摘要
随着市场经济的深入发展和人民生活水平的提高,农产品流通的重要程度日益上升,是促进农业生产持续进行和满足多样化消费需求不可或缺的纽带。油菜产业对于提高国产食用植物油份额、保护国家油料产业安全具有重要意义。中国油菜播种面积和产量位居世界前列,是世界油菜生产大国,居民有食用菜籽油的传统习惯,随着人们对健康和营养要求的提高,菜籽油消费量大幅增长,在2010年已接近600万吨。油菜生产和消费的突出地位客观上要求油菜产品在生产、收购、加工和销售等环节的高效畅通流动。在生鲜农产品流通受到广泛关注的同时,油菜这类加工型大宗农产品流通中出现的诸如产销衔接不紧密、交易成本过高等问题也不容忽视。虽然油菜产品在流通中的技术标准并不像生鲜农产品那样严格,但提高流通领域的市场化、集约化、产业化程度,达到利益实现与效率提高的统一是农产品流通的共同目标。对油菜产品流通利益与效率机制的研究有助于油菜产业经济价值、社会价值,以及生态价值的实现,油菜产品流通利益与效率机制的有效运行关系到国计民生和产业发展,以及社会经济的持续进步。
本文从中国油菜产品流通概况、流通体制和流通模式出发,以农户、油菜籽收购商、油菜产品加工商和菜籽油销售商为对象,研究油菜产品流通中的利益分配格局、利益联结程度、利益传导关系,判断利益机制的作用规律与运行状况,并通过分析4个流通主体之间的利益博弈,寻找油菜产品流通的利益均衡点,促进各主体、各环节的协调发展。同时,分析了不同主体和不同环节下的油菜产品流通效率影响因素,以及竞争机制和协调机制对油菜产品流通效率的影响,提出应通过建立稳定持久的合作关系,实现成本的节约和效率的增长。本文共分为9章。
第1章是导论部分,主要介绍了选题的背景与研究意义,对油菜产品流通所涉及的基本概念和研究范畴进行了界定,提出了研究思路、论文框架和技术路线,分析了论文可能存在的创新与不足之处。
第2章通过对农产品流通体制、渠道、组织等一般问题的研究,以及对流通中利益机制与效率机制的研究的回顾,分析了利益机制与效率机制的作用机理。对油菜产品流通利益机制与效率机制研究的理论基础,包括商品流通理论、价值链理论、供应链理论、利益理论与效率理论进行了梳理,构建了油菜产品流通利益与效率问题的理论分析框架。
第3章分析了油菜产品流通概况、流通体制、流通模式和相关利益主体。现阶段油菜产品流通较为活跃,但存在的问题也较多,如信息不对称、各环节利润偏低等,将阻碍流通作用的有效发挥。油菜产品流通管理体制放开放活、经营体制不断完善,为油菜产品流通的发展提供了良好的条件。随着农业产业化和零售业态多元化发展,油菜产品流通将形成以加工企业和零售终端为中心的模式。油菜产品流通相关利益主体在经营规模上参差不齐,整体实力不强,优势不突出,但油菜产品在各自的经营中所占比例较高,对油菜产品流通价值链提出了较高的要求。
第4章通过对农户、油菜籽收购商、油菜产品加工商和菜籽油销售商共359份调查数据,分别分析了油菜产品流通中的利益分配格局、利益联结程度。利益分配格局由油菜生产、收购、加工和销售环节利润在整个利润池中的比例表示,得出生产和加工环节整体利益偏低,销售环节在利益分配上具有较大的优势,收购环节则为低水平运行。4类主体之间的利益联结程度并不高,销售环节对整个油菜产品流通利益的影响较大,加工环节没有较好地发挥核心与带动作用。此外,运用VAR模型分析了油菜生产环节、产地加工环节和销地加工环节之间的利益传导关系,得出油菜产品流通的横纵向利益传导存在一定的时滞性,生产环节对下游环节的制约作用明显,且下游环节利益的变动对生产环节的影响较大,产销地之间的利益传导不如上下游环节间的传导明显,客观上要求合理的利益传导关系的建立。
第5章从不同主体和不同环节出发,分别运用结构方程模型和层次分析法对影响油菜产品流通效率的主要因素进行了分析,结论为流通主体经营状况的改善包括专业化和规模化经营、盈利水平的提高等对油菜产品流通效率具有较强的促进作用。对于流通环节来说,信息传递环节在油菜产品流通中发挥了越来越重要的作用,传统的流通环节对流通效率的影响反而退居其次。油菜产品流通中的竞争,无论是横向主体间的竞争还是纵向环节间的竞争,多通过价格竞争实现,制约了整个行业的发展,不利于流通过程中的价值实现和增值。油菜产品流通中的协调,需要市场和政府共同完成,通过协调促进分工与合作的深化,促进资源最优配置和流通效率的提高。
第6章从利益机制与效率机制的关系出发,对国外农产品流通中的利益与效率机制经验进行了总结,利益机制实际上是要促进油菜产品流通利益分配格局的优化、利益联结的紧密,效率机制实际上是要促进资源的优化配置。国外农产品流通的经验告诉我们,在中国油菜产品流通中应实现经济性规制与社会性规制并重,促进流通法制化和现代化,并不断完善利益分配机制。
第7章从合理利益机制的构建基础入手,利益分配不仅受到流通系统的制约,也受到外部环境的影响,合理利益机制的构建必须优化利益分配格局、完善利益联结机制,而一定的利益分配格局由油菜产品流通主体的博弈形成,博弈个体的有限理性限制了博弈均衡的实现,应在农户、收购商、加工商和销售商之间形成良好的激励与约束机制,促使利益博弈结果走向互惠共赢。通过建立油菜籽和菜籽油流通利益分配的Stackelberg博弈模型,得出了均衡价格、均衡数量和均衡收益,同时,利用Shapley值得出了横纵向联盟时各自的利益份额,为促进油菜产品流通利益机制的改善提供了参考。
第8章从合作关系与效率机制的关系出发,提出合作关系在油菜产品流通效率机制的改进中具有重要作用。在分析油菜产品流通主体行为偏好与合作倾向的基础上,对油菜产品流通中现有的合作关系进行了聚类分析,得出的结论为目前尚处于低水平合作阶段,但合作关系的潜力和空间巨大。并且,大多数受访主体的合作意愿较为强烈,流通主体参与横向与纵向合作主要受到主体经营规模和现有合作关系的影响,其次为经营类型、对产业链流通主体的评价,以及油菜产品流通重要性认知,得出应通过流通主体的培育与合作关系的改善促进油菜产品流通效率的提高。
第9章在总结全文的基础上,提出优化油菜产品流通的政策建议。应强化油菜产品流通的制度安排,并注重油菜产品流通外部环境的优化,共同促进油菜产品流通利益机制与效率机制的不断完善和高效运行。油菜产品流通利益与效率机制的研究具有复杂性和系统性特征,因此,进一步的研究需要更加系统化和细致化,如增加样本量,比较不同区域、不同时间、不同品种、不同流通模式下的利益机制与效率机制,对利益博弈进行案例分析,扩展效率机制的研究范畴等。
With the development of market economy and the improvement of people's living standard, the circulation of agricultural products is more important increasingly. It is indispensable link to promote agricultural production progressively continuing and satisfy the diversified consumer demand. Rape industry has important sense to improve the domestic edible oil share and protect the safety of national oil industry. The planted area and production of rapeseed in China ranks world front row, is the world's largest producer of rapeseed. Residents have the tradition of eating rapeseed oil, with the people's health and nutritional requirements increase, rapeseed oil consumption grows largely, which has been close to6million tons in2010. The prominent position of rapeseed production and consumption requires smooth and efficient flow of rapeseed products on producing, purchasing, processing and marketing link. Fresh produces circulation receives the widespread attention, at the same time, the problem in rapeseed and such kind of processing primary agricultural products circulation, such as the poor situation of production and marketing and high transaction costs, can't be ignored. Although the technical standard of rapeseed products circulation is not as strict as fresh produces, improving the level of marketization, intensification and industrialization in circulation and achieving the unification of benefits realization and efficiency improvement are the common goal of agricultural products circulation. The research on benefit and efficiency mechanism of rapeseed products circulation is conducive to the realization of economy value, social value and ecological value of rape industry. The effective operation of benefit and efficiency mechanism is related to national welfare and people's livelihood, industrial development, and social economy sustainable development.
From the situation, system and modes of rapeseed products circulation in China, with farmers, rapeseed purchasers, rapeseed products processors and rapeseed oil vendors as the object, the pattern of benefit distribution, benefit coupling degree, benefit transmission relationship and the function law of benefit and working situations are investigated in the paper. Through the analysis of benefit game among4circulation subjects, the balance of benefits in rapeseed products circulation is sought in the paper, which promotes each subject and link to develop coordinately. Simultaneously, the influence factors of rapeseed products circulation efficiency under different subjects and links, the impact of competition mechanism and coordination mechanism on circulation efficiency are analyzed in the paper. It has raised that should through establish stable and lasting cooperation relations to achieve cost savings and efficiency growth. There are9chapters in the paper.
The first chapter is the introduction. The background and research significance are introduced, basic concept and research category involved in rapeseed products circulation are defined. Research ideas, framework, and technical route are proposed. And the possible innovation and shortage are analyzed in this chapter.
The second chapter though the research on general issues such as circulation system of agricultural products, channels, organizations, as well as on the review of benefit and efficiency mechanism of circulation, the action of benefit and efficiency mechanism is analyzed. Theoretical basis of benefit and efficiency mechanism on rapeseed products circulation, including commodity circulation theory, value chain theory, supply chain theory, theory of interest and efficiency theories are combed out. Theory analysis framework of benefit and efficiency problems of rapeseed products circulation is constructed.
In the third chapter, the current situation of rapeseed products, circulation system, circulation pattern and the related benefit subjects are analyzed. At the present stage, rapeseed products circulation is relatively active, but has many problems, such as information asymmetry, low profit of each link, etc, which will hinder the circulation function to display effectively. Rape product circulation management system is open and living, and operation system is perfected ceaselessly, which has provided good conditions for the development of rapeseed products circulation. With the industrialization of agriculture and the multiplication of retail trade condition, rapeseed products will be formed by the mode of processing enterprises and retail terminals as the centers. The stakeholders of rapeseed products circulation are uneven in operating scale, and the overall strength is week, advantage is not prominent. However, rapeseed products have high proportion in their respective operating, which require higher performance on rapeseed products value chain.
Based on359surveys data of farmers, purchasers, processors and rapeseed oil vendors, the pattern of benefit distribution and benefit coupling degree of rapeseed products circulation is analyzed respectively in the fourth chapter. The pattern of benefit distribution is presented by profit proportion of rapeseed producing, purchasing, processing and marketing link in the profit pool. It is concluded that the overall benefit of producing and processing links is low, marketing link has many advantages in benefit distribution, and purchasing link is operating at low level. The benefit connection degree among4kinds of subjects is not high. The marketing link influences the entire benefit of rapeseed products circulation largely. The processing link doesn't play the core and leading role preferably. In addition, by using the VAR model, the benefit transmission relationship among the producing link, processing link of original and sale market is analyzed. The conclusion is that the horizontal benefit transmission keeps behind in rapeseed products circulation. The producing link restricts downstream links apparently, and the benefit changes of downstream links impact on the producing link comparatively. However, the benefit transmission between original and sale market is not as apparent as upstream and downstream links, which require establishment of reasonable benefit transmission relationship objectively.
Based on different subjects and different links, the influence factors of rapeseed products circulation efficiency are analyzed by using structural equation model and analytic hierarchy process respectively in the fifth chapter. It is concluded that improvements of operation situation including specialization and large-scale operation, and profits increasing of circulation subjects encourage improvement of rapeseed products circulation efficiency. For the circulation links, information transmission link plays more and more important role in rapeseed products circulation. The influence of traditional circulation link is pushed second. Competition in rapeseed products circulation, whether among horizontal subjects or vertical links, is performed through price competition, which restricts the development of the whole industry and is not conducive to realize and appreciate value in the process of circulation. Coordination in rape products circulation is completed by market and government together. Through coordination to promote division of labor and cooperation further and optimize resource allocation, as well as increase circulation efficiency.
From the relation of benefit mechanism and efficiency mechanism, the benefit and efficiency mechanism experience of agricultural products circulation in foreign countries are summarized in the sixth chapter. Benefit mechanism is actually to promote benefit distribution pattern of rapeseed products circulation and tighten benefit connection. Efficiency mechanism is to promote the optimal allocation of resources. Experience of agricultural products circulation in foreign countries tells us, economic regulation and social regulation should be paid equal attention to in rapeseed products circulation in China, promote the circulation legalization and modernization, and constantly improve the distribution mechanism of benefits.
In seventh chapter, based on construction of reasonable benefit mechanism, benefit distribution is not only restricted by the circulation system to restrict, also affected by external environment. Construction of reasonable benefit mechanism must optimize pattern of benefit distribution and improve benefit joint mechanism. And the pattern of benefit distribution is formed by game among rapeseed products circulation subjects. The limited rational of individual limits the game equilibrium. Therefore, favorable incentive and restraint mechanisms should be shaped among farmers, purchasers, processors and vendors, which lead benefit game towards mutual benefit and win-win results. Through the establishment of Stackelberg game model of rapeseed and rapeseed oil circulation benefit distribution, the equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity and balanced benefit are concluded. Simultaneously, respective benefit share under horizontal and vertical alliance is obtained by using Shapley value, which provides reference to improve benefit mechanism of rapeseed products circulation.
The eighth chapter from the relations of cooperation and efficiency mechanism, it has put forward that cooperation plays an important role in the improvement of rapeseed products circulation efficiency mechanism. Based on the analysis of behavior preference and propensity to cooperation of rapeseed products circulation subjects, cluster analysis of the existing partnership in rapeseed products circulation is conducted. The conclusion is that cooperation at present is still at a low level, but there is potential and huge space of cooperation. Moreover, the majority of respondents' willingness to cooperate is strong. Circulation subjects taking participate in horizontal and vertical cooperation are mainly influenced by operation scale and existing partnership, followed by type of operation, evaluation on circulation subjects of industry chain, as well as cognition of importance of rapeseed products circulation. It is concluded that the increase of rapeseed products circulation efficiency should be performed through cultivating circulation subjects and improving partnership.
In the ninth chapter, the full thesis is summarized, and policy proposal has put forward to optimize the rapeseed products circulation. It should strengthen the institutional arrangement of rapeseed products circulation, and focus on optimization of external environment of rapeseed products circulation. That can jointly improve benefit and efficiency mechanism of rapeseed products circulation continuously. Benefit and efficiency mechanism of rapeseed products circulation is complicated and systematic, therefore, more systematic and detailed research is required in future, such as increasing the amount of sample, comparison of interest mechanism and efficiency mechanism under different areas, different times, different varieties, different circulation patterns, case analysis of benefit game, expansion of research category of efficiency mechanism, etc.
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