摘要
海洋平台长期服役在恶劣的海洋环境中,并受到各种载荷的交互作用,结构容易产生各种形式的损伤,使结构的承载能力下降,严重的还会导致平台失效。发展有效的损伤检测技术对避免海洋平台灾难性事故的发生十分关键。海洋平台模型修正技术为动力分析、模态测试及损伤检测提供准确的有限元模型,也是一项非常关键的技术。
海洋平台结构发生损伤会导致模态参数随之变化,基于模态参数变化的损伤检测方法是公认的最具发展潜力的方法之一。损伤检测与模型修正都需要依据模态测试获取模态参数。在海洋平台模态测试中,测试自由度有限、转动自由度和水下部位测试难度大、精度低、成本高等的因素导致了实测模态信息空间不完备问题。该问题给海洋平台损伤检测与模型修正提出了更为严峻的挑战。本文以海洋平台为研究对象,做了以下三点创新性工作:
针对模态信息空间不完备问题,提出了基于CMCM和Guyan缩阶的迭代修正转换矩阵的方法。Guyan缩阶(静力缩阶)和SEREP转换矩阵分别作为模型缩阶和模态扩阶的转换矩阵,同时提出了转换矩阵迭代修正技术,用于获取更为准确的转换矩阵。通过1个简支梁结构和1个海洋平台结构的研究验证了基于CMCM和Guyan缩阶的迭代修正转换矩阵的方法,一定程度解决了模态空间自由度不完备情况下的损伤检测和模型修正,并获得理想的结果。
针对模态信息空间不完备问题,提出了非基于模型缩阶/模态扩阶概念的新方法,称为实测模型从自由度修正法(MMSDU),进一步解决了实测模态信息空间不完备问题。通过一个5自由度质量弹簧系统展示新方法的具体应用过程;并通过一个海洋平台结构验证了该方法用于复杂结构损伤检测和模型修正的有效性和适用性。新方法的一个显著特点是可以做到在部分结点无主自由度的情况下,甚至在仅有实测频率条件下,做到对结构的模型修正和损伤检测。
针对复杂结构构件众多,主要模型修正参数不易选取的问题,提出了一种敏感度分析指标。对我国某现役海洋平台进行了构件敏感度分析和核心矩阵的奇异值分解,优化了修正参数选取,并据此对平台进行了模型修正和损伤检测。
本文将CMCM方法应用于海洋平台的模型修正与损伤检测,并通过两种不同途径:(i)CMCM结合Guyan缩阶迭代,(ii)实测模型从自由度修正法,不同程度地解决了CMCM方法的模态空间自由度不完备问题,还提出了一种有效的敏感度分析指标。主要研究结论有:(1) CMCM方法可以有效的利用有限的低阶模态参数,无需模态阶数配对和振型同比例要求,准确地修正海洋平台结构的刚度和质量,计算效率高,修正后模型保持了良好的物理意义;(2) CMCM方法在仅用有限的低阶模态条件下对海洋平台结构进行结构损伤检测,可以做到判断损伤是否存在,诊断损伤位置,评估损伤程度同时完成; (3)针对模态空间不完备问题,所提出的基于CMCM和Guyan缩阶的迭代修正转换矩阵的方法用于海洋平台结构的损伤检测和模型修正是有效的,适用的;(4)所提出的实测模型从自由度修正法(MMSDU),进一步解决了实测模态振型空间不完备问题。CMCM方法结合MMSDU方法可以做到部分结点无传感器,甚至在模态振型全不知的情况下,仅用模态频率信息,可以有效地、准确地进行模型修正和损伤检测;(5)通过一现役导管架海洋平台的敏感系数分析,可以优化选择模型修正参数,从而提高模型修正的效果。
Offshore structures continually accumulate damages as a result of the action ofvarious environmental forces during their service life. Clearly, the development ofrobust techniques for damage detection is crucial to avoid the possible occurrence ofa catastrophic structural failure. And model updating is of great importance since itprovides accurate Finite Element Model (FEM) for dynamic analysis, modal testingand damage detection, etc.
Damages in offshore structures would induce the changing of modal parameters;and damage detection algorithms based on modal parameters alteration are commonlyrecognized to be one of most potential technologies. Damage detection and modelupdating require measured modal data from modal testing. In the modal testing ofoffshore structures, due to limited sensors, difficulty and inaccuracy in measuring ro-tational Degree-of-Freedoms (DOFs) and underwater DOFs, the number of measuredcoordinates are far less than the DOFs of the FEM, namely Spatially Incompleteness(SI) of the measured modal shapes. The SI issue proposes a more severe challengeto damage detection and model updating algorithms. And this thesis performed threeinnovative studies as followed.
In dealing with Spatial Incompleteness (SI), CMCM in conjunction with Guyanscheme based transformation matrix iterative updating method is proposed. Specif-ically, either Guyan (static condensation) or SEREP (System Equivalent ReductionExpansion Process) transformation matrix, between the master and slave DOFs, isemployed in the model reduction or modal expansion process. One theoretical devel-opment is an iterative procedure to compute the transformation matrix associated withthe (unknown) damaged structure.
Different from the concept of model reduction or modal expansion, an new it-erative mathematical approach, named as Measured Model Salve DOFs Updating(MMSDU) method, is proposed in dealing with the SI issue. A 5-DOFs mass-spring system is studied for verifying the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposedMMSDU method, also for demonstrating the detailed procedure; and a 3-D 72-DOFsoffshore jacket platform structural model to demonstrate the feasibility and capabil-ity of the MMSDU method for complex structures. One important improvement isthat the MMSDU method can update models and detect damages by employing onlyfrequency data.
A new sensitivity analysis index for individual member of complex structures is proposed. And an exsiting offshore platform is taken as the example to carry out thesensitivity analysis of individual members, and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)of the CMCM core matrix. The obtained results optimized the choice of the modelupdating parameters.
The CMCM method was applied to the model updating and damage detectionin offshore structures, the proposed CMCM with Guyan reduction iterative updatingmethod and MMSDU method resolve the SI issue at different levels creatively. Mainconclusions are drawn: (1) the CMCM method can accurately update mass and stiff-ness of jacket structures, by employing a few lower-order spatial complete modes, noneed to pair or scale, and the updated model keeps its physical connection; (2) theCMCM method can diagnose the existence of damages, localize damages and esti-mate damage severities simultaneously by employing a few lower-order modes; (3)the proposed CMCM with Guyan reduction transformation matrix updating methodresolves the SI issue at a certain level; (4) the proposed MMSDU method resolvesthe SI issue further, and the MMSDU method can update models and detect damagesby using only frequency data; (5) Sensitivity analysis of individual member guidesthe choice of model updating parameters, and reasonable updating parameters choiceimproves the updating results.
引文
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