摘要
摘要：大区域互联电网已经成为国内外电力系统发展的必然趋势,电网的动态安全稳定问题也变得日益严峻。当发生严重的级联故障时,电网系统会面临着大面积停电事故的风险。解列控制作为电力系统安全稳定控制的最后一道防线,能够有效地防止故障的扩散和全系统的崩溃。针对主动解列控制中不同故障模式下的发电机群在线同调识别、最佳解列断面搜索和孤岛内实时校正控制三个关键问题,分别展开了系统的理论研究和分析。充分利用广域量测系统提供的故障后的动态信息,提出了一套完整的大电网主动解列控制策略,并通过仿真算例验证了所提出方法的有效性和适用性,主要工作如下：
在发电机群同调识别方面,提出了基于核空间的改进拉普拉斯特征映射算法的发电机在线同调识别方法。研究分析多时间尺度系统中的慢模式数和同调分群数的关联,基于慢同调理论的最优同调分群引入样本学习类别信息。以WAMS提供的故障后发电机受扰轨迹作为研究对象,在核空问坐标系中,结合样本学习类别信息建立核空间距离度量,利用拉普拉斯特征映射进行低维数据流形嵌入特征提取。并利用余弦相似度因子映射到三维空间坐标系下,直观清晰反映发电机组的同调识别结果。分析不同故障模式下,利用改进拉普拉斯特征映射算法识别发电机同调机群的有效性和对不同故障模式的适应性。该方法能充分考虑不同故障场景的动态特性和系统的非线性时变特性,使得主动解列控制具有了同调性和选择性。
在解列断面搜索方面,提出了基于图谱最优分割算法和启发式变邻域搜索算法的最佳解列断面搜索方法。基于同调识别结果,利用发电机虚拟节点聚合方法实现网络简化,缩小解列断面的搜索空间。基于简化后的系统网络拓扑,通过分析拉普拉斯图谱的多分区算法,提出了综合考虑输电线路有功功率和电气距离来定义图谱权重的扩展拉普拉斯分割算法,得到的改进解列断面减小了净不平衡功率。在此基础上,提出了考虑功率方向的启发式变邻域搜索算法来优化解列断面。它是以改进解列断面作为初始解集,利用分组并行方法系统地改变邻域结构集来拓展搜索范围,能够考虑同调发电机组的聚合和支路有功潮流方向,进一步减小了解列后孤岛内的净不平衡功率和主动解列控制对系统的冲击,使得主动解列控制具有了协调性。
在解列后电力孤岛内校正控制方面,提出了综合解列断面双向潮流跟踪算法和直流潮流算法的快速切机切负荷控制方法。通过解列断面支路对发电机和负荷功率的灵敏度分析,提出了基于解列断面各支路的双向潮流跟踪算法,确定孤岛内发电机和负荷的调整对象和调整量。利用直流潮流算法对电力孤岛实施切机切负荷控制的功率平衡和支路潮流约束进行校验,再结合PQ潮流分解法验证是否满足节点电压约束,最后得到能保证电力孤岛稳定运行的最优切机切负荷量。基于新英格兰39节点系统设计仿真算例,结果表明孤岛控制后能够保证系统的同步稳定运行和频率稳定,具有较好的控制效果,解决了解列后各电力孤岛内的功率平衡和稳定运行,提高了孤岛内校正控制的求取速度和精度,实现了主动解列控制的稳定性。
综上,论文利用广域测量系统提供的系统全局动态实时信息,针对主动解列控制中的发电机群同调识别、解列断面搜索和解列后电力孤岛校正控制三个关键问题进行深入研究,提出了一套完整的基于WAMS信息的大区域互联电网的主动解列控制策略,实现了主动解列控制的同调性、选择性、协调性和稳定性,增强了电力系统第三道防线,以避免大停电事故的发生。
ABSTRACT:With the large-scale interconnected power grid has become the inevitable trend of power systems development at home and abroad, the dynamic security and stability of the power grid is also becoming increasingly serious. When power grid suffers from severe cascading failures, it will face with the risk of blackouts. As the last degense to prevent power systems from blackouts, islanding control can separate the whole power system into several islands for preventing accidents to expand up to widespread blackout. There are three key problems for theoretical research and analysis:on-line identification of coherent generator based on various failure modes, the searching of optimum controlled separation surfaces and fast corrective control in islands. An integrated set of controlled islanding strgetgy based on WAMS in large-scale power grid is proposed. The simulation examples validate the effectiveness and flexibility of this approach. The main work of this dissertation is summarized as follows:
In coherency identification research, an improved Laplacian Eigenmap algorithm is proposed to identify coherent generators. The relations between slow mode number and coherency group number are researched and analysed in multiple time-scale system. Based on the optimum coherency group method, the sample learning category information is introduced. It focuses on the disturbed trajectory information post-fault clearance provided by WAMS. Combined with categorization inforation in the kernel space, the kernal space distance measurementare is established. Then the mainifold embedded fearute extraction is obtained by Laplacian Eigenmap algorithm in the low dimensional space. With cosine similarity factor expressed the tightness of the coherence, it can provide automation for identifying coherent generator in the three-dimensional space. Under the different failure modes, the practicality and efficiency of conherency identification are analyzed based on the improved Laplacian Eigenmap algorithm. This approach can fully consider dynamic behavior of different fault modes and time varying characteristic of nonlinear system, which makes the controlled islanding with the coherence and selectivity.
In separation surfaces identification research, it is proposed that combined with the optimal segmentation of graph soectral and variable neighborhood heuristic searching algorithm to search the optimum separation surfaces. Based on the coherent generator groups, it is introduced that the aggregation of virtual coherent generator nodes to simplify the complicated network structure. Then based on the simplified network structure, analyzing the multiple partition algorithm of Laplace graph spectrum, it is defined that the laplacian graph spectrum considering the absolute value of the active power and electrical distance. By considering the direction of the power flows, it adopts a variable neighborhood heuristic searching algorithm to search for the optimal separation surfaces so that the net power imbalance of islands is minimized. It takes the preliminary separation surfaces as the initial solution and changes the neighborhood structure setting with parallel grouping method to expand the searching scope so that the total amount of imbalanced active power could be further reduced. It makes the controlled islanding with the coordination.
In corrective control of islands research, it is proposed that the bidirectional power flow tracing algorithm of separation surfaces and the DC flow algorithm develop generator tripping and load shedding to maintain the power balance and stable operation. By analyzing the sensitivity of separation surfaces to generator and load power, the bidirectional power flow tracing algorithm is proposed. According to the unbalanced power in each island, the object of need adjustment generators and load nodes and the amount of adjustment can be determined. Then DC flow algorithm for fast generator tripping and load shedding is proposed, which makes the power balance and identify the branch power folw constraints. Furthermore, combined with PQ power flow decomposition method, it is necessary to verify the constraints of transimission lines power and node voltage. Finally the optimal generator tripping and load shedding are determined to guarantee the stability of each island. Based on the New England39node system, the island post controlled can maintain sybchronized operation and power balance. This approach improves the calculating speed and precision of corrective control in the island. It makes the controlled islanding with stability.
In summary, this thesis takes full advantage of the global dynamic real-time information by wide area measurement system. Three critical issues of coherent identification, separation surfaces searching and corrective control in island are further researched. An integrated set of controlled islanding strgetgy based on WAMS in large-scale power grid is proposed. It achieves the coherency, selectivity, coordination and stability, which enhances the third defensive line of power system to avoid the blackout accidents.
引文
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