摘要
本研究通过对晋西黄土区核桃—花生间作系统小气候、光合作用、土壤水分、土壤养分、根系等数据的测定,研究了核桃—花生间作系统种间关系,旨在使核桃与花生间作系统能最有效的利用资源,为该地区果农复合系统调控和管理技术的研究提供重要的基础理论依据和决策依据。
(1)小气候研究结果显示：核桃—花生间作系统在改善农田小气候方面效果明显；核桃—花生间作系统中核桃对花生有遮阴作用。受到核桃的影响,花生的光合有效辐射、净光合速率均出现不同程度的降低,并且离树行越近,影响越大。
(2)土壤水分研究结果显示：时间上,2008年与2009年年内间作系统内各层土壤水分含量变化均呈现先增后减的趋势,2008年和2009年年内表层土壤较其他层变化更为剧烈,随深度的增加,土壤水分变化趋于稳定；在垂直方向上,随土层深度的增加,土壤水分呈递增趋势,土壤变异系数呈降低趋势；在水平方向上,随距林带距离的增加,土壤含水量呈增加趋势并逐渐趋于稳定；与单作花生比较,在花期-荚期,核桃-花生间作系统各层土壤水分含量均大于单作系统,土壤水分含量随土层深度的增加而增加,在苗期-花期及荚期-成熟期,间作系统各层土壤水分含量均小于单作系统,土壤水分含量均随土层深度的增加而减小
(3)土壤养分研究结果显示：核桃—花生间作系统土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均有一定的表聚性。在垂直方向上,土壤养分随土层深度的增加而减少；在水平方向上,在距林带1.5米范围内,离核桃树行越近,各土层土壤养分呈下降趋势,距林带1.5-3.5米范围内,离核桃树行树越远,各层土壤养分呈上升趋势。与单作比较,核桃花生间作系统的土壤养分均低于单作。试验区土壤养分情况为富钾、贫磷、贫氮。
(4)根系研究结果显示：核桃根系主要集中在20cm～40cm土层。距林带距离1.5m范围内,间作系统中花生根系主要集中在0cm～10cm土层内,单作花生根系主要集中于10cm～20cm土层内；垂直方向上,0cm～10cm土层内,间作系统中的花生在距核桃1m范围内受核桃影响较大；10cm～40cm土层内,单作花生的总根长、总根长密度、总根表面积均明显大于核挑—花生间作系统中的花生。
In this paper, microclimate, photosynthetic, soil moisture, soil nutrient and roots of walnut-peanut intercropping system in loess region of western Shanxi Province was researched to find suitable intercropping models and management in Loess Plateau. The objectives of the paper are:1) to minimize the competition between trees and crops and maximize resource utilization,2) to provide a theoretical basis for the agroforestry control and management in this region. The results were as following:
(1)Micro-climatic effect and light distribution in walnut-peanut intercropping system showed that: walnut-peanuts farm intercropping system had the micro-climatic effects in improving the farmwater conditions; The crops were influenced by trees, the photosynthetic active radiation and net photosynthetic rate of crops were significantly decreased by trees, and the decreasing degree is decreased with the increasing of distance from tree rows.
(2) Soil moisture distribution in walnut-peanut intercropping system showed that:In temporal, soil moisture of different layer in walnut-peanut intercropping system increased first and decreased then in 2008 and 2009; Compared with other layer, change of soil moisture of surface soil is more severe, then, soil moisture change remained stable with increasing soil depth. In spatial, soil moisture increased and the variation coefficient of soil moisture decreased with increasing soil depth; In horizontal direction, soil moisture was related to distance from tree row. The closer to trees sampling points, the lower the soil moistures. In comparison with peanut monoculture, soil moisture of different layer in walnut-peanut intercropping system is more than peanut monoculture and increased with increasing soil depth in flowering-pod period of peanut. It is relative in seedling- flowering period and pod- maturity period.
(3) Soil nutrient distribution in walnut-peanut intercropping system showed that:soil organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of Walnut-peanut intercropping System have the highest content in surface soil; In vertical direction, soil nutrient decreased with increasing soil depth; In horizontal direction, soil nutrient decreased with the decrease of the distance from the tree row in 1.5 meters from walnut trees and soil nutrient increased with the increase of the distance from the tree row in 1.5-3.5 meters from walnut trees. In comparison with peanut monoculture, soil nutrient of different layer in walnut-peanut intercropping system is less than peanut monoculture. It is rich in potassium and is lacking in nitrogen and phosphorus in research area.
(4) Roots distribution in walnut-peanut intercropping system showed that:walnuts roots is most in 20cm～40cm soil layer. In horizontal direction, peanut roots is most in 0cm～10cm soil layer of walnut-peanut intereropping system and in 10cm～20cm soil layer of peanut monoculture in 1.5 meters from walnut trees:In vertical direction.the peanut were influenced by walnut trees in walnut-peanut intercropping system in 0cm～10cm soil layer in 1 meters from walnut trees. Total root length, total root length density and total root surface area of peanut monoculture were more than that in walnut-peanut intercropping system in 10cm-40cm soil layer.
引文
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