论军事视角下的第一次十字军

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英文题名：On the First Crusade Army from the Perspective of Military 副题名：基于诸文明在小亚的冲突与互动（1097-1098） 英文副题名：Based on the Conflict and Interaction between Cilivizations in Asia Minor (1097-1098) 作者：王向鹏 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：世界史 中文关键词：第一次十字军 ; 塞尔柱突厥人 ; 战略和战术 ; 互动和交往 ; 宗教战争 英文关键词：the first crusade army ; Seljuk Turks ; strategy and tactics ; interaction and 英文关键词：contact ; religious war 学位年度：2012 导师：徐家玲 学科代码：060108 学位授予单位：东北师范大学 论文提交日期：2012-06-01

摘要

1095年末，教皇乌尔班二世于克勒芒向基督徒首倡，为了收复圣地、支援拜占庭人向东方进军，夺回主的圣墓。随即，西欧掀起一场东进风潮，社会各个阶层广泛参与到其中。1096年末，在大众十字军折戟沉沙后，贵族统帅的大军经君士坦丁堡汇聚于尼西亚城下，展开了漫长、艰险的征程。经过3年鏖战，他们最终夺取了耶路撒冷圣城，建立起诸十字军国家。史称这场战争为第一次十字军战争。参与到其中的西欧基督教武装，被统称为第一次十字军。这支贵族统帅的庞大的队伍，即第一次十字军。
     本文研究的史事基础，是1097年至1098年间，基督教集团同塞尔柱突厥人在小亚所展开的一系列军事冲突与互动。小亚，即安纳托利亚，属地缘政治板块，是文明冲突、交往、融合的交汇处，因11世纪塞尔柱人迅猛崛起、西进而陷入动荡，其政治格局剧烈变化。小亚是各方势力争夺的焦点，拜占庭、亚美尼亚人都渴望收复失地，塞尔柱人也雄踞于此。十字军与其最主要的对手，塞尔柱突厥人的争夺、冲突，主要是在小亚及叙利亚北部展开的。在尼西亚、多利拉埃姆、尤其是安条克，十字军取得了至关重要的阶段性胜利。
     本文研究的史料基础，是原始文献。第一次十字军战争是中世纪史学研究中文献最为丰富的历史事件之一。这些史料使得细致入微地观察、解构第一次十字军成为可能。笔者所用一手原始文献，为阿尔伯特拉丁文写著的《耶路撒冷史》。这部书记载内容翔实具体，篇幅巨大，内容丰富，尤其以军事见长。这是一部有待挖掘的重要文本。其次，修士罗伯特、福尔彻、拉尔夫、十字军贵族的通信，以及拜占庭公主安娜、亚美尼亚人马太，以及两位穆斯林史家所记文献的英译本，是本文所利用的其余重要的二手文献。
     本文的研究对象，为第一次十字军，即贵族所统帅的西欧基督教军队。全文着重突出时代、外在环境因素对这支军队的影响和作用，将时空背景与十字军紧密结合、相互联系起来，绝非孤立、模型化的塑造过程。因而，与之相关的所有要素，包括11世纪的封建西欧、拜占庭、亚美尼亚、塞尔柱突厥人都会被纳入到各个论述的环节中。
     这支武装于各个层次、方面、角度，显现出的不同的特征、内涵，为本文研究关注的主体和焦点。所有的问题和研究都是在军事这个主题下延伸出来的，与战争都有着紧密、必然的联系。研究的目标，就是要全面、细致地解析这支十字军，以期对十字军、乃至当时的封建军事，形成更为清晰、深入的理解和认识。第一次十字军汇聚、形成于西欧封建社会，反映了基督教西欧普遍的封建军事特征，同时，它在东进的过程中，特别是在东方漫长的战事中，于新的环境中，全新的对手面前，又形成了新的军事风格和特征，为日后的拉丁东方的军制奠定了基础。
     对第一次十字军的研究，是分若干层次、角度展开的。首先，是对这支队伍的基本组成要素进行技术性的解析：它的规模、领导、结构和组织；它的武器和装备；它的攻城技术和策略。对规模、建制和组织方式的解析，有助于正确地认识这支武装的起源及本质；十字军个体的武器装备，既反映了西欧普遍的封建军事风格和习惯，同时也体现了东方因素的影响，衍生出了对武器价值观念以及军事职业化问题的探讨。
     然后，是战略及战术。十字军在东方的成功，主要得益于基督教集团的大战略，凸显了拜占庭、亚美尼亚人同十字军在东方的合作、互利。然后，在战场上，十字军的战术风格是鲜明的：基于武装特点，尤其是战争理念、骑士精神，它从根本上仍旧遵循着西欧封建军制的基本要素，但是，在塞尔柱弓骑兵诡异多变的战术的影响下，不同程度上受到东方的影响，衍生出了新的战术思路和特征。这彰显了东西方军事上的互动。城堡对于第一次十字军，特别是拉丁东方的十字军国家，有着尤其重要的意义和价值。城堡战术在拉丁东方变得日益重要，乃至上升为叙利亚法兰克人不可或缺的战略要素。
     此后，焦点转移到战场外的环境和领域，视野变得更加广阔。补给、物资的供应和维持，是一支军队的重要任务。从给养、行军、运输、到补给的手段，一系列的论述还原了十字军与物资供给的紧密联系，深入地剖析了拜占庭、亚美尼亚人同十字军间互相依赖、无法分割的合作关系。信息的传达、心理战、情报战，是对十字军研究领域甚少有人问津的问题，但同样有着重要的意义。与突厥人的联系、互动、交往，呈现出十字军的对外制策：他们擅于寻求战斗之外的手段去实现战争的目标。双方间于11世纪末，及12世纪初的交往，使得十字军战争封建混战的本质暴露无遗。
     最后，是从宗教、精神层面诠释第一次十字军。十字军有着怎样的神圣目标和理想，他们如何被赋予了神圣的外衣和光环，宗教何以能同战争、朝圣紧密联系起来并付诸实践，是不可回避的问题。此外，救赎与试炼、宗教仪式、显圣也理应受到关注。同时，作为十字军的参与者，教士不仅于宗教事务上起到了作用，同时也在军队的管理、组织，甚至战斗的指挥中有所助益。最终，在剥离掉所有理想化的光环和神圣化的外衣后，留下的，就是人的精神、情绪、和态度。它们所还原出的，是复杂而多样的精神世界，展现的是中世纪时代背景下的心理特征。
In the end of1095, Pope Urban II firstly proclaimed to Christians at Clermontthat, they should go towards East for recovering Holy Land, aiding Byzantines, andseizing back the Holy Sepulture of the Lord. Immediately, there had a strong tendencyof eastern march in the Western Europe, of which all classes were inspired to join it.After the fail of people’s crusade, the Christian armies leaded by nobles converged atNicaea city through Constantinople. From there, they embarked on a long anddifficult military expedition. After a furious fight lasted three years, they finally seizedthe holy land of Jerusalem, and established themselves in the Near East. This war iscustomarily called the first crusade. Therefore, this huge army leaded by princes is thefirst crusade army.
     A complex series of military conflict and interaction between Christian groupand Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor from1097to1098, are the historical context of thispaper. Asia Minor or Anatolia, was the junction of geopolitics, and also of civilconfliction, intercourse and merge. The Seljuk Turks, who rose abruptly and headedwest since11thcentury, aroused a continued turbulence in Asian Minor, which sharplychanged the existed political landscape. Several powers and stations made a seriousstruggle in this area. Byzantines, as well as Armenians, desired to regain the lostterritory. In the other hand, Turks forcibly occupied the most part of it. The conflictbetween crusader army and its major rival, the Seljuk Turks mainly occurred at AsianMinor and North of Syria. Crusade army won the decisive victory that changed thecourse of the whole war at Nicaea, Dorylaeum, and especially, Antioch.
     The analysis of this paper rests on a series of historical sources. The first crusadeis the one of the most recorded historical events in Middle Age. Plentiful of existingsources make the minute observation and study of the first crusade be possible. Theprimary source is Historia Ierosolimitana written by Albert of Aix with Latin. Thiswork is detailed, lengthy, and abundant. Above all, it is good at military events. It isalso necessary to make a further study for this work. Besides, there are a lot ofimportant second sources translated into English, such as the works of Robert theMonk, Fulcher, Ralph, and Anna, the princess of Byzantine, Matthew of Armenia, andtwo other muslin chroniclers.
     The research object of this paper is the first crusader army, that is to say, theWestern European Christian army leaded by princes. The paper stressed the influenceand impact which this contemporaneity and external environment made on this army.The process of study is not isolated and stereotypical, but emphasized the connectionsbetween crusader army and other external factors in a broad historical background.Therefore, all the concerned factors, such as the Western Europe of11thcentury, theByzantine empire, the Armenians and Seljuk Turks, should be brought into therelevant special discussion.
     The study subject and focus of this paper, is the distinctive characteristics and meaning which the first crusade army was showed in different aspects, views andperspectives. All of the contents are concerned with or extended from military and war.This paper aimed to make a detailed and comprehensive analysis of this crusade army,in the expectation of a clear and in-depth understanding of the first crusade, and themilitary system of Western Europe in11thcentury. The first crusade army arose fromWestern European society, which reflected the common features of feudal military inWestern Europe. Meanwhile, in the course of the eastern march, especially the longwar, in an alien environment, faced with an extraordinary and strong rival, theChristian army also formed some new military styles and features, which establishedthe military tradition of Latin East in the future.
     There are some aspects and main sections. Firstly, a technical analysis of thebasic factors of which this army was consisted is made, that is, its scale, leadership,structure and organization; its weapons and equipment; its siege machines, means anddevices. Analyzing the scale and organizational system helps to make clear theorigination and nature of this army. The individual crusader’s weapons and equipmentnot only showed the common style and habits of Western European military, but alsoreflected the influence of the Orient, extended to the valuation of various weapons andthe military professionalization.
     The secondary chapter is about the strategy and tactics. Mainly, the victory ofcrusade army in Near East should be attributed to the grand strategy of Christendom,which projects the cooperation and mutual benefit between Byzantines, crusade army,and Armenians. Furthermore, on the field, the tactical style of this army wasdistinctive. Based on their arms, especially the concept of the war, and chivalry,fundamentally, they still followed the basic habit of West European feudal military.However, faced with the flexible Seljuk horse archers, to some extent they wereinfluenced by oriental military factors, from which some new tactical concept derived.These changes manifest the interaction between East and West in military. Castle wasparticularly vital for the first crusade, and especially, the crusader states in Latin East.castle-tactic grew more and more impotent in Latin East, finally, it was ascended tothe strategy-level position for the Syrian Franks.
     Beyond the battlefield, there are many wider fields to study and research.Logistics of warfare are of important for any army. The discussion about theprovisions,the march, transportation and means of supplying, is aimed at restoring theessential role of logistics, and revealing the close relation between Byzantine,Armenians and crusade army. The transmission of information, psychological warfare,and Intelligence-based warfare in crusade war were aroused little interest in thescholarly circles, though they are similarly significant. The contact, interaction andintercourse with Turks showed the diplomacy of crusade army. Those princes beaccustomed to seek means and way other than fight and battle to their intentions andobject of war. The association and intercourse between both sides from the end of11thcentury to the early days of12thcentury, made the real essence of crusade war beexposed to the light of day. It was merely a feudal war.
     Finally, there is an explanation as to the religious factor and spirit of the firstcrusade army. What a holy object and Christian ideal the crusade army had? How crusade army was covered with garb and halo of Catholic? How religion could beclosely connected with war and pilgrimage and put into practice? These issues areunavoidable. In addition, redemption and trial, religious rites, and vision also shouldbe noticed. As the participant of this crusade, priest not only was in a dominantposition in the religious affairs, but also played a positive role in management,organization, and even the leadership of battle. Finally, after stripped away all theperfect halo and sacred garb, there remained the spirit, mood and attitude of humanbeing, which restored the spiritual world which was complicated and various, andprojected the mental characteristics against a historical background of the medievalperiod.

引文

①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey to
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p216.
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    ⑥Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.81.
    ①在十字军夺取安条克城市之后，博希蒙德就将自己的军队留在了安条克城，不再向耶路撒冷进军。
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.58.
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    ④Ian Heath, Armies and enemies of the crusades,1096-1291: Organization, tactics, dress and weapons[M].Cambridge: Wargames Research Group,1978, p.70.
    ⑤David Edge and John Miles Paddock, Arms and Armor of the Medieval Knight: An Illustrated History ofWeaponry in the Middle Ages, Crescent,1991, p19.
    ①DAVID C. NICOLLE Kraus, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050-1350, Greenhill Books,1999, p23.
    ②Jim Bradbury, Kelly DeVries, Iain Dickie, Phyllis Jestice, Matthew Bennett, Fighting Techniques of theMedieval World AD500to AD1500: Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics[M]. Thomas Dunne Books,2005, p.93.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.45.
    ①DAVID C. NICOLLE Kraus, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050-1350, Greenhill Books,1999,pp114-115.
    ②David Edge and John Miles Paddock, Arms and Armor of the Medieval Knight: An Illustrated History ofWeaponry in the Middle Ages[M]. New York: Crescent,1988, p.18.
    ③David Edge and John Miles Paddock, Arms and Armor of the Medieval Knight: An Illustrated History ofWeaponry in the Middle Ages[M]. New York: Crescent,1988, p.24.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p198.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p256.
    ⑥Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.335.
    ⑦Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.210-212.
    ①Jim Bradbury, Kelly DeVries, Iain Dickie, Phyllis Jestice, Matthew Bennett, Fighting Techniques of theMedieval World AD500to AD1500: Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics[M]. Thomas Dunne Books,2005, p.89.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.49.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p192.
    ②John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.40.
    ③Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.196.
    ①David Edge and John Miles Paddock, Arms and Armor of the Medieval Knight: An Illustrated History ofWeaponry in the Middle Ages[M]. New York: Crescent,1988, p.26.
    ②John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.32.
    ③Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse from Byzantium to the Crusades[M]. Conshohocken: CombinedPublishing,1996, p.87.
    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.136.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.34.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.106.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.192.
    ④Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.39.
    ⑤Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.52.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.66.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.131.
    ③Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse from Byzantium to the Crusades[M]. Conshohocken: CombinedPublishing,1996, p.109.
    ④Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse from Byzantium to the Crusades[M]. Conshohocken: CombinedPublishing,1996, p.119.
    ⑤Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse from Byzantium to the Crusades[M]. Conshohocken: CombinedPublishing,1996, p.86.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.214.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.40.
    ②Kelly DeVries and Robert D. Smith, Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact (Weapons andWarfare)[M]. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO,2007, p.92.
    ③Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse from Byzantium to the Crusades[M]. Conshohocken: CombinedPublishing,1996, p.84.
    ④Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse from Byzantium to the Crusades[M]. Conshohocken: CombinedPublishing,1996, p.114.
    ⑤John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.24.
    ①Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Archer[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1985, p.75.
    ②John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.26.
    ③David Edge and John Miles Paddock, Arms and Armor of the Medieval Knight: An Illustrated History ofWeaponry in the Middle Ages[M]. New York: Crescent,1988, p.33.
    ④John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.26.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.118.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.192.
    ⑦Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, pp.324-326.
    ①Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, pp.
    316-317.
    ②David Edge and John Miles Paddock, Arms and Armor of the Medieval Knight: An Illustrated History ofWeaponry in the Middle Ages, Crescent,1991, p19.
    ③Ian Heath, Armies and enemies of the crusades,1096-1291: Organization, tactics, dress and weapons[M].Cambridge: Wargames Research Group,1978, p.86.
    ④David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050-1350: Western Europe and the Crusader States[M].London: Greenhill Books,1999, p.20.
    ⑤Kelly DeVries and Robert D. Smith, Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of Their Impact (Weapons andWarfare)[M]. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO,2007, p.136.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.332.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.332.
    ③David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050-1350: Western Europe and the Crusader States[M].London: Greenhill Books,1999, p.274.
    ④Ian Heath, Armies and enemies of the crusades,1096-1291: Organization, tactics, dress and weapons[M].Cambridge: Wargames Research Group,1978, p.69.
    ⑤Ian Heath, Armies and enemies of the crusades,1096-1291: Organization, tactics, dress and weapons[M].Cambridge: Wargames Research Group,1978, p.71.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.310.
    ①John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.219.
    ①Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, p.1.
    ②David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050-1350: Western Europe and the Crusader States[M].London: Greenhill Books,1999, p.113.
    ③Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.341.
    ④John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.219.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.104.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.110.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.116.
    ③Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.335.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.202.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.112.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, pp.122-124.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.40.
    ③Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.335.
    ①Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, P.252.
    ②Robert D. Smith and Kelly DeVries, Medieval Weapons An Illustrated History of Their Impact[M]. ABC-CLIO,2007, p.138.
    ①Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, P.253.
    ②David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050-1350: Western Europe and the Crusader States[M].London: Greenhill Books,1999, p.197.
    ③Contamine, p.282, Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, P.256.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.110.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.112.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.204.
    ①Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, P.261.
    ②John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.119.
    ③Contamine, p.282, Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, p.254.
    ④Contamine, p.282, Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, p.268.
    ①Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.201.
    ②Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.195.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.110.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.64.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.112.
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.64.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, pp.112-114.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.112.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, pp.114.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.118.
    ①Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.360.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.116.
    ③Robert D. Smith and Kelly DeVries, Medieval Weapons An Illustrated History of Their Impact[M]. ABC-CLIO,2007, p.139.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.326.
    ⑤Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.109.
    ①Contamine, p.282, Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, p.298.
    ①John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.277.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.204.
    ③Ibn Al-Qalanisi, edd. and trans. H. A. R Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted andTranslated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi[M]. London: Luzac&Company,1967, p.42.
    ①Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period fromal-Kāmil fī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response,Ashgate,2006, p.14.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.226.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.75.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.69.
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.143.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.272.
    ②Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, pp.342-343.
    ③Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.170.
    ④Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.87.
    ①Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005,pp.87-88.
    ②Ibn Al-Qalanisi, edd. and trans. H. A. R Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted andTranslated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi[M]. London: Luzac&Company,1967, p.45.
    ③Ibn Al-Qalanisi, edd. and trans. H. A. R Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted andTranslated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi[M]. London: Luzac&Company,1967, p.43.
    ④Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, pp.14-15..
    ①Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.65.
    ①John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.2.
    ②John France, Victory in the East: a military history of the First Crusade[M]. New York: Cambridge UniversityPress,1994, p.14.
    ①Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.66.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.283.
    ①R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare,1097-1193[M]. Cambridge University Press,1956, p.21.
    ②Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.198.
    ①Ralph-Johannes Lilie, trans. J. C. Morris and Jean E. Ridings, Byzantium and the Crusader States1096-1204,Oxford University Press,1993, p.1.
    ②圣经旧约《诗篇》78：8
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.79-80.
    ④Jonathan Riley-Smith, edd., The Oxford History of the Crusades[M]. Oxford University Press,1999, p.218.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.286.
    ②Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom ofJerusalem[M]. Cambridge University Press,1995, p.175
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.110.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.62.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.84.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, pp.84-86.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, pp.88-90.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.82.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.90.
    ③Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, pp.
    340-341.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.102.
    ⑤Ralph-Johannes Lilie, trans. J. C. Morris and Jean E. Ridings, Byzantium and the Crusader States1096-1204,Oxford University Press,1993, pp.10-11.
    ⑥Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.118.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.82.
    ②Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.165.
    ①Ibn Al-Qalanisi, edd. and trans. H. A. R Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted andTranslated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi[M]. London: Luzac&Company,1967, p.43.
    ②Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, p.14.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.114.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, p.116.
    ⑤Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.64.
    ⑥Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.104.
    ①Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.336.
    ②Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, pp.336-337.
    ③Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.336.
    ④Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.337.
    ①Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.340.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.106.
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.106.
    ④Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.39.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. New York: Oxford University Press,2007, pp.94-96.
    ⑥Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.341.
    ⑦Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom of
    Jerusalem[M]. Cambridge University Press,1995, p.191.
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    ②Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom ofJerusalem[M]. Cambridge University Press,1995, p.191.
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    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.117.
    ⑤Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.119.
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    ④Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.61.
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    ③Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom ofJerusalem[M]. Cambridge University Press,1995, p.202.
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    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.196.
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    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.105.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.228.
    ⑤Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.123.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.236-238.
    ⑦Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.83.
    ⑧Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.108.
    ⑨Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.83.
    ①Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.77.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.285.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.288.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.120.
    ⑤Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.64.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.208-210.
    ⑦Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.72.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.288-290.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.268.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.308.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.320.
    ②John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.140.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.268.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.65.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.234.
    ①Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.82.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.130.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.268.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.102.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.324.
    ⑥Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.100.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.102.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.186.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.220-222.
    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.121.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.102-104.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.38-40.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.226.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.234.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.270.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.272.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.89.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.272-274.
    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.144.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.274.
    ⑥Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.91.
    ⑦Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.280.
    ⑧Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.94.
    ①John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.188.
    ①Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.106-107.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.36.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.218.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.180.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.226.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.234.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.290.
    ①Helen Nicholson, The Knights Templar：a New History[M]. Sutton,2002, p.64.
    ②Contamine, p.282, Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, p.328.
    ③Helen Nicholson, The Knights Templar：a New History[M]. Sutton,2002, p.34.
    ④Ibn Al-Qalanisi, edd. and trans. H. A. R Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted andTranslated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi[M]. London: Luzac&Company,1967, p.50.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.680-682.
    ①Ibn Al-Qalanisi, edd. and trans. H. A. R Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted andTranslated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi[M]. London: Luzac&Company,1967, p.59.
    ②Ibn Al-Qalanisi, edd. and trans. H. A. R Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted andTranslated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi[M]. London: Luzac&Company,1967, pp.60-61.
    ③Steven Runciman, a History of the Crusades Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East1100-1187[M]. Cambridge University Press,1951, pp.44-45.
    ①Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.201.
    ②Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, pp.228-229.
    ③Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, pp.229-230.
    ④Steven Runciman, a History of the Crusades Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East1100-1187[M]. Cambridge University Press,1951, pp.171-172.
    ⑤Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.233.
    ①Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood：A History of the Temple[M]. Cambridge,1994, p.152.
    ②R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare,1097-1193[M]. Cambridge University Press,1956, p.18.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.90-92.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.64.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.150.
    ①John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.209.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.180.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.176.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.176-178.
    ③Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom ofJerusalem[M]. Cambridge University Press,1995, pp.209-210.
    ①Anna Comnena, edd. and trans. E. R. A. Sewter, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena[M]. London: Penguin,1969, p.354.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.230.
    ②Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom ofJerusalem[M]. Cambridge University Press,1995, p.229.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.236.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.238.
    ⑤Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.288.
    ①Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, pp.13-14.
    ②Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, p.15.
    ③Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, p.16.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.78.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.103.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.318.
    ④Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.171.
    ⑤Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, p.16.
    ⑥Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.174.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.684.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.686.
    ③Steven Runciman, a History of the Crusades Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East1100-1187[M]. Cambridge University Press,1951, pp.38-39.
    ④Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.195.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.700-702.
    ①Steven Runciman, a History of the Crusades Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East1100-1187[M]. Cambridge University Press,1951, pp.112-114.
    ②此战之后，鲍德温怀疑埃德萨叛乱，逮捕并致盲了不少亚美尼亚人，并惩处了亚美尼亚主教。
    ①Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.201.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.4.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.4.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.6.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.8.
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.49.
    ⑤Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.52.
    ⑥Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, pp.52-53.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.53.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, pp.50-51.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.53.
    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.137.
    ①Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.69.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.84.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.53.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.53.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.169.
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.154-155.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.155.
    ②Kenneth M. Setton, A history of the Crusades[M]. Vol1, Wisconsin press,1969, p.76.
    ③Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, University of Pennsylvania Press,1986, p.22.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.272.
    ⑤Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.103.
    ⑥Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.57.
    ⑦Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.81.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.3-4.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.2.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.53.
    ①Jonathan Riley-Smith, edd., The Oxford History of the Crusades[M]. Oxford University Press,1999, p.78.
    ②Psalms十八章.34。
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.138.
    ④Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.330.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.58.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.53.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.112.
    ③《马太福音》，16：24
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.53.
    ⑤《歌罗西书》2：15
    ⑥Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.69.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.2.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.54.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005,pp.107-108.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.50.
    ⑤Ian Heath, Armies and enemies of the crusades,1096-1291: Organization, tactics, dress and weapons[M].Wargames Research Group,1978, p.67.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.8.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.54.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.73.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.83.
    ③Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.168.
    ④Ibn Al-Qalanisi, edd. and trans. H. A. R Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted andTranslated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi[M]. London: Luzac&Company,1967, p.43.
    ①Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.168.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.146.
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.164.
    ④Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.104.
    ①Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.343.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.6.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.141-142.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.169.
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.171-172.
    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.174-175.
    ①David Nicolle, Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era,1050-1350: Western Europe and the Crusader States[M].London: Greenhill Books,1999, p.58.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.314.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.77.
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.76.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.161-162.
    ②Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom ofJerusalem[M]. Cambridge University Press,1995, p.244.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.330.
    ④Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, p.171.
    ⑤Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.163.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.82.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.76.
    ③Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, p.16.
    ④Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.343.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.312.
    ①Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, p.16.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.156-158.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.234-232.
    ②Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.325.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.6.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.306-308.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.308.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.284.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.106.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.236.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.276.
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.169.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.56-58.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.72.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.77.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.126.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.161.
    ③Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, University of Pennsylvania Press,1986, p.
    113.祝祷文倒数第二句为：不叫我们遇见试探，救我们脱离凶恶。（《马太福音》6：13）
    ④John France, Victory in the East: a military history of the First Crusade[M]. Cambridge University Press,1994,p.17.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.320.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, pp.78-79.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.167.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.112.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.112.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.120.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.136.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.210.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.290.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.83.
    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.112.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.2.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.66.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.136.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.208.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.77.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.220.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.127.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.228.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.228.
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.72.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.2.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.28.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.316.
    ④Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.103.
    ⑤Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.78.
    ⑥Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.165.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.190.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.196-198.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.89.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.106.
    ⑤Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.110.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.192-194..
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.236.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.320.
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.173.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.330.
    ①Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.59.
    ①Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.211.
    ①Jacques Le Goff, trans. Julia Barrow, Medieval Civilization:400–1500[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,1988, p.359.
    ②Conor Kostick, The Social Structure of the First Crusade, Brill Academic Pub,2008, p.101.
    ③《马太福音》，19：29.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.80-81.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.53.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.8.
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.284.
    ①Kenneth M. Setton,A history of the Crusades[M]. Vol6, Wisconsin press,1989, p.141.
    ②Kenneth M. Setton,A history of the Crusades[M]. Vol6, Wisconsin press,1989, p.142.
    ③Kenneth M. Setton,A history of the Crusades[M]. Vol6, Wisconsin press,1989, p.144.
    ①Edd. John H. Pryor, Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades[M]. Ashgate Publishing,2006, p.232.
    ②Kenneth M. Setton,A history of the Crusades[M]. Vol6, Wisconsin press,1989, pp.119-120.
    ③Jonathan Riley-Smith, edd., The Oxford History of the Crusades[M]. Oxford University Press,1999, p.73.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.59.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.285.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.138.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.138-140.
    ①John France, Victory in the East: a military history of the First Crusade[M]. Cambridge University Press,1994,p.192.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.180.
    ③Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.119.
    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.119.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.148.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.288.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.290.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.81.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.81.
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.73.
    ⑤Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.123-124.
    ①Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: theChronicle of Matthew of Edessa[M]. NewYork: University Press of America,1993, pp.167-168.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.216.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.81.
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.73.
    ⑤Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.73.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.284.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.298-300.
    ③Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.101.
    ④Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.102.
    ⑤Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.157.
    ⑥Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.82.
    ⑦Ibn al-Athir, edd. And trans. D.S. Richards, The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmilfī l-ta rīkh. Part.1, The years491-541/1097-1146: the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response, Ashgate,2006, p.16.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.284.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.288.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.81.
    ④Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.288.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.332-334.
    ⑥Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.85.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.334.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.79-80.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.112.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.182.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.186.
    ①Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades Vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom ofJerusalem[M]. Cambridge University Press,1995, p.189.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.285.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.286.
    ④John France, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades,1000-1300[M]. London: UCL Press,1999, p.137.
    ⑤Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.142-144.
    ⑥Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.228.
    ⑦Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.149.
    ⑧Contamine, p.282, Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, p.3.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.300.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.102.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.81.
    ④Contamine, p.282, Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege[M]. Woodbridge: Boydell Press,1992, p.93.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.63.
    ②Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.130.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.66.
    ④Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.86.
    ①Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.118.
    ②Ralph of Caen, translated and with an introduction by Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach, The GestaTancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.46.
    ③Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, p.208.
    ④Albert of Aachen, edd. and trans. Susan B. Edgington, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey toJerusalem[M]. Oxford University Press,2007, pp.274-278.
    ①Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.145.
    ②Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.73.
    ③Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.74.
    ④Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, pp.127-128.
    ①Edward Peters, The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials[M]. University ofPennsylvania Press,1998, p.284.
    ②Robert The Monk, trans. Carol Sweetenham, Robert The Monk’s History of The First Crusade: HistoriaIherosolimitana[M]. Aldershot: Ashgate,2005, p.129.
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