最为关键。网络能力直接影响着企业在网络中所处的位置和企业的吸收能力,且网络能力通过网络位置和吸收能力的调节作用对企业绩效产生了正向影响。
本文主要在以下几个方面进行了创新性的工作：
①通过深入地理论分析,创造性地揭示了价值网理论与企业网络理论的密切关系,指出价值网作为一种运营模式属于企业网络的理论范畴,但是属于企业网络发展的一种特殊高级阶段。一方面,价值网运营模式属于企业网络由隐性向显性发展的阶段。另一方面,价值网运营模式属于企业网络发展高级阶段,其对价值网组织者即核心企业的网络能力水平要求更高。依据此结论,本文提出提升网络能力无论对于价值网企业还是一般意义上的企业网络中的企业都有着十分重要的意义。
②本文探索性地提出了网络能力对企业绩效影响的这一命题。已有研究大多关注的是企业网络静态特征如网络规模、网络密度等因素对企业绩效的影响,而对于富有动态性的网络能力对企业竞争优势、绩效影响的系统性研究并不多见。本文通过构建网络能力影响企业绩效的传导机制,深入研究并通过实证数据验证了企业绩效的提高也可以来自于企业对网络识别、构建和管理的能力,即网络能力。
③本文以吸收能力和网络位置为中间变量,在企业网络视角下,综合运用资源基础观、知识与创新观、企业成长等理论视角,深入剖析了网络能力对企业绩效影响的传导机制,并建立了网络能力——网络位置/吸收能力——企业绩效的分析框架。与以往的研究成果相比,本文的分析框架的理论基础更为丰富和综合,研究结果也更为全面。
④借鉴国内外已有的研究成果,结合本文的研究目标,本文对实证研究过程中所应用的各个变量,通过设计相应的题项对其进行了量化、测度,并以胶东半岛制造业基地中的制造业企业为样本进行了实证研究。这为此后学者在此领域相关变量的定量研究,打下了坚实的基础。
With the deepening of global integration and the rapid development of science and technology, the living and the management environment that enterprises face has changed greatly. The degree of integration between the organizations have become more sophisticated, companies are increasingly the dive into a variety of external networks. In a network environment, enterprises must remain in the competition and to gradually increase its own advantages, enterprises must fully understand the network environment for enterprise and leverage the impact of the network. Network, as the business environment, its'formation, structure, governance and evolvement affect the evolution of competition among enterprises, so taking full advantage of this "resource" is the key factors for success in the current competition. The value net theory breaks the traditional theory of value chain activities in points of linear thinking and mechanical models of separated valuable activities. The value net theory focus on reconstruction the value chain based on the original value of the customer, so that different taches of the value chain can act considering all aspects of the overall value of different subjects in accordance with the principle of mutual best convergence, integration, dynamic interaction.
Stakeholders concerned about their own values at the same time, more attention to the value of each node within the network link between the value chain to break through the barriers and improve the interaction between the network and the main impetus for value creation. In view of this, this subject of the paper about value network outside the enterprise network perspective the impact on business performance, has important theoretical and practical significance. In this study, based on the study, organize, and review articles on social network theory, value network theory, network capacity theory, theory of firm performance, based on interviews with business people, this paper propose the research topic from the perspective of value network studying the enterprise network capacity's influence on enterprise performance. In the extensive reading on the basis of relevant literature, combined with the article's contents and research objectives, the paper defines the network capacity as the enterprise in a network has ability that assemble, integrate, deploy the network resources and combination with internal resources of other business to improve network performance and gain a competitive advantage and the vision from the network capacity, network capacity building, relationship management and portfolio management capabilities in four dimensions to measurement. Secondly, use the network position and absorptive capacity for the intermediate variables to analyze the transmission mechanism that network capacity to impact on business performance. The four dimensions of network capacity were affected location of business in the network and the capacity of new resources, new knowledge. Network location achieve competitive advantage and control of income by controlling the flow of resources and information; the absorption capacity enhance the technological advantage and management and ultimately affect performance through the new resources, new knowledge of the identification, acquisition, digestion and utilization; In addition, the absorption capacity can regulate the use of corporate position on the network, the business be able to use advantages of enterprise network location to obtain full utilization of resources with a strong absorptive capacity. And then, according to the theoretical analysis, this paper give a series of assumptions, and designed the questionnaire to manufacturing base in Shandong Province was discussion of "networked and business performance", we have received 191 valid questionnaires manufacturing enterprises from Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai. We use AMOS and SPSS software to analyze these data, including reliability and validity testing, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, multi-factor analysis of variance, structural equation modeling analysis.
Through a series of empirical analysis and testing, we draw the following conclusions:Through the analysis between value network theory and corporate network theory, we find that value network business model is a theoretical category belongs to the corporate network, but the value network is a special advanced stage of the corporate network. The four dimensions constitute of network capacity have a positive effect on network capacity, and the combination of network management capabilities of the network capacity has the greatest impact. The various elements of absorption capacity of enterprises has a positive effect, and the ability to access resources has the greatest impact to absorptive capacity of the enterprise. The network capability has a direct impact on the network position and absorptive capacity of enterprises, and network capability through the network location and regulation of the absorptive capacity of enterprises had a positive effect on performance.
This paper has the following aspects of the innovative work:
①Through in-depth theoretical analysis of the value network theory and business network theory reveals the close relationship between them. This paper points out that value network, as a mode of operation areas, belongs to the theory of enterprise networks, being a special advanced stage of development. On the one hand, value network business model is recessive to the dominant enterprise network from the development stage. On the other hand, the value net operating mode is the advanced stage of development of the enterprise network. The core business organizers of the value network must have higher levels of network capacity. According to former conclusion, this paper points out that enhancing the network capacity have a very important significance both for the value net business and for the corporate enterprise networks.
②This article explores and puts forward the network capability impact on the business performance. Researchers have been most concerned about the static features of the enterprise network, such as network size, network density and other factors impact on business performance. The systematic study on the influence of network capability to the dynamic competitive advantage and the performance is very rare. By building network capacity of the transmission mechanism of business performance, this paper in-depth study and verifies using empirical data that upping business performance can come from identifying, building and managing enterprise network capabilities.
③In the enterprise network perspective, this paper uses absorptive capacity and network location for the intermediate variables, integrated using the concept and theories of resources, knowledge, innovative and business growth, makes depth analysis of the impact of network capacity on the transmission mechanism of business performance. And then, establishes the network capacity——network location/ absorptive capacity——the corporate performance framework of analysis. Compared with previous research, this article analyzes the theoretical basis of the framework of a more extensive and comprehensive, the results are more comprehensive.
④Draw on existing research results both at home and abroad, combined with targets of this study, this paper designs the corresponding items in order to quantify, measure, and apply the variables in the empirical research. And then apply manufacturing firms in Shandong Peninsula manufacturing base as samples for the empirical study. This paper laid a solid foundation for the after scholars in this field of quantitative study.
引文
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