摘要
按照社会运动领域中的建构主义视角和框架分析理论,集体行动是建构而成的,那么,动员过程指的就是对具体问题的建构过程,也是话语、符号性行为等要素发挥作用的过程。换言之,是动员者对事实的解释和建构,而非事实本身,引发了更高的动员水平,引起了集体事件。如果将动员水平的差异归结为建构差异的话,那么,在什么条件下的建构会导致更高的动员水平?本文注意到,在近年来的业主集体抗争事件中,有一类围绕建造一些电磁、核电设施项目诸如火力发电厂、核能电厂、焚化厂等展开抗争事件,其具有高动员性、高建构性等特点,而这些特点与其较高的信息专业化程度密不可分。
对此,本文借用传播学、科学史等学科的相关理论,采用实地调查和半开放的业主论坛收集资料,围绕同一小区、相关因素具有很高同质性的两则案例进行比较个案研究,分析其动员水平和建构过程,其结果显示：专业信息产生的陌生感使大多数小区居民在面临这一事件时后更加主动地去进行相关了解,获得了更多的关注机会；同时,这种距离感使小区居民需要一个解读专业化信息的环节,为动员者提供了更多建构机会,使其可以运用丰富的符号、话语以及各种修辞方式进行“翻译”,将“利益受损”生动化、形象化,从而提高小区居民的利益受损感,也可以将问题赋予了更多意义,从而提升行动参与水平；其次,专业化程度高本身的复杂性,为动员者提供了多个角度可以进行建构；再次,专业信息带来的权威感也易于小区居民对其不加批判的接受；最后,大多数民众还持有一个观点,即专业信息是比较中立客观的,从而面对动员者提供的一些貌似中立的专业信息,小区居民反而易于内省、产生信赖,从而溶解原本的个人意识,加入到行动中去。这些建构可能的实现大大提高了动员水平。
因此,可以说,此类抗争事件的高信息专业化程度,使动员者可以利用小区居民在解读专业信息时的种种感受和反应,实现更多的建构可能,从而使这一问题被更多的符号、话语性行为等要素建构,从而大大提高了动员水平；而其他抗争事件则不存在这些建构可能。
In the field of social movements, in accordance with the framing theory and constructivism perspective, collective action is constructed, in that way, mobilization process refers to the process of the construction of the specific issues, and also a process of words, symbolic activities and other factors playing important roles. In other words, those who mobilized interpret and construct a problem, not the problem itself, lead to a high level of mobilization, caused a collective event. If we attribute difference in mobilization level to the difference of construction, under what conditions construction play greater role in collective events? This article noted that in recent years there is such type collective events in collective protests of house owners, such as events around power lines, substations, and maglev magnetic suspension train, due to the extent of information specialization of the problems, have some kinds of effects in the mobilization process, thus the level of constructivism and mobilization enhance.
In this regard, borrowing theories dispersed in mass communication, history of science and other subjects, this article centers on two cases of urban community collective protests ("high voltage" and "travel difficulty") in sub district Y in the city S, comparing the levels of mobilization and constructivism. The results were described as bellow:the strangeness of topic information enabled residents to be more proactive in understanding and concerning it, and this unfamiliar feeling also provided an interpretation connection, providing more opportunities for constructing for those who mobilized; Secondly, the complexity of this specialized information enabled construction from multiple perspectives; once again, a sense of professional authority of the specialized information can be accepted easily by a number of residents uncritically; finally, sometimes the neutral, object specialized information make residents to do self-examination, resulting in the trust of specialized information and the dissolution of original individual idea, then to join the action. Therefore, we can say that the extent of information specialization provides more space to the construction, under the condition of specialized information, words, symbolic activities and other factors can play greater roles in the mobilization of urban community collective protest.
引文
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