摘要
技术能力是企业获得可持续竞争优势的基石,是企业有效开展产品创新、提高市场竞争力的支撑力量。当今世界,经济全球化趋势日益明显,技术发展和环境变化呈现加速复杂和多变的态势,这对我国企业的自主创新能力提出了更为严峻的挑战。因此,如何构筑强大的技术能力,不仅具有战略性的现实意义,而且具有重要的理论价值。本研究正是围绕这一核心问题展开的。
随着技术创新在当今经济发展中的重要价值日益明显,基于技术开发和获取的战略得到了越来越多企业的重视。20世纪80年代中期以来,众多欧美和日本的学者开始关注一类新的企业现象一一企业技术多样化(CTD—CorporateTechnological Diversification)。这些学者的研究表明,在产品加速复杂和系统化的趋势下,企业必须拥有一个数量和分布都较为合理的技术资源(知识和能力)系统,技术多样化是企业应对不确定性越来越强的竞争环境和日益复杂的产品系统的战略反映,能有力地促进企业获取持续竞争优势。但是,现有研究主要针对于发达国家的企业,这些研究结论是否适合于发展中国家特别是我国企业,还需要进一步研究和验证。而且,国内外现有文献尚没有研究技术多样化影响企业绩效的作用机理,也缺乏有关企业推进技术多样化战略的相关研究。从技术创新管理角度看,企业技术多样化的理论体系和管理模式的建立,对于完善创新理论和提供实践指导都是十分必要的。
在明确了研究背景与研究目标之后,本文提出了要解决的主要问题:(1)企业技术多样化与企业绩效之间的关系,以及其他因素对这一关系的调控性影响;(2)企业技术多样化影响企业绩效的作用机制;(3)企业推进技术多样化战略的基本途径。为解决上述问题,在回顾了企业技术多样化、产品创新战略、互补资产、环境动荡理论、企业能力理论、演化经济学等相关研究的基础上,笔者首先对浙江、江苏、广东等地的多家企业进行了实地调研和深入访谈,并对四家企业进行了探索性的案例研究,经过数据搜集和分析,得出了理论拓展的初步构思;接着,本文对上述三个研究问题进行了理论分析,提出了概念模型和相关假设;然后,笔者进行了大样本的问卷调查进行数据搜集,并采用数理统计和结构方程建模相结合的方法进行了实证研究。
本文的研究内容与研究结论主要为以下几个方面:
(1)在梳理企业技术多样化相关研究的基础上,本文综合考虑创新绩效与经营绩效,研究了企业技术多样化与企业绩效之间的相关关系;采取权变的思路,引入互补资产和环境动荡性分别作为内外部调节变量,分析它们对“技术多样化一企业绩效”关系的调控性影响。实证结果表明,技术多样化无论对企业的技术创新活动还是生产经营活动都非常重要,能有力地促进企业绩效的提高;企业技术多样化对企业绩效的影响,在不同的内部条件和外部环境下,具有不同的表现形式。这一研究丰富了以往相关理论体系,使企业技术多样化与企业绩效关系更为明晰。
(2)基于案例分析和文献回顾,研究了企业技术多样化对其开展产品创新战略的影响。实证结果表明,技术多样化对企业采取平台系列化产品战略和技术相关多样化产品战略都有显著的正向影响。拓展技术基础的范围,既有利于企业在现有产品领域中不断增强竞争力,也有利于企业开拓全新的产品领域,成功的产品专业化经营和产品多样化经营都需要建立在技术能力的多样化积累之上。
(3)在上述研究的基础上,本文进一步研究了产品创新战略在技术多样化与企业绩效关系中的中介作用,探讨企业技术多样化影响企业绩效的作用机制。实证结果表明,平台系列化产品战略、技术相关多样化产品战略在企业技术多样化对经营绩效的影响中起完全中介作用,在企业技术多样化对创新绩效的影响中起部分中介作用。综合来看,企业技术多样化是通过产品创新战略间接地正向影响企业绩效的,产品创新战略是企业技术多样化促进企业绩效的内在机理。这一研究对以往研究进行了较大的拓展。
(4)基于技术战略理论和开放式创新理论,本文系统地研究了影响企业推进技术多样化战略的相关因素。实证结果表明,技术多样化的形成与演进是一个长期、复杂的过程,会受到组织学习、创新文化、内部资源保障、外部企业技术源、外部专业技术源等多种因素的影响,企业要善于依托开放式创新以有效地拓展技术知识和能力的范围。这一研究对上述研究结论作了进一步的补充。
总之,本研究的理论和实证研究成果丰富和完善了国外学者提出的企业技术多样化理论,基于产品创新战略的分析视角使企业层面的技术多样化研究更具系统性和可操作性,可为我国企业拓展技术能力范围,从而增强产品竞争能力和获取持续优势提供新的、切实可行的视角与思路。
Technological competence is the cornerstone of firms to gain sustainable competitive advantage, which drives the firms to implement effective product innovation and increase market competitiveness. Today, with the rapid development of technology and intense global market competition, the existing environments have been great changed for Chinese firms. It is an austere challenge for Chinese firms with the increasingly intense market competition. Therefore how to improve the technological competence has strategic significance for firms especially for Chinese firms. This dissertation is carried through around this important problem.
With the value of technological innovation is increasingly apparent in today's economic development process, the strategy based on technology development and acquisition is gaining more and more attention in firms. From the mid-1980s on, a new firm phenomenon—Corporate Technological Diversification (CTD)—has been paid attention by more and more European, American and Japanese scholars. These researchers point out, because products are increasingly complex and systematic firms should possess technological resources with reasonable volume and distribution, technological diversification is the strategic response for firms to cope with the increasing uncertainty of the competitive environment and complex product system, and could effectively promote firms to gain the sustainable competitive advantage. However, the existing literatures mainly focus on firms in developed countries, whether these findings are suitable for firms in the developing countries especially in Chinese need further investigation. Moreover, almost all of scholars have not studied the mechanism of corporate technological diversification impacts corporate performance, and there lacks related research on how to promote corporate's technological diversification strategy. From the perspective of innovation management, it is essential to establish theoretic system and management mode about corporate technological diversification in order to improve innovation theory and provide good directions to practice.
Based on these backgrounds and research objectives, the dissertation tries to settle the following problems:(1)The impact of corporate technological diversification on corporate performance, as well as the moderating effects of other factors on the relationship between corporate technological diversification and its performance; (2) The key mechanism of corporate technological diversification to facilitate its performance including innovation performance and operational performance; (3) How firms to promote technological diversification strategies, which is the research on possible ways the technological diversification strategy's promotion.
In order to solve these above problems, based on the review of theories such as corporate technological diversification, product innovation strategy, complementary assets, corporate competence and other related theories, in the first the dissertation makes a spot field investigation about some firms which located in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Guangdong, therefore makes an exploratory case study about four Chinese firms. After case selection, data collection and analysis, the dissertation proposes the initial idea of theoretical expansion. Then, the dissertation studies in theory the above three problems, puts forward conceptual models and related assumptions. Furthermore, the dissertation makes a big-sample questionnaire investigation for data collection. After that, the dissertation uses mathematic statistic methods and SEM model to do empirical research. The main contents and results of the dissertation are list as follows:
(1) Based on related research on corporate technological diversification, the dissertation analyses the relationship between corporate technological diversification and its performance. Then, by introducing the complementary assets and the volatility of the environmental dynamism as internal and external moderating variables respectively, the dissertation adopts the contingency ideas and studies these two factors whether and how impact the relationship between corporate technological diversification and corporate performance. The empirical results suggest that technological diversification of firm is very important both for its technological innovation activities as well as its production and business activities; technological diversification could effectively promote the improvement of corporate performance. The empirical results suggest that on different internal and external condition the impact of technological diversification on corporate performance have different forms. The research develops the related theoretic system and makes it clear of the relationship between corporate technological diversification and its performance.
(2) Based on explorative case studies and literature review, the dissertation analyses the impact of corporate technological diversification on its product innovation strategy. The empirical results suggest that technological diversification has significant positive impact both on platform-based series products strategy and technology-related product diversification strategy. The expansion of firm's technology base scope could help firm continuously enhance competitive advantage in existing product area on the one hand, and help firm develop in new product area on the other hand. Both the success of firm's product specialization strategy and product diversification strategy should be based on the diversified accumulation of its technological capabilities.
(3) Based on the above research results, the dissertation, conducts the further study on the mediating effects of product innovation strategy on the impact of corporate technological diversification on its performance, in order to analyze the mechanism of the relationship between corporate technological diversification and its performance. The empirical results suggest that platform-based series products strategy and technology-related product diversification strategy have completely mediating effects on the impact of corporate technological diversification on its business performance, but the two product innovation strategies only have partly mediating effects on the impact of corporate technological diversification to its business performance. Comprehensive speaking, the positive impact of technological diversification on its performance is realized through product innovation strategy. Product innovation strategy is the internal mechanism of technological diversification promoting corporate performance. The research expands the scope of existing studies.
(4) Based on the theory of technology strategy and open innovation mode, the dissertation conducts a preliminary research on how firm to implement the technological diversification strategy. The empirical results suggest that the formation and evolution of technological diversification is a long and complex process, which would be influenced by many factors including organizational learning, innovative culture, internal resources supporting, external technological sources of enterprise and external technological sources of profession, etc.. In order to expand effectively the scope of knowledge and capabilities firms should rely on open innovation mode. The research adds a further theoretical explain to the above conclusion.
In a word, the dissertation enriches and improves the theory of corporate technological diversification put forward by foreign scholars. The analysis perspective based product innovation strategy makes it more systematic and practical for the theoretical research of corporate technological diversification than ever. The dissertation wishes provide new and practical perspective and idea about how Chinese firms to expand their technological capabilities scope, thereby enhance the product advantage and gain sustainable competitiveness.
引文
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