摘要
自我概念是自我的核心成分,它既是自我认识的重要组成部分,也是自我体验和自我调节的基础。作为人格结构的重要组成部分之一,心理学对自我概念的研究由来已久,并在理论和应用方面取得了丰硕的成果。近十年来,随着内隐社会认知概念的提出及其测量方法的不断完善,人们对自我概念的理解从传统意识层面进一步深入到无意识层面,内隐自我概念逐渐成为自我概念研究的一个新热点。本研究运用内隐社会认知研究的新方法——多因素特质内隐联想测验(MFT-IAT),对多维度内隐自我概念展开了系列实验研究。本研究一共分六章。
第一章为理论综述,先对自我概念的定义和结构进行了系统回顾,然后对有关自我概念的研究进行了整理,最后对国内外有关内隐自我概念的研究现状进行了详细介绍。
第二章至第四章为实验研究部分。
第二章运用基于反应时范式的多因素特质内隐联想测验,对多维度内隐自我概念的特性和结构进行了研究。
研究一运用新近提出的多因素特质内隐联想测验对田纳西自我概念量表中五个维度自我概念的内隐效应进行了探索。结果发现,各维度自我概念的内隐效应显著,多因素特质内隐联想测验可以有效地用于测量多维度内隐自我概念效应,内隐自我概念的特性表现为相比他人与积极自我概念属性词的联系,自我与积极自我概念属性词的联系更为紧密。
研究二在研究一的基础上,对外显自我概念和内隐自我概念的关系进行了探索,证实了内隐自我概念是一个不同于外显自我概念的结构,二者相互独立,共同组成自我概念。同时,研究还显示,内隐自我概念各维度和外显自我概念各维度的相对发展水平并不一致,这从一个侧面进一步为二者在结构上的独立提供了佐证。
研究三根据研究一和研究二的结论,结合考虑自我概念是自尊的基础,从探讨内隐自我概念和内隐自尊的关系角度,对自我概念的结构进行了进一步的验证。研究表明,内隐自我概念各维度和内隐自尊有着显著的相关,外显自我概念各维度和外显自尊有着显著的相关,内隐自我概念与外显自尊、外显自我概念与内隐自尊均不相关。内隐自尊可以通过内隐心理自我概念、内隐社交自我概念加以预测,外显心理自我概念、外显社交自我概念则可以预测个体的外显自尊水平。这一方面进一步证实了内隐自我概念与外显自我概念在结构上的分离,同时也证明了内隐自我概念和内隐自尊一样,也是个体对于自我的无意识认知的一部分。
在了解了内隐自我概念的特性后,第三章对内隐自我概念与大学生新生适应困扰和心理健康的关系进行了研究。本章共有两个研究。
研究四以大一新生为研究对象,对内隐自我概念与新生适应困扰之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明内隐自我概念与新生适应困扰没有直接的相关,但内隐自我概念和外显自我概念的分离与个体的适应困扰有着显著的正相关,个体的内隐自我概念水平比对应的外显自我概念水平高得越多,个体的适应困扰越明显。进一步研究还发现,新生的适应困扰可以通过心理自我概念内隐和外显的分离来预测。
研究五对内隐自我概念和心理健康的关系进行了研究。研究获得了与研究四一致的结论,内隐自我概念与心理健康没有直接的关系,但内隐自我概念和外显自我概念的分离与心理健康有着显著的负相关,内隐自我概念比外显自我概念高得越多,个体的心理健康水平越低。个体的心理健康水平可以通过生理自我概念、心理自我概念内隐和外显的分离程度来预测。
根据第三章的研究结果,第四章对影响大学生内隐自我概念的因素进行了探索,并结合这些影响因素对内隐自我概念的改变与促进进行了探索。
研究六对内隐自我概念的影响因素进行了探索,结果发现内隐自我概念的影响因素和外显自我概念不同。内隐自我概念的水平受到性别的影响,女生的内隐生理自我概念和内隐心理自我概念显著高于男生。
研究七针对第三章和研究六的研究结果,有针对性的设计团体心理咨询方案,探索团体心理咨询对大学生内隐自我概念改变和促进的作用。研究发现,团体心理咨询可以显著降低大学生内隐生理自我概念和内隐心理自我概念,同时也可以显著降低生理、心理和社交自我概念内隐和外显的分离。研究结果进一步表明团体心理咨询对内隐自我概念以及内隐和外显自我概念分离的改变具有一定的长效性。
第五章在前面各章实验研究的基础上,首先对内隐自我概念的特性进行了分析,从信息表征的角度以及双重态度理论对内隐自我概念进行了解释；其次对多因素特质内隐联想测验在测量多维度内隐自我概念中的应用进行了分析；再次对内隐自我概念与外显自我概念的分离与心理健康的关系进行了论述,并对本研究对大学生心理健康教育的临床意义进行了探讨；之后,对内隐自我概念的影响因素进行了分析；最后,从团体心理咨询本身的形式和内容角度分析,对团体心理咨询促进内隐自我概念的改变进行了探讨。
第六章为研究总结和展望,对本研究的结论进行了小结,并对今后有关多维度内隐自我概念的研究提出了思路和展望。
Self-concept is the most important part of the self. It is the key of self-knowledge as well as the basis of self-experience and self-regulation. A large amount of studies on self-concept have been carried out in personality, social and clinical psychology and led to a lot of meaningful results. The concept of implicit social cognition put forward in1995by Greenwald extended the field of self-concept to unconscious level. The implicit self-concept attracted the interest of many researchers. Using the measurement developed lately-Multifactor Implicit Association Test (MFT-IAT), a series of studies were conducted to study the multidimensional implicit self-concepts which were based on Teenessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) in this dissertation. It included six chapters.
The first chapter was a review on the definition and structure of self-concept, and an introuduction of the researches on implicit self-concepts in the world.
The mainly part of the dissertation was consisted of three chapters from the2nd to the4th, which included seven experimental studies. They explored the nature of implicit self-concepts, the structure of self-concept, the relationships between implicit self-concepts and college freshmen's adaption predicament and mental health, and the factors influencing implicit self-concepts and the promotion of the development of implicit self-concepts by group counselling.
Study1-3was the2nd chapter, which was on the nature of multiple implicit self-concepts mainly.
In study1, MFT-IAT was used to study the nature of multiple implicit self-concepts. The results revealed that every dimension of Teenessee self-concept had implicit effect. The nature of implicit self-concpts was that people were prone to associate themselves with more positive attribute words than others. The results indicated that MFT-IAT could be used to measure multidimensional implicit self-concepts effectively.
On the basis of study1, study2empirically examined the relationship between multidimensional implicit self-concepts and explicit self-concepts. The results showed that the correlation between implicit and explict self-concepts was weak, which indicated that they were two relatively independent structures. The results also showed that the development pattern of implict self-concepts was different from that of explicit self-concepts, and it provided another evidence for the independence of implicit self-concepts from explicit self-concepts.
The relationship between implicit self-concepts and self-esteem was studied in study3. The results showed that correlation between implicit self-concepts and implicit self-esteem and that between explicit self-concepts and explicit self-esteem were statistically significant. In addition, the results revealed that implicit and explicit self-esteem could be validly predicted by corresponding mental self-concept and social self-concept. It proved the independence of implicit self-concepts from explicit self-concepts, and indicated that the implicit self-concepts had some common characters with implicit self-esteem as well.
Chapter3discussed the relationship between multiple implicit self-concepts and freshmen'a adaption predicament and mental-health.
In study4, the subjects accepted both implicit self-concepts and adaption predicament self-report in order to reveal the relationship between implicit self-concepts and freshmen's adaption predicament. The results indicated that implict self-concepts had no direct effect on adaption predicament, but the discrepancy between implicit self-concepts and explicit self-concepts significantly correlated to it. The freshmen with higher implicit self-concepts and lower explicit self-concepts had more adaption predicament. The adaption predicament could be significantly predicted by the discrepancy between implicit mental self-concept and explicit mental self-concept.
Study5analysed the relationship between implicit self-concepts and mental-health. The same conclusion with that of study4was drawn. The discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-concepts was significantly related to mental health. With the higher implicit self-concepts and lower explicit self-concepts, the individual would have more possibility to have lower mental-health level. Furthermore, the level of undergraduates' mental-health could be availably predicted by the discrepancy between their implicit and explicit physical self-concept and that between implicit and explicit mental self-concept.
The previous studies showed that implicit self-concepts were different from explicit self-concepts and their discrepancy could predict fremen's adaption predicament and undergraduate's mental-health. The next chapter discussed the factors which influenced the implicit self-concepts and how to change the implicit self-concepts.
In study6, the influencing factors of implicit self-concepts were explored. The results showed that the implicit self-concepts and explicit self-concepts were influenced by different factors. The gender had significant effect on implicit self-concepts. Implicit physical self-concept and mental self-concept of female are higher than those of male.
Study7disccused the effect of group counselling on multiple implicit self-concepts. The results revealed that group counselling reduced the implicit physical self-concept and implicit mental self-concept. They showed that group counselling reduced the discrepancy between implicit and explict physical, mental and social self-concepts, too.
The general disscussion which constituted chapter5of the dissertation concerned the nature of implicit self-concepts and the relationship between implicit and explicit self-concepts in the perspective of information reprenstention and the model of dual attitude, the application of MFT-IAF in measurement of multidimensional implicit self-concepts, the meaning of implicit self-concepts, the factors influenceing implicit self-concepts and the effect of group counselling on implicit self-concepts.
The last chapter was the conclusion of the dissertation and the perspective of the research on implicit self-concepts.
引文
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