摘要
[研究目的]通过言语和情境诱导的方式使被试进入应激状态,在应激状态中考察具有不同依恋类型的被试对社会支持风格(Social Support Style,SSS)的偏好。进而实现多角度全面地了解个体的依恋模式和关系建立的偏好,使得个体化的临床心理援助过程最大程度地起效。
[研究方法]本研究首先通过质的研究方法提出并界定了社会支持风格(Social Support Style,SSS)的概念,是指个体在向他人提供社会支持的过程中所表现出来的一系列稳定的特征,包括焦点、言语风格、行为动作上的特征等等,其中支持过程的焦点是这些特征的核心。然后选择了两类基本风格,问题解决型风格和情绪情感型风格,辅以性别变量成为实验所使用的四种社会支持风格。其次,本研究使用视觉剥夺、未知环境、以及对任务内容描述的方式诱发被试进入应激状态,并在正式实验前通过准备实验验证了诱发的有效性。最后,在正式实验中,经过筛选的被试在应激状态下与分别代表四种社会支持风格的主试助手进行交流,并在结束实验后报告他们对四名助手(即四种风格)的偏好。
[研究被试]本研究利用经典的Relationship Questionnaire(RQ)问卷筛选被试,收集候选被试112名,其中四种依恋类型人数的比例基本吻合于常模中的比例,再辅助以访谈方式,最终确定实验被试40名,涵盖了RQ所界定的人群中存在的四种依恋类型,男女比例为1:1。平均年龄Mean=24.40,Std.Error=.790。
[研究结论]通过以上研究,得出主要结论如下:
1社会支持风格(Social Support Style,SSS)广泛而稳定地存在于社会支持过程中,问题解决型社会支持风格与情绪情感型社会支持风格是常见的两种,不同依恋特征的人群对其有不同偏好。
2在本实验诱发的应激情境下,四种依恋类型的人群对SSS均能区分并正确归类。S-安全型依恋人群可以将各社会支持风格善加利用,善于根据情境需要建立健康的人际关系,并从中获益。F-恐惧型依恋的人群虽然能够区分,但并不能很好地利用,偏好混乱,自己缺乏应对能力也无法建立有益的人际关系。P-专注型依恋人群十分看重与他人关系,偏好于情绪情感类SSS,但这对于帮助他们解决问题并无明显益处。D-忽视型依恋人群由于习惯依赖自己,所以对关系的偏好对于他们来讲并不是分重要,他人的“能力”反而更为他们看重。
3对于成人依恋,应采取分析人际关系模式与偏好、去类型化、多角度的理解方式,这将有助于临床心理工作者更有效地帮助当事人,使个体的依恋得到终生发展,不断健全人格。
[PURPOSE] The present study investigates the contribution of individuals' attachment style to individual preference of social support style in dealing with stress, which is achieved by circumstance-induced and semantic-induced techniques. We hypothesize that the provision of emotional or problem-solving support in a stressful encounter will have differential effects on the recipients' subjective feelings and we predict that participants' preference for different SSS will be a function of their own attachment style. The findings will be viewed as a further contribution to the understanding of the association between social interactions and individual's well-being in times of stress, which may provides enlightenment to individual clinic-psychological help.
[METHOD] 1 Quality research methods are used to identify the Social Support Style (SSS). SSS refers to one's individualized style in social support, which manifests a series of stable characteristics, such as one's focus in stress situation, communication style, behaviors, and questioning in interactions, etc. Focusing (either on emotion or problem-solving) in stress situation is supposed to be the core characteristic of SSS. Two basic SSS have been identified in present research: Problem-solving Social Support Style and Emotional Social Support Style. A gender variable is also observed. 2. Stress is induced by visual deprivation, uncertain environmental conditions and semantic-induced techniques. The efficacy of these semantic-induced techniques has been tested in relevant experiments. 3. Respondents (with different attachment styles) are supposed to complete four periods of conversation with four assistants who respectively represent two basic SSS in different genders. Their preferences to the individuals representing those four styles are recorded after the experiment.
[RESPONDENT] There were 112 candidate respondents who were selected using the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ). The population percentage of 4 types of attachment accords with norm, and ultimately 40 respondents were selected with the help of conversations and all four types of attachment are included in the results. (Female: male=1:1, average age Mean=24.40, Std. Error=.790)
[CONCLUSION]
1 SSS is an essential part of the social support process, and both problem-solving SSS and emotional SSS exist widely and uniformly. People with different attachment types present different preferences. The laboratory study consists of two sessions. The first session was carried out during regular class time, in which participants completed the Relationship Questionnaires (RQ). For the second session, selected respondents were contacted. 2 People with four attachment types can all distinguish each kind of SSS. Secure (S) type are good at making use of different SSS, obtaining help as well as profits under different circumstance by establishing healthy relationships. Fearful (F) type can distinguish rather than make use of SSS, their preferences of SSS types'are confused, and they lack competence in using SS and are incapable of establishing helpful relationships. Preoccupied (P) types emphasize their relationships with others, which show no advantage in helping them to cope with stressful situations, and they greatly prefer emotional SSS types. Dismissive (D) types emphasize self-reliance, their preference in relationships does not mean much to them, and they put more emphasis on the competence of partners. 3. Adult Attachment should be applied to the analysis of personal relationship formulae and preferences, and it should be comprehended from various perspectives and wiping off genres. In this way, a clinical psychologist can help with clients develop a more effective and stable personality, and ensure the life-long development of individual attachment.
引文
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