摘要
在至今长达百年之久的美国毒品控制史上,以外交、法律与医疗为三项基本内容的美国毒品控制模式,在这三者互为排斥却又相互包容的交叉关系中得以确立。与美国实力增强及霸权地位相呼应,以禁止为核心的美国毒品控制理念也为此而成为全球毒品控制体系的核心价值所在,并在世界范围内得以推广。就此意义而言,对美国毒品控制模式的来龙去脉及其经验教训加以探析,可加深对美国毒品控制的常态乃至现有全球毒品控制体系之历史脉络的立体性认识。
本文所涉及的美国毒品控制模式,是一个包含了禁毒外交模式、法律惩戒模式与成瘾治疗模式“三位一体”的全方位毒品控制体系。其中,禁毒外交不仅催生了早期的法律惩戒模式,也在一定程度上导致了20世纪70年代成瘾治疗模式在联邦层面上的确立。反之,不断丰富的法律惩戒模式的内容则为禁毒外交政策的推行提供了法律上的依据。同时,“毒品战争”时期所确立的成瘾治疗模式,不仅反映了新时期美国社会在成瘾认识上的重大变化,而且再次显示了毒品控制模式相互间所存在的互为影响的能动关系。
本文以时间为主线,在关注历史事件交互影响这一特征的前提条件下,对相关文献、书籍以及前辈们的研究成果进行了结构性的梳理；在尊重美国毒品控制历史事实的基础上,对于美国毒品控制模式在其确立及发展过程中所涉及的跨学科内容也进行了力所能及的多层面学术探索。尤其是,本文采纳了文献、个案、信息乃至跨学科的多方位定性分析法,在对二战之后到70年代初这一阶段的美国毒品控制模式的内容与特征进行了较为全面的探索之后,针对其类似的目的、共有的联邦地位以及相同的历史性存在等方面重新加以确认,并进一步捋清了以禁毒外交、法律惩戒与成瘾治疗为基本内容的毒品控制模式之结构,从而为进一步全面了解美国毒品控制模式的价值理念、本质特征乃至现行的美国“毒品战争”提供了一个学术性的平台。
So far, up to the century-long history of U.S. drug control, the U.S. drug control mode, taking the diplomatic, legal and medical approaches as its three basic contents, was established in their intersecting relations of exclusion and inclusion. Working in concert with the enhanced U.S. strength and hegemony, the U.S. prohibition-oriented drug control philosophy became the core value of the global drug control system, and therefore, was spread worldwide afterwards. In this sense, an inquiry into the causes and effects, together with an analysis concerning the experience and lessons of the U.S. drug control mode, helps have an in-depth and stereoscopic insight into the general state and historic context of existing global drug control system.
In this dissertation, the U.S. drug control mode is an all-sided,"Three-in-One" drug control system covering the U.S. diplomatic, legal and medical aspects. Thereinto, drug control diplomacy not only accelerated the occurrence of legal punishment mode in early years, to a certain extend, but also led to establishing the mode of medical treatment for drug addicts in the1970s. On the contrary, the increasingly enriched contents of legal punishment mode, provided legal references for the implementation of drug control diplomatic policy. In the meantime, the medical treatment mode established in the period of "War on Drugs", on one hand, reflected the major changes in American society regarding the understanding toward drug addiction in a new era, and once again demonstrated the dynamic, inter-affected relationships among the three aspects of drug control mode on the other hand.
This dissertation, mostly in a time sequence, strives to have a structural sorting from the relevant documents, works and research findings of the predecessors in this academic field under such prerequisite that historic events have reciprocal effects upon the above-mentioned "Three-in-One" drug control mode. Based on the U.S. drug control historical facts, this dissertation, exerts its full strength to explore from multi-academic aspects upon the interdisciplinary contents involved in the development and establishment history of the U.S. drug control mode. In particular, this dissertation adopts a qualitative analysis method with multi-aspect research means of document study, case study, information analysis and interdisciplinary study, and conducts a relatively overall exploration into the contents and characteristics of drug control mode from1945to1973. It re-verifies the akin objectives, common federal status and similar historic beings, and further clarifies the structure of drug control mode including drug control diplomacy, legal punishment and medical treatment for drug addicts, thereby provides an academic platform for having a further overall understanding toward the philosophy of values, substantive characteristics of U.S. drug control mode, and the ongoing "War on Drugs" in the United States as well.
引文
① F. Zimring & G. Hawkins, The Search for Rational Drug Control, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992, p. 32.
②“公安部、卫生部第115号令”,可参见:http://vip.chinalawinfo.com/newlaw2002/slc/slc.asp?db=chl&gid= 144951.
③ Dole, V. P. & Nyswander, M. E., "Heroin Addiction-A Metabolic Disease," New York:Arch Intern Med., Vol. 120, July 1967.
① E. Drugker, "From Morphine to Methadone", available at: http://www.drugtext.org/Opiates-heroin-methadone/from-morphine-to-methadone.html.
② Arnold H. Taylor, American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic,1900-1939, Durbam:Duke Untversity Press, 1969; David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2001;陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年。
①陈新锦、林晓萍：《美国早期禁毒立法中联邦权力问题评析》,载《历史教学》(高校版).2011年第4期,第58页。
②"1973 Methadone Control Act", available at:http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=349945.
① David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum, 1999, p.4.
② Ibid.
③陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年。
① William B. McAllister, Drug:Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, London & New York:Routledge,2000, p.14.
② Charles E. Terry & Mildred Pellens. The Opium Problem, New York:Committee on Drug Addictions, Bureau of Social Hygiene, Inc.,1928.
① Edward M. Brecher et al, Licit and Illicit Drugs, Boston:Little, Brown and Company,1972.
① Edward M. Brecher et al. Licit and Illicit Drugs, Boston:Little, Brown and Company,1972.
② David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
③ Ibid., pp.40,294.
①戴维·马斯托著,《美国禁毒史》,周云译,北京：北京大学出版社,1999版。
② Steven R. Belenko, Drugs and Drug Policy in America, Westport:Greenwood Press.2000.
③一种新型毒品,因其较之可卡因价格更便宜但效果却更为显著而深受低阶层吸毒者的欢迎—笔者按
④ Belenko, op. cit.,2000, pp. xxix-xxx.
⑤ David R. Bewley-Taylor. The United States and International Drug Control:1909-1997 New York:Continmm 2001.
①所发掘出的纪元前5000年时的一个苏美尔人形似鸦片的楔形文字,被破译的结果是“HUL”,意为一个“快乐(joy或joicing) " 。参见：Alfred R. Lindesmith. Addiction and Opiates, Chicago:Aldine,1968:p.207.
① Thomas C. Rowe. Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs:Money down a Rat Hole. New York:The Haworth Press,2006.
① David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum. 1999, p.10.
② Jeffrey Wasserstrom, "China and the U. S.:Too Big to Fail," Time, Time.com Online Essav.4 Feb.2010. available at:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1959001,00.html.
③ "Letter from Grande to Holmes concerning Sharman's Report on the 15th CND session.27 Feh 1951 "cited in William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the 20th Century, London and New York:Routledge,2000, p158.
④ Letter from Anslinger to Reginald Wright Kaufrnan, editor of the Bangor Daily News,19 March 1945. AP Box 3: File 22.
①陈新锦、林晓萍：《理想与现实的交织—美国毒品外交的兴起及其外延与内涵评析》,载《福建警察学院学报》2011年第2期.第52页。
②陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,第71页。
① Desmond Manderson, "Trends and Influences in the History of Australian Drug Legislation," Journal of Drug Issues, Vol.22, No.3, Summer 1992, p.507.
② David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise:Opiate Addiction in America before 1940, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1982, pp.1-8,36-48.
①陈新锦、林晓萍：《理想与现实的交织—美国毒品外交的兴起及其外延与内涵评析》,载《福建警察学院学报》2011年第2期,第52页。
② William B. McAllister, "Conflicts of Interest in the International Drue Control Svstem." in William O. Walker Ⅲ ed., Drug Control Policy:Essays in Historical and Comparative Perspective, University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press,1992, p.145.
③参会十二国分别为美国、英国、中国、法国、德国、意大利、日本、荷兰、波斯(今伊朗)、葡萄牙、俄罗斯与泰国—笔者按。
④完成于1912年1月23日,实施于1919年6月28日。关于具体的谈判过程与最终形成的文件内容,可参见：Arnold H. Taylor, American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic,1900-1939, Durham:Duke University Press,1969, ch.4.
① William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century:An International History, London:Routledge, 2000, p.32-33; Kettil Bruun, Lynn Pan & Ingemar Rexed, The Gentleman's Club:International Control of Drugs and Alcohol, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1975, pp.11-12.
②Peter D. Lowes, The Genesis of International Narcotic Control, Geneva:Libraries Droz,1966, pp.182-186.
③中国、荷兰、美国、洪都拉斯与挪威虽在1915年将之批准并实施,但直到1919年被纳入成为《凡尔赛条约》的一部分后,此公约才在全球范围内得以实施—笔者按。
④Jay Sinha, "The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs" Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 Feb. 2001, p.11.
⑤陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,第63页。
①Herbert L. May, "The International Control of Drugs," International Conciliation 441,1948, p.323.
②《关于熟鸦片的制造、国内贸易与使用的协定》形成于1925年2月11日,实施于1926年7月28日,关于具体的谈判过程与最终形成的文件内容,可参见：Arnold H. Taylor, American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-1939, Durham:Duke University Press,1969, ch.7.
③形成于1925年2月19日,实施于1928年9月25日。关于具体的谈判过程与最终形成的文件内容,可参见Taylor op. cit.,1969, ch.7.
④为了实现政治上的公正,“常设中央鸦片局”至今依然极为富有政治性。自起初以来,其成员一直都包括英国、美国和法国代表。参见：William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century:An International History, London:Routledge,2000, p.83.
⑤Kettil Bruun, Lynn Pan & Ingemar Rexed, The Gentleman's Club:International Control of Drugs and Alcohol, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1975, p.14.
①美国“联邦麻醉品局”专员安斯林格在之后的工作生涯中一直沿用这一条款,将之用于保护自身职位以及使②联邦麻醉品局”免于遭受重组的“护身符”。参见：William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century:An International History, London:Routledge,2000,108-109.
②此协议订立于1931年11月27日,实施于1937年4月22日。关于具体的谈判过程与最终形成的文件内容,可参见：Arnold H. Taylor, American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic,1900-1939, Durham:Duke University Press, 1969, ch.10.
③Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 Feb.2001, pp.14-16.
① William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century:An International History, London:Routledge, 2000,p.123.
②Ibid., p.86.
①陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,第71页。
②有关北美清教徒文化对美国外交政策的影响,在王晓德的专著中有诸多精辟的论述与分析。参见：王晓德：《美国对外关系史散论》,北京：中华书局2007版；王晓德：《美国文化与外交》,天津：天津教育出版社,2008版。
① David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum, 1999, p.30.
③胡立利等：“中国—世界最后一个超级大国”,载《联合早报》(电子版),全文可在http://www.zaobao.com/forum/pages2/forum_us100605a.shtml网站上获得。
①天涯论坛·国际观察：“大国战略震撼：二战后初期经济实力排名世界前十名的围家”全文可在http://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/worldlook/1/260187.shtml.网站上获得。
②“二战后的美国”,全文可在http://www.doc88.com/p-566020955.html.网站上获得
③“布雷顿森林体系”是以外汇自由化、资本自由化和贸易自由化为主要内容的多边经济制度,构成了西方资本主义集团的核心内容。它是按照美国制定的经济运行原则、为实现美国的经济霸权而确立的体制。现在依然运行的“国际货币基金组织(IMF—International Monetary Fund) "、“世界银行”(The World Bank)以及“世界贸易组织GATT,现为WTO—World Trade Organization) "就是“布雷顿森林体系”的主要内容。参见：“布雷顿森林体系”,http://www.hudong.com/wiki.
①陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,第76页。
① "Opium Discussed before the Advisory Committee; Excerpts of Remarks," 20 May 1939, in Twenty-Fourth Session of Opium Advisory Committee, by Stuart J. Fuller (American Representative), The Union Signal (3 February 1940). AP Box 12:File 20.
②David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum 1999, p.44.
③有关联合国的知识内容可参见："United Nations", available at:http://www.un.org/.
④联合国六大组织机构为：大会(The General Assembly)、安全理事会(The Security Council)、经济与社会理事会(The Economic and Social Council)托管理事会(Trusteeship Council)、国际法院(The International Court of Justice)和秘书处(The Secretariat/UNFCC)—笔者按。
①“麻醉品司”既是“麻醉品委员会”的秘书处,也是“联合国秘书处经济与社会事务部”下属的一个职能机构。 1946年设立,初设于日内瓦,1979年迁至维也纳。因该司所藏的毒品控制数据丰富,故享有麻醉品管制的“中央数据库”(Central Repository)之美誉。具体内容可参见：“国际麻醉品管制机构”http://baike.baidu.com/view/1152889.htm.
② Evan Luard. A History of the United Nations:Vol.1, the Years of Western Dominance,1944-1955, New York: Macmillan,1982, pp.11,346.
①陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,美国早期禁毒外交模式部分。
②这种力量在现代被称为“软实力”(Soft Power)—笔者按。
③ Kettil Bruun, Lynn Pan & Ingemar Rexed, The Gentlemen's Club:International Control of Drugs and Alcohnl Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1975, p.114.
④ David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997. New York:Continuum 1999, p.62.
①Ronald P.Barston,Modern Diplomacy,Upper Saddle River:Pearson Education,2006,p.1.
②"Foreign Diplomacy",available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy.
② Radio interview, WFBR Baltimore,28 February 1947, AP Box 1.
③Foreign Relations of the United States,1 (1945),1391.
④ "Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs," for the year ended 31 December 1946 (Washington, DC:US Treasury Department Bureau of Narcotics,1947), p.12.
① David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum, 1999, p.45.
① Radio Interview, WFBR Baltimore,28 February 1947, AP Box 1.
② Rufus King, The Drug Hang-Up, America's Fifty-Year Folly, Springfield:Charles C. Thomas,1974, p.215; William O. Walker Ⅲ, Drug Control in the Americas, Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1989, pp. 176-177.
③ Letter from State Department to Anslinger,22 November 1946, National Archives, Washington D.C., Record Group 501, BN NARCOTICS, and New York Times,10 December 1946.
④ Radio Interview, WFBR Baltimore,28 February 1947, AP Box 1.
①施思明(Dr. Szeming Sze,1908-1998)民国时期著名外交家.“世界卫生组织”的创始人之一。参见http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szemins Sze.
② Confidential Department of State Memorandum of Conversation. Office of Eastern Affairs. Mrs Howell Moorehead. Harry i. Anslinger and Mr Penfield,5 February 1947, pp.2-3, NA 501. BD NAECOTICS. NARCOTICS.
④ Report on the Third Session of the CND,3-22 May 1948. Harry J. Anslinger to the Secretary of State, NA 501. BD.
① Rufus King, The Drug Hang-Up, America's Fifty-Year Folly, Springfield:Charles C. Thomas.1974.pp.215-216
② Letter from M. J. Hartung to Anslinger,14 January 1944, AP. Box 2:File 19.
③ King, op. cit.,1974, p.210.
① Alan A. Block, "European Drug Traffic and Traffickers between the Wars:the Policy of Suppression and Its Consequences," Journal of Social History,23 (1989-1990), p.331.
②S.K. Chatterjee, Legal Aspects of International Drug Control, London:Martinus Nijhoff,1981, p.201.
①Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers:Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. London:Fontana,1988, p.461.
②Charles Siragusa, The Trail of the Poppy, Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1966, p.212, cited in Ethan A. Nadelmann, Cops across Borders:The Internationalization of U. S. Criminal Law Enforcement. Universitv Park: Pennsylvania State University,1993, p.134.
③查尔斯·维勒(Charles Vaille),在1950年至1959年期间出任法国驻联合国“麻醉品委员会”代表。从1958年开始,在美国代表的极力支持下,在国际毒品控制上采取亲美立场的维勒出任联合国“毒品监督局”委员。1953年《鸦片协议》就是在他的积极主导下出台的—笔者按。
③ Confidential letter from P. W. J. Buxton to M. W. Errock at the UN Department of the Foreign Office, Undated PRO(FO371).
①Foreign Office telegram, from the UK delegate of the CND in Geneva to the Foreign Office,30 July 1958, PRO
② From an Interview with Tom C. Green, October 1993. (FO371).
③ "Narcotics Policy—The Troubled 1920s and 1930s", available at: http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Narcotics-Policy-The-troubled-1920s-and-1930s.html.
④赫伯特·梅,美国人,从国联时期开始到联合国成立后,一直都是“毒品监督局”的负责人—笔者按。
① Letter from Anslinger to Sharman,16 March 1948. AP Box 2:File 17.
② Report on the Third Session of the CND,3-22 May 1948. Harry J. Anslinger to the Secretary of State. p.9. N A 501 BD. NARCOTICS.
③Ibid., p.11.
④David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997. New York:Continumm 1999, p.72.
⑤Foreign Service Dispatch,17 April 1956, regarding the candidacy of Mexico for re-election to the CND. Note form the Permanent Mission of Mexico to the UN, Luciano Joublanc Rivas, to Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Permanent Representative of the USA to the UN, NA 340.19.
①"Adolf Lande", available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf Lande.
②Letter from Lande to Anslinger,14 October 1962, AP Box 2:File 2.
③Rosemary Righter, Utopia Lost:The United Nations and World Order, New York:Twentieth Centurv Fund Press. 1995, pp.98-99.
① See letter from Lande to Anslinger,14 October 1962, AP Box 2:file 4; Confidential letter from Lande to Anslinger, 26 October 1962, AP Box 2:File 4; Letter from Lande to Anslinger,17 December 1962, Harry J. Anslinger Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri, USA; Confidential letter from Lande to Anlinger,13 August 1963, AP Box 2:File 3; Letter from Lander to Anslinger,23 August 1963, AP Box 2:File 3; Letter [marked 'Highly Confidential'] from Lande to Anslinger,10 June 1964, AP Box 2:File 2.
② Letter from Lande to Anslinger,14 October 1962, AP Box 2:File 4.
③ Confidential letter from Lande to Anslinger,26 October 1962, AP Box 2:File 4.
① David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997. New York:Continuum 1999, p.82.
② Letter from Adolf Lande to Anslinger,5 August 1962, AP Box 2:File 4.
③ Letter from Lande to Anslinger,7 August 1962, AP Box 2:File 4.
① Kettil Bruun, Lynn Pan & Ingemar Rexed, The Gentlemen's Club:International Control of Drugs and Alcohol, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1975, pp.128,118.
② John Hadwen & Johan Kaufman, How UN Decisions Are Made?, Leyden:A. W. Sythhoff; New York:Oceana Publications,1962, p.14,54.
③ David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum, 1999, p.75.
④胡世则(1894-1972),清末民初政要胡惟德之子,中华民国著名外交官,首位中国籍联合国副秘书长。参见：http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%83%A1%E4%B8%96%E6%B3%BD.
① Peter D. Lowes, "The Genesis of International Narcotic Control." Geneva:Libraries Droz 1996 pp 66,163,181 cited in Kettil Bruun, Lynn Pan & Ingemar Rexed, The Gentlemen's Club:International Control ofDruzs and Alcohol. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1975, pp.88,122.
②Robert W. Gregg & Michael Barkun (eds.), The United National System and Its Functions:Selected Readings. New York:Van Nostrand,1968, p.36.
①Letter from Sharman to Anlsinger,13 August 1957,AP Box 2:File 10.
②State Department Memorandum of Conversation with Anslinger,from Mulliken to Hanes,11 March 1958.p.1.NA 340.19.
③Kettil Bruun,Lynn Pan＆Ingemar Rexed,The Gentlemen's Club:International Control of Drugs and Alcohol, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1975,p.129.
① Letter from Anslinger to Sharman,20 August 1957, AP Box 2:File 10.
② Letter from Sharman to Anslinger,13 May 1958, AP Box 2:File 19.
③ See personal letter,13 August 1957, AP Box 2:File 10, and personal letter from Sharman to Anslinger，13 May 1958, AP Box 2:File 19.
① R. W. Gregg, "The United Nations and the Opium Problem," International and Comparative Law Quarterly,13,1, pp.96-97.
② Robert Keel, "Significant Events in the History of Our Drug Laws," available at: http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/drug_law_timeline.htm.
① Robert W. Gregg, About Face?:The United States and the United Nations. Boulder:Lvnne Rienner Publishers 1993, pp.6-7.
② Shirley Hazzard, Countenance of Truth:The United Nations and the Waldheim Case, London:Chatto and Windus. 1990, pp.8-9.
③ Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 Feb.2001, pp.16-17; "Herbert L. May", available at: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1966-01-01_1_page003.html;
① "Rolleston Report," Ministry of Health, Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction, London: HMSO,1926, p.18.
② William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century:An International History, London:Routledge, 2000, pp.153-154,159-162.
① Kettil Bruun, Lynn Pan & Ingemar Rexed, The Gentlemen's Club:International Control of Drues and Alcohol. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1975, p.70.
②Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 Feb.2001, p.18.
③ United Nations. (1951b). "The Illicit Traffic in Narcotics throughout the World," U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics,3,1: 1-15.
① ECOSOC Official Records,7th session, Supplement No.9,1948, p.23.
② ECOSOC resolutions 159 ⅡD (Ⅶ),3 August 1948 and 246 D (Ⅸ),6 July 1949.
① UNA, DAG-16/1.1.3, Box 9, File:"Narcotics Commission" (1946-48); Morlock Memo,29 Januarv 1947. NA. RG 59,501. BD Narcotics/1-2947; PAC, RG 29, Vol.548, File 320-5-5(Februay-April 1947); Sharman to Morlock.7 Mav 1947, and Sharman to Anslinger,11 September 1947, PAC, RG 29, File 320-5-5, Part 2; Sharman to Steinie.20 April 1948, PAC RG 29, File 320-5-5, Part 3; Fulton to Harney,19 January 1952, FBNA, ACC 170-73-1, Box 6. File 0120-40, Vol.1.
②Miller to Nichols,21 June 1954, and Mellen to Wolf.17 Julv 1958. NA. RG 59.71164/6-2154& 7-8S8:W McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century:An International History, London:Routledge.2000. pp. 169-170.
③H. May, Narcotic Drugs and Atomic Energy:Analogy of Controls, New York:American Association for the United Nations,1946.
① Steinig to Anslinger,14 February 1951, NA, RG 59,811.53/2-1451; IOC (51)43,3 April 1951, PRO, CAB 134/410; External Affairs memo,14 April 1951, PAC RG 25, Vol.2, File 8-R-1-40, Part 1; Position paper for thirteenth F.COSOC.30 Julv 1951. PAC. RG 25. Box 3471. File 7-1-1951-1.e
②Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 Feb.2001, p.18.
③ DND memo, June 1951, UNDCPA, Inventory 81/1, Item 60; SOA 208/7/01; Steinig to Greenfield,18 August 1951, UNDCPA, Inventory 81/1, Item 59, SOA 208/4/01; IOC(51)170,1 November 1951, PRO, CAB 134/413.
① S. K. Chatterjee, Legal Aspects of International Drug Control, London:Martinus Nijhoff,1981, pp.334,336.
② David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum. 1999, p.92.
③ Ansilinger's response to the protocol in New youk times,24 June 1954.
① Statement of the HON. H. J. Anslinger, chief representative on the US delegation to the International Opium Conference, UN, New York,23 June 1953. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Library, Washington, DC.
② Ibid.
③ Letter from Richard S. Wheeler, Acting Chief, Division of International Conferences, for the Secretary of State, to Anslinger,18 August 1953, AP Box 2:File 12.
① Harry J. Anslinger & W. f. Tompkins, Traffic in Narcotics, New York:Funk and Wagnalls.1953. p. viii.
② David Bewley-Taylor & Martin Jelsma, "Fifty Years of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drug:A Reinterpretation," Transnational Institute, Amsterdam:Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr.12, March 2011,P.1.
③《单一公约》被采用当天,就有11个国家批准加入,分别为：喀麦隆(Cameroun)、加拿大、古巴、达荷美共和国(Dahomey)、伊拉克、象牙海岸(Ivory Coast)、朝鲜共和国、科威特、摩洛哥、叙利亚和泰国。
① Adolf Lande, "The Single Convention on Narcotic Drug,1961," International Organization, Vol.16, No.4, Autum 1962 Camhridge Iniversitv Press. pp.783-785.
② Economic and Social Council Official Records (26th Session), Supplement No.9, paragraph 471. See also Leland P. Goodrich, "New Trends in Narcotics Control," International Conciliation, November 1960, No.530, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp.191.
③在攘括的九大公约中,由于意见分歧太大,1936年《日内瓦禁止非法买卖公约》未被开入《单一公约》而继续单独实施,直至被1988年的《禁止非法贩运公约》所代替。而《单一公约》则仅在第35款体现鼓励各国之间应保持合作并与非法走私行为作斗争的内容—笔者按。
④ Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared jor the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21t Feb.2001, p.19.
① Single Convention of 1961, Articles.,19,20,21,29-32,36,36(2).
② Kettil Bruun, Lynn Pan & Ingemar Rexed. The Gentlemen's Club:International Control of Drugs and Alcohol, Chicago:University of Chicago Press.1975. pp.200-203.
③1946年,“鸦片咨询委员会”被联合国的“麻醉品委员会”所取代—笔者按。
① Kettil Bruun, Lynn Pan & Ingemar Rexed. The Gentlemen's Club:International Control of Drugs and Alcohol, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1975, p.70.
② Adolf Lande, "The Single Convention on Narcotic Drug,1961," International Organization, Vol.16, No.4, Auturn 1962,Cambridge University Press, pp.778-779.
①Economic and Social Council Resolution 667 H (ⅩⅩⅣ),1 August 1957; see also ECOSOC Resolution adopted at the 34th session on 3 August 1962 (Document E/3692, Resolution F).
② Single Convention of 1961, Arts.5,9-16.
③ Single Convention of 1961, Art.9(1) (a).
④ "Report of the International Working Group on the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,1961," Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.1983.pp.10-11:recommendations 45 15 19 20
⑤ The Single Convention Protocol of 1972, Arts.14,15.
① Single Convention of 1961, Art.14 (2).
② E/CONF.34/24/Add.1, United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, New York,24 January—25 March 1961, Official Records, Volume Ⅱ:Preparatory Documents, Amendments and Miscellaneous Papers, Proceedings of Committees, Final Act, Single Convention and Schedules, Resolutions, New York:United Nations,1964, p.161.
③ E/CONF.34/24, United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, New York, 24 January—25 March 1961, Official Records, Volume 1:Summary Records of Plenary Meetings, New York:United Nations,1964, p.151.
④ David Bewley-Taylor & Martin Jelsma, "Fifty Years of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drug:A Reinterpretation," Transnational Institute, Amsterdam:Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies Nr.12. March 2011,p.7.
⑤ William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century:An International History, London & New York: Routlcdge,2000, pp.148-151; David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control,1909-1997, London & New York:Continuum,2001, pp.141-143.
① Adolf Lande, "The Single Convention on Narcotic Drug,1961," International Organization, Vol.16, No.4, Auturn 1962, Cambridge University Press, pp.795-796.
② UNODC, Coming into force of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,1961, Bulletin on Narcotics,1 January 1965, p.1.
① Rufus King, The Drug Han-Up:America's Fifty-Year Folly. Soringfield:Charles C. Thomas.1974. n 220
②David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997. New York:Continuum. 1999, p.136.
③ Gianfranco Dell'Alba, Olivier Dupuis & Jean-Luc Robert, "For a Revision of the United Nations Conventions on Drugs," in Questioning Prohibition:1994 International Report on Drugs, Brussels:International Anti-prohibitionist League,1994, p.213.
①Ethan A.Nadelmann,"Global Prohibition Regimes:the Evolution of Norms in International Socrety,Internationat Organization,44(4)(1990),p.503.
②Jay Sinha,"The History and Development of the Leading Internanonal Drug-Conrol Concenaons:rreparea for me Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs,"Law and Government Division,Canada Library of Paliament,21Feb. 2001,p.i.
① "Dope from Red China Channelled through Hong Kong Flooding US." South China Morning Post 25 Nnvemher 1953. Additionally see South China Morning Post,27 November 1953.
②Letter from British embassy, Washington, DC, to H. F. Bartlett, Far East Department.21 January 1954. PRC (FO371129983).
③ Schachter to Yates,30 April 1956, UNA, DAG-3/3.1.4., Box 32 (Schachter).
④ David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997. New York:Continuum. 1999. p.110.
⑤ New York Times,5 May 1954, p.8.
⑥ The Times,27 June 1955, Reuter, p.6.
① The Times,16 April 1953, UN correspondent.
②The Times,6 May 1952, p.5. The title of the piece was'Chinese Accused in UN Commission'.
③"Political Affairs:Yuan Issues Decree Regarding Suppression of Opium and Narcotics" from Peking,26 February 1950, PRO (FO371129983).
① William O. Walker Ⅲ, Opium and Foreign Policy:The Anglo-American Search for Order.1912-1954. Chanel-Hill： University of North Carolina Press:1991. p.197.
② Remarks of Harry J. Anslinger regarding the PRC at the Eighth Session of the CND,1953 (24 Pages), PRO (FO 371 129983), and also the Remarks of Harry J. Anslinger concerning the Illicit Narcotic Traffic in the Far East. pp.1-11. Ninth Session of the CND,1954, PRO (FO371 129983). and remarks at the Tenth Session of the CNT) 1955 Speeches of Anslinger, Drug Enforcement Administration Library, Washington, DC.
③ "The Committee on One Million—Against the Admission of Red China to the UN:A Brief Historv of an Authorized and Effective People's Movement" New York, p.5, in Harry J. Anslinger Papers, Harry S. Truman Library. Independence, Missori, USA. Correspondence Folder 6.
④ Letter from John H. Walker, Home Office, to H. F. Bartlett,14 January 1954, PRO (FO371).
⑤ Letter from B. C. Macdermot, Foreign Office, to A. Dudley, Singapore, PRO (FO371129983).
⑥ Letter from R. H. Hadlow British consulate-general, San Francisco, to A. Campbell,6 April 1954, PRO (FO371 129983).
⑦ Letter from John H. Walker, Home Office, to Miss D. G. Hallet, Colonial Office, London.2 February 1954. PRO (FO371129983) PRO(F0371 129983).
②Letter from H.F.Bartlett,Far East Department,to British embassy,Washington,DC,21 January 19,4,PRO (F0371 129983).
③Correspondence between Anslinger and Mr David Ward.See:Letter from Anslinger to Ward,23 September 1963, HTL.
④Harry J.Anslinger,The Protectors,New York:Farrar,Straus and Company,196.4,P.223.
⑤US House of Representatives,1972,Congressional Record,29 March 1972,cite by Davld F:Musto:"The Rise and Fall of Epidemics:Learning from History,"in Griffith Edwards,John Strang & Jerome H.Jatte(eds.J,Drugs, Alcohol,and Tobacco:Making the Science and Policy Connections,Oxford:Oxford Medical Publications,1993,p.282.在20世纪70年代,在美国国务院的声明和出版的书籍中依然还出现共产主义中国利用毒品危害西方国家的指West,New Rochelle:Arlington House,1973；Gerd Hamburger & Rudolf Shermann,The Pelang Bomb: The控,可参见如：A.H.Stanton Candlin,Psvcochemical Warfare:The Chinese Communist Drug Offensive against the Psychochemical War against America,Washington,DC:Robert B.Luce,1975.
①田中宇：『麻薬战争かぅテロ战争ヘ』,全文可在http://tanakanews.com/.网站上获得。
②Sucheng Chan, Hmong Means Free:Life in Laos and American, Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1992, Introduction, pp.1-60; also available at:http://www.hmongnet.org/publications/hmf-intro.html.
③ Confidential telegram from Gauntlet, Foreign Office, to Tom Green. A report from HMG consul, Chiang-mai, Thailand,15 March 1957, PRO (FO371 129979).
① Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin:CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. New York:Lawrence Hill. 1991, pp.127-493.
②“金三角”,参见：http://baike.baidu.com/view/23698.htm.
③"Opium throughout History:1950s and 1965-70", available at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html; http://opioids.com/timeline/.
④ For an account of Anslinger and the FBN's involvement with the intelligence community, see John C. McWilliams, "Covert Connections:the FBN, the OSS, and the CIA," Historian,53(4) (1991), pp.657-678.
①“世界毒品主要产地‘金新月’”,参见http://news.xinhuanet.con/zmao/2003-06/25/content_936775_htm.
②Harry J.Anslinger & Will Ousler,The Nurderers,London:Arthur Baker,1962,p.204.
③Dav.d R.Bewley.Taylor,The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997,New York:Contmuum, 1999,pp.123-124.
①Letter from H. Leonard Warres, MD, Baltimore, to J. F. Dulles,25 July 1956, NA 340.19.
②Confidential telegram from Mr Chanin. US embassv. Teheran, to Secretary of State 2 July 1956p2 NA 340 19
③Henry S. Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Durham:Duke Press Policy Studies,1983, p.19.
④David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum, 1999, p.127.
⑤Bradsher, op. cit.,1983, p.28.
① "Expansion of Soviet Influence in Afghanistan and U.S. Countermeasures," 11 May 1956, reported by the Operations Co-ordination Board, National Security Council, cited in Henry S. Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Durham, NC:Duke Press Policy studies,1983, p.29.
②Confidential telegram from Mr Chapin, US embassy, Teheran, to Secretary of State,2 July 1956, p.1, NA 340.19.
③The Thirteenth Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Twenty-sixth Session of the Economic and Social Council, Bulletin on Narcotics,10 (4),1958,45.
④UN Secretariat, "Twenty Years of Narcotics Control under the United Nations:Review of the Work of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs from its 1st to its 20th Session," Bulletin on Narcotics,18(1),1966,30.
①International Drug Control, New York:UN Publications,1965, (Sales No.65.1.22), p.21. For the official UN perception of the Single Convention, see pp.20-24.
②The Times,27 March 1961.
③International Drug Control, op. cit.,1965, p.23.
④Documents E/CN.7/SR.493 and E/3645, paragraphs 239-245; Adolf Lande, "The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.1961."International Organization, Vol.16, No.4, Autumn 1962, p.796.
⑤茬联合国“经济社会理事会”的有关投票表决邀请各国政府批准或加入《单一公约》决议的会议上,与会的17位理事以15票赞成、1票(法国)缺席、1票(美国)反对的结果通过了《早一公约》。参见：Adolf Lande, op. cit.,1962, p.797.
① A report by Ansinger, "The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961:Purposes and Aims",28 March 1961. pp. 2-3; AP Box 10:File 11, University Park, Pennsylvania.
②Report of the International Working Group on the Single Convention on Narcotic Drues.1961. Toronto. Addiction Research Foundation,1983, pp.10-11.
③Anslinger, op.cit.,1961, p.5.
① "The United States Views on the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs," Bulletin on Narcotics,15 (2),1963, pp. 9-11.
② The Times,27 March 1961; Adolf Lande, "The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,1961," International Organization, Vol.16, No.4, Autumn 1962; Gianfranco Dell'Alba, Olivier Dupuis & Jean-Luc Robert, "For a Revision of the United Nations Conventions on Drugs," in Questioning Prohibition:1994 International Report on Drugs, Brussels:International.
③ David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum, 1999, p.144.
① Smoking Opium Exclusion Act, Outlook,91 (6 February 1909"):275; Public law No.221,60th Cong., approved 9 February 1909.
②Public Law No.47,63rd Cong., approved 17 January 1914.
③Public Law No.233,63rd Cong., approved 17 December 1914.
④David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise:A History of Opiate Addiction in America, Cambridge & London:Harvard University Press,2001, p.120.
⑤Harry J. Anslinger & William F. Tompkins, The Traffic in Narcotics, New York:Funk and Wagnalls,1953, pp.54, 265.
① A report by Ansinger, The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961:Purposes and Aims,28 March 1961,p.3.
② G. H. Hunt & M. E. Odoroff, "Follow-up Study of Narcotic Drug Addicts after Hospitalization," Public Health Reports 77,1962, pp.41-54.
③早在国际毒品控制初期就已经出现了美国与英国模式的区分。其中,将成瘾视为“罪恶”或者“疾病”就是区分美国与英国模式的重要分水岭之一。1926年的“罗勒斯顿报告”则是英国模式的集中表现。参见：Ministry of Health, Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction, Rolleston Report, London:HMSO,1926, p. 18.
④William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, London & New York:Routledge,2000, pp. 126-127.
① David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum 1999, p.153.
② William B. McAllister, "Conflicts of Interest in the International Drug Control System," in William O. Walker III, ed., Drug Control Policy:Essays in Historical and Comparative Perspective, University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press,1992, pp.148-151.
① US Government Memorandum, from Anslinger to Mr J. Reed, US Department of Treasury,1 October 1962, HTL.
②Dvid R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum, 1999, P.151.
① Letter from FBN to Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Mr Gilmore Flues. Remarks on a letter to the FBN from Alfred L. Tennyson,11 September 1961, AP Box 2:File 6.
① Confidential letter from the British Embassy, Greece, to the Foreign Office,21 June 1962, PRO (FO371).
② Minutes from E. E. Key,15 June 1962, UN document UNS18112/9.PRO.
③ Letter from T. E. Key at the Foreign Office to the Home Office,28 June 1962, PRO (FO371).
① David R. Bewley-Taylor, The United States and International Drug Control 1909-1997, New York:Continuum. 1999, P.151,156.
② David Soloman, Reefer Madness:Marijuana in America, New York:Grove Press,1979, p.227.
① John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Eisner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Earlv Government Victorv in the Failed War on Drugs," cited in The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminologv. Vol.88. No.2. (Winter) 1998. n.667
② Thomas C. Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs, New York:The Haworth Press,2006.
③William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the 20th Century, London & New York:Routledge,2000, p.246.
① Doris Marie Provine, Unequal Under Law:Race in the War on Drugs, Chicago & London:ine unversity of Chicago Press,2007, p.64
①"Drug Law Timeline", available at:http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/history/drug_law_timeline.htm.
① Murray B. Levin, Political Hysteria in America:The Democratic Capacity for Repression, New York:Basic Books, 1971, p.29.
②陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,第140页。 ① "McCarthyism ", available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism#cite ref-7. ② Robert Griffith, The Politics of Fear:Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate, Amherst:University of Massachusetts Press,1970, p.49.
①Ellen Schrecker,The Age of McCarthytsm:A Brief History with Documents,New(?) p.41.
②关于奥本海默的介绍,可参见：http://www.hudong.com/wiki/E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98
① Herbert Block. The Herblock Book. Boston:the Beacon Press.1952. n.152.
② Michelle M. Nickerson, "Women, Domesticity, and Postwar Conservatism," OAH Magazine of History, January 17, 2003.
③1949年在康涅狄格州成立并得以迅速发展,到1952年成员超过5万人。活跃于20世纪50至60年代,是当时美国数量最大的反共产主义的妇女团体,为“麦卡锡主义”的坚决拥护者。具体内容可参见"Minute Women of the U.S.A.", available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_Women of the U.S.A.
④ Donald F. Crosby, God, Church, and Flag:Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and the Catholic Church,1950-1957, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1978.
① Richarg H Rovere. Senator Joe McCarthy, Berkeley:University ot Cantornia rress, 1959, pp. 21-22.
② Nelson W. Polsby, "Towards an Explanation of McCarthyism," Political Studies,8 October 1962, p.252.
①William F. Buckley, Jr., McCarthy and His Enemies:The Record and Its Meaning, Chicago:Regnery,1954, p.335.
①露首相：「米国は寄生虫」,产经新固,2011年10月13日。全文可在http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20111013-00000103-san-int.上获得。
② John C. McWilliams, The Protectors:Harry J. Anslinger and the FBN,1930-1962, Newark:University of Delaware Press,1990, pp.98-99; also see David R. Bewley-Taylor, The U. S. and International Drug Control 1909-1997. New York:Continuum,2001, pp.130,135 (note 84).
① William Burroughs, Junky,1977, pp. vii-viii, quoting Introduction by Allen Ginsberg.
① Phyll Dance, Alexander I. Strachan, Peter Deane & Gabriele Bammer, Popular Culture and the Prevention of Illicit Drug Use:A Pilot Study of Popular Music and the Acceptability of Drugs, Fitzroy:Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre Inc.2005, p.2.
② Miriam Bardswich & Gerry Campbell, Popular Culture, Oakville:Rubicon Education Incorporation,2003, pp. 35-36.
③Sarah Trornton, Club Cultures:Music, Media, and Su Cultural Capital, Middletown:Wesleyan University Press, 1996.
①林晓萍：《CSI与公安ESP教学—流行文化在英语VLS教学中的导入》,载《福建警察学院学报》2009年第3期,第103页。
② "Counterculture," Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary,2008:MWCCul.
③ Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture:Reflections on the Technocratic Society and Its Youthful Opposition, New York:Doubleday,1968/1969.
①庄锡昌：《二十世纪美国文化》,杭州：浙江人民出版社,1993年,第208页；David Chalmers, And the Crooked Places Made Straight:The Struggle for Social Change in the 1960s, Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. n.88.
②李雯：《美国青年反主流文化运动滥觞的原因》,载《青年研究》2002年第8期,第41页。
③林晓萍：《“毒品战争”及其问题评析》,载《福建警察学院学报》2010年第2期,第29页。
④" LSD or Acid in the 1960s", available at:Mortal Journey, http://www.mortaljourney.com/2011/01/1960-trends/1sd-acid.
① 2002 and 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:National Findings:Figure 6.2 Annual Numbers of New Users of Ecstasy, LSD, and PCP:1965-2001; Figure 5.5 Past Year Hallucinogen Initiates amone Persons Aged 12 or Older:2002-2008; http://oas.samhsa.gov/ecstasy.htm.
② "LSD or Acid in the 1960s," MortalJourney, available at: http://www.mortaljourney.com/2011/01/1960-trends/lsd-acid.
① Hunter S. Thompson, New York Times Magazine,14 May 1967, p.28.
② Abe Peck, Uncovering the Sixties, New York:Pantheon Books,1985, p.34.
③ Peter Joseph, Good Times:An Oral History of America in the Nineteen Six Ties, New York:William Morrow and Company, Inc.,1974, p.78.
④ Richard Stolley, Turbulent Years:The 60 (Our American Century), Pueblo:Time-Life Books,1998, p.139.
⑤The 1960's Hippie Counter Culture Movement," Mortal Journey, available at: http://www.mortaljourney.com/2011/03/1960-trends/hippie-counter-culture-movement.
⑥ Bureau of Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States,1981 (GPO),p.31.
⑦ David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 247.
① "National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse," Marihuana:A Signal of Misunderstanding (GPO,1972), pp.32-33.
② Doris Marie Provine, Unequal Under Law:Race in the War on Drugs, Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,2007, p.86.
③ Domestic Council Drug Abuse Task Force, White Paper on Drug Abuse (GPO),1975, p.15.
④ David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press.1999.p. 248.
⑤ H. Wayne Morgan, Drugs in America, A Social History.1800-1980. Svracuse:Svracuse University Press.1981，p 154.
① Rufus King, The Drug Hang-Up:American Fifty-Year Folly, New York:W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.,1972, p. 274.
② Miriam Joseph, Agenda Speed, London:Carlton Books,2000, p.29; Richard Davenport-Hines, The Pursuit of Oblivion:A Global History of Narcotics 1500-2000, London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,2001, p.339.
① Jill Jonnes, Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pepe Dreams:A History of America's Romance with Illegal Drugs, New York: Scribner,1996, Part of Contents.
② David F. Musto, "Opium, Cocaine, and Marijuana in American History," Scientific American 265, No.l,1991, cited in Jeffrey A. Schaller, Drugs, New York:Prometheus Books,1998, p.17.
③ David F·Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 248.
④陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,第103页。
⑤ Edward M. Breach, Licit and Illicit Drug, Boston:Little, Brown and Company,1972, p.3.
①Stephen R.Kandall,substance and the Shadow:A History of Women and Addtction in the Unttea States(?) Harvard University Press,1996,p.36.
②Anon."The ODium Habit"Catholic World 33(Sept.1811,),p.827.
③Charles E.Terry & Mildred P ellens,The Opium Problem,New York:Bureau of Social Hygrene,1928,P75.
④David T.Courtwright,Dark Paradise:A History of Opiate Addiction in America,Cambridge & Lonaon:Harnatru Universitv Press.2001.pp.1,110-111.
⑤“纽约市历史”,可参见：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/history_of_New_York_City.
⑥W.A.Bloedorn,"Studies of Drug Addiction,"U.S.Naval Medical Bulletion 11,1917,pp.309-310.
⑦Charles E.Sceleth & Sidney Kuh,"Drug Addiction,"JAMA 82,1920,p.6/9.
①David T.Courtwright,Dark Paradise:A History of Opiate Addiction in Amerrica,Cambridge & London:Harvard University Press,2001,p.1.
②The Chemist and Druggist 77,31 Dec.1910,p.44.
③陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,第109页。
①林晓萍：《“毒品战争”及其问题评析》,载《福建警察学院学报》2010年第2期,第29-33页
① "Marijuana Timeline", available at Public Broadcasting Service: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dope/etc/cron.html.
① David F. Musto, "Opium, Cocaine, and Marijuana in American History," Scientific American 205, Juny 1991, (?) in Jeffrev A. Schaler. Drugs, New York:Prometheus Books,1998, p.17.
② David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxtord University rress,1999.
③Steven B. Duke & Albert C. Gross, America's Longest War:Rethinking Our Tragic Crusaae against Drugs, new York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1993, pp.78-102.
① David Courtwright, Herman Joseph & Don Des Jarlais, Addicts Who Survived:an Oral History of Narcotic Use in America,1923-1965, Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1989; Caroline Acker, Addiction Research in the Classic Ere of Narcotic Control, Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2002.
②Catherine Carstairs, Jailed for Possession:Illegal Drug Use, Regulation, and Power in Canada,1920-1961, Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2006, p.4.
①U.S v.Jin Fuey Moy,241 U.S.394(1916),U.S.Supreme Court Decision of 1916.
②David F. Musto,The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control,New York:Oxford University Press,1999,p. 129.
③Doris M.Provine,Unequal under Law:Race in the War on Drugs,Chicago＆London:The University of Chicago Press.2007,p.88.
④Hearings before House Approprisation Committee,Treasury Dept.Appropriation Bill 1930,2.Nov.1928.71th Cong..2nd Sess.,p.475.
⑤Supreme Court of 1919.Webb.et al.v.United States,240 U.S.96,No.370.
⑥David F.Courtwri,ht.et al.,Addicts Who Survived:An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America,1923-1965, Knoxville:University of Tennessee Press,1989；Caroline Acker,Creating the American Junkie:Addiction Research in the Classic Era of Narcotic Control,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,2002；Cath.erine Carstairs,Jailed for Possession:Illegal Drug Use,Regulation,and Power in Canada,1920-196,Toronto:University of Toronto Press,2006, p.4[Introduction].
① Letter from Carl Voegtlin to the Surgeon General PHS,1 Aug.1918, PHSR.
② The American Legion Weekly,30 Nov.1923, pp.7-8,27-28.
③ The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914), Public Law No.223,63rd Cong.
①David F.Musto,The American Disease:Origns of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999,pp. 147,184,208,357.
②Gordon E.Kenney,Uniform Crime Reports(FBI,1934-1990),Ph.D.Dissertation,The University of Mempnis, 1997.
①Thomas H. Boggs (1914-1972),民主党籍众议员,来自于路易斯安娜州的新奥尔良。1972年死于一场飞机事故。关于他的生平介绍,可参见：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_orleans montage.jpg.
② Kefauver Committee Hearings, Hearings before the Special Senate Committee to Investiaate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce,82nd Congress,1st Session, pt.14, pp.240-241; New York Times,19 June 1951. p.25.
③ Congressional Record,82nd Congress,1st Session,1951, p.8197.
① "New York Attorney General's Survey,1952," p.9, cited in Joint Committee of ABA and AMA, Drug Addiction: Crime or Disease?, Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press,1969, p.30.
② Boggs Act, Public Law No.255,82nd Congress,2 Nov.1951.
③ Federal Bureau of Narcotics'Record,1950, p.28.
① Morris Ploscowe, "Some Basic Problems in Drug Addiction and Suggestions for Research," cited in Joint Committee of ABA and AM A, Drug Addiction:Crime or Disease?, Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press. 1969(Appendix A), pp.32-33.
① The Narcotics Control Act, Public Law 728,84th Congress, p15.
① John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Elaner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs,"The Journal of Criminal and Criminology, Vol.88, No.2, Winter 1998, p.662.
②Drug Addict, Canadian Film Board,1946.
① John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Elaner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs," The Journal of Criminal and Criminology, Vol.88, No. 2, winter 1998, p. 6/6.
② Canadian Ministry of Information, Canadian Film Awards,22 April 1949.
① Drug Addict, Canadian Film Board.1946. note 49.
② Ibid.
③ Charles E. Terry, "Some Recent Experiments in Narcotic Control," American Journal of Public Health 11,1921, p. 33; Jill Jonnes, "The Rise of the Modern Addict," American Journal of Public Health,1995,85:p.1158.
④ Drug Addict, op. cit.
⑤Harry J. Anslinger & William F. Tompkins, The Traffic in Narcotics, New York:Funk and Wagnalls,1953; Musto, supra note 20, in David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New Haven:Yale University Press,1973, p.221; McWilliams, Supra note 17, in John McWilliams, The Protectors:Harry J. Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (1938-1962),32 (1990), p.52.
①Drug Addict,Canadian Film Board,1946,note 49.
②Ibid.
① Drug Addict, Canadian Film Board,1946, note 49.
① John McWilliams, The Protectors:Harry J. Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics,1990, note 17-18, p. 102.
②Drug Addict, Canadian Film Board,1946, note 49.
①John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Elaner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs," The Journal of Criminal and Criminology, Vol.88, No.2, Winter 1998, pp.680-681.
②Letter from Harry J. Anslinger to Eric Johnson, President, Motion Picture Ass'n of America, Inc.,28 Feb.1950 (on file with National Archives').
③Letter from M. L. Harney to Harry J. Anslinger,18 Oct.1948 (on file with National Archives).
④Letter from Garland H. Williams to Harry J. Anslinger,18 Oct.1948 (on file with Nartional Archives")
⑤FBN Memorandum form Harry J. Anslinger,19 Oct.1948 (on file with National Archives).
⑥Letter from Hume Wrong, Canadian Ambassador, to Harry J. Anslinger,27 Mar.1950 (on file with National Archives).
⑦Letter from Harry J. Anslinger to Col. C. H. L. Sharman,18 Jan.1951 (on file with National Archives).
⑧Letter from G. D. M. Cameron, Deputy Minister of National Health, to Harry J. Anslinger,12 Jan.1951 (on file with National Archives).
① Letter from Otis E. Mulliken to Alfred R. Lindsmith,30 June 1949.
② Letter from Rep. Andrew Jacobs to Harry J. Anslinger,27 June 1949. (on file with John F. Galliher)
③Alfred R. Lindesmith, Letter to the Editor, New York Times,22 Jan.1950, p.12.
① John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Elaner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs," The Journal of Criminal and Criminology, Vol.88, No.2, Winter 1998, p.680.
① John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Elaner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs," The Journal of Criminal and Criminology, Vol.88, No.2, Winter of 1998, pp.661-682.
① "Cannabis History—Harry Anslinger— UN1961—John F. Kennedy 1963", available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iI2e0LF6nf0.
① Marc Galanter & Herbert D. Kleber, The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment (4th ed.), American Psychiatric Publishing Inc,2008, p.217.
②“巴比妥类药物中毒”,可参见：http://medicaldb.haoyisheng.com/medicaldb/search/viewAllDisease.do?diseaseId=eevteoiuea.
③ "Barbiturates", available at:http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/barbiturate_text.htm.
④ "New Estimates of 1959, The Food and Drug Administration," cited in Rufus King, The Drug Hang Up, American Fifty-Year Folly, New York:Norton,1972, Ch.26, p.274.
① Rufus King. The Drug Hang Up, American Fifty-Year Folly, New York:Norton,1972, Ch.26, p.274.
② David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 248.
① U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency, "Juvenile Delinquency—Enforcement of Federal Narcotic Laws," Hearings, Part 7,22 and 26 January 1960, GPO, Washington, D. C.
② U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency, Juvenile Delinquencv Hearings,9 May through 21 September 1962, Parts 11,12&13, GPO, Washington, D. C.
③ Report of the Legal Frameworks Group to the King County Bar Association Board of Trustees, "Drugs and the Drug Laws:Historical and Cultural Contexts," King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project,19 January 2005, note 163, p.28.
④ "DACA:Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965, Sections,3 & 4," Public Law 89-74.
① "The Convention on Psychotropic Substances," done at Vienna,21 Fevruary 1971, entered into force 16 August 1976, cited in Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions: Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 Feb.2001, p.2.
② "Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965, Sec.7", Public Law 89-74,15 July 1965.
③ "Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965, Sec.8", Public Law 89-74,15 July 1965.
④ "Drugs and the Drug Laws:Historical and Cultural Contexts," King County Bar Association Drug Policy Project, 19 January 2005, p.28.
⑤ Alexander T. Shulgin, Controlled Substances:A Chemical and Legal Guide to the Federal Drug Laws, Berkeley: Ronin Publishing,1988, p.247.
① "Marijuana Timeline", available at:http://www.johnnymarijuanaseed.com/hemp timeline.htm; http://groups.google.com/group/no.samfunn.narkotika/browse_thread/thread/381f9d8be859f49b.
② "Bay of Pigs Invasion", available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion.
① Rufus King, The Drug Hang Up, American Fifty-Year Folly, New York:Norton,1972, pp.281-282.
② U. S. Senate Committee on Labour and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Health, "Control of Psycho Toxic Drugs," Hearings,3 August 1964, GPO Washington, D. C; King, op. cit.,1972, pp.277-278.
② David Boyutm & Peter Reuter, An Analytic Assessment of U.S. Drug Policy, Washington, D.C.:Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute,2005, p.5.
① David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 234.
② "Counterculture of the 1960s", available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.
③David T. · Courtwright, Forces of Habit:Drugs and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2001, pp.44-45.
①林登·约翰逊(Lyndon Johnson),肯尼迪政权的副总统,肯尼迪总统遇刺后成为美国的第36任总统。任期内,他提出了建立“伟大社会”的主张,并出台了一些实际措施,也取得了相应的成效。其主要施政内容为：《民权法》(Civil Rights Act)的通过、反贫困社会计划的确立、医疗保障方案(Medicare)和医疗补助计划(Medicaid)的实施以及联邦教育基金的设立等—笔者按。
② Dan Baum, Smoke and Mirrors:The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure, Boston:Little, Brown and Company, 1996, p.5.
① Dan Baum, Smoke and Mirrors:The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure, Boston:Little, Brown and Company, 1996, p.7.
②林晓萍：《“毒品战争”及其问题评析》,载《福建警察学院学报》2010年第2期,第27-33页。
③“法国中转站”是毒品尤其是海洛因的走私途径,20世纪50年代时盛极一时。因毒贩运送海洛因从土耳其经由法国的马赛再贩运到美国等其他消费地而得名—笔者按。
④ David F-Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, pp. 251-252.
⑤ Richard Davenport-Hines, The Pursuit of Oblivion:A Global History of Narcotics 1500-2000, London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,2001, p.339.
①Erich Goode & McGraw-Hill, Drugs in American Society (6th edition), Columbus:McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages,2004, pp.14-15.
②David F·Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 251.
③David Boyum & Peter Reuter, An Analytic Assessment of U.S. Drug Policy, Washington, D.C.:Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute,2005, p.7.
① Erich Goode & McGraw-Hill, Drugs in American Society (6th edition), Columbus:McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages,2004, p.15.
② Tom Carnwath & Ian Smith, Heroin Century, New York:Routledge,2002, pp.173-174
③Richard Davenport-Hines. The Pursuit of Oblivion:A Global History of Narcotics 1500-2000, London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,2001:342.
① Vladimir Kusevic, "Drug Abuse Control and International Treaties," Journal of Drug Issues, Vol.7, No.1,1977 (Winter), p.47.
②DEA, "Drug Law Enforcement, E.O.No.11727," Creation ofDEA,10 July 1973, p.13.
① DEA History Book 1970-1975, available at:http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/history/deahistory_01.htm.
①陈新锦、林晓萍：《美国早期禁毒立法中联邦权力问题评析》,载《历史教学》2011年第4期,第57页。
②"Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965, Sec.8", Public Law 89-74, July 15,1965.
① David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p.
10;陈新锦,林晓萍：《美国早期禁毒立法中联邦权力问题评析》,载《历史教学》2011年第4期,第58页。
② "Editorial", New York Times,2 July 1973.
③ DEA, "Drug Law Enforcement, E.O.No.11727," Creation of DEA,10 July 1973, p.14.
① "Hearings before House Appropriation Committee," Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1931,29 Nov.1929,71 Cong.,2nd Sess., p.345.
②戴维·马斯托：《美国禁毒史》,周云译,北京：北京大学出版社1999年版,第299页。
③ U. S. Bureau of the Budget, The Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal Year 1969, Appendix, GPO.1968, pp.445, 820.
④ L.F. Schmeckebier, The Bureau of Prohibition:Its History, Activities, and Organization, Monograph no.57, Institute for Government Research, Washington D.C.:The Brookings Institution, Lord Baltimore Press,1929, pp. 309-12.
⑤ "DEA Budget", DEA History,1970-1975, p.4.
① "The Final Report form the Senate Committee on Government Operation",16 Oct.1973, p.14.
② New York Times,30 June 1973.
③ Drug Enforcement Administration,1970-1975, pp.12,17,21-22.
④Creation of DEA, DEA History,1970-1975, pp.12,16.
⑤Jessica de Grazia, DEA, The War against Drugs, BBC Books,1991, p.1.
① "DEA Foreign Office Opened," DEA History,1970-1975, p.7.
② Steven B. Duke & Albert C. Gross, America's Longest War, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons.1993. p.ⅹⅴ:Thomas C. Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs:Money down a Rat Hole, New York:The Haworth Press, 2006.
③ Doug French, "Criminal Justice is No Job for the State," Mises Institute,4 April 2011; Tony Payan, The Three U.S.-Mexico Border Wars Westport, Conn.:Praeger Security International,2006, p.23; "Timeline:America's War on Drugs",2 April 2007, NPR.
④ "A Chronology:Thirty Years of America's Drug War," available at:Frontline, TV Series on PBS.
① CBC News."Canada's Anti-drug Strategy a Failure,Study Suggests",available at: Http://www.cbc.ca/news/credit.html.
②David F.Musto,The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control,New York:uxtord university Press,1987,p. 255.
① Richard Nixon, "Statement about the Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1972" 21 March 1972, Online by The American Presidency Project.
② Mr. Justice Douglas, Robinson v. California, U. S. Supreme Court,370 U. S.660 (1962).
③ "Medicinal Marijuana:Is it what the Doctor Orderd?" Gallup Pull,10-12 Nov.2003, Telephone Interview with 1004 National Adults, Gallup Dally News,16 Dec.2003.
① P. Morgan, "The Legislation of Drug Law:Economic Crisis and Social Control," Journal of Drug Issues, pp.8, 53-62.
② David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
③ Charles B. Towns, The Physician's Guide for the Treatment of the Drug Habit and Alcoholism, n. p., n. d.1914, p. 7.
④R. M. Glasscote & J. Jaffe (et al.), The Treatment of Drug Abuse:Programs, Problems and Prospects, Washington, D. C:Joint Information Service of the American Psychiatric Association and the National Association for Mental Health,1972, p. xi.
① Hamilton Wright,9 January 1908, WP, entry 51; Letter from C. B. Towns to H. Wright, June 13,1911, WP, entry 36.
②查尔斯·特利同时也是《鸦片问题》(The Opium Problem)一书的作者。该书于1928年出版,是第一部系统介绍美国早期毒品控制历史的巨著—笔者按。
③David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 97.
④ Letter from O.G. Forrer, Assistant Director, Narcotic Field Force, to L. g. Nutt, Director,30 April 1921, RPU,这是国税局在1921年4月30日的统计数字。如果计算到1925年为止,再加上国税局无法掌控的诊所,那数量则可能更多—笔者按。
① Special Committee of Investigation, Appointed 25 March 1918, by the Secretary of the Treasury:Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, GPO,1919, pp.3,9-15
② Ibid., pp.19-22.
③ Daniel C. Roper, Fifty Years of Public Life, Durham:Duke University Press,1941, pp. 186,,189-193.
④ A. G. DuMez, "Treatment of Drug Addiction," Memorandum to the Surgeon General,28 Feb.1919, PHSR.
⑤关于罗波的个人简历,参见：“Daniel C.Roper”,available at：http：//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper.
⑥ M. Schlesinger & R. Dorwart, "Falling between the Cracks:Failing National Strategies for the Treatment of Substance Abuse," Daedalus,1992, p.199.
① Pearce Bailey, "The Drug Habit in the United States," New Republic,16 March 1921, pp.67-69.
② Hearings before House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1930,23 Nov.1928,70th Cong.,2nd Sess., p.475.
③ M. D. Anglin & Y-I. Hser, "Treatment of Drug Abuse," in M. Tonry & J. Q. Wilson (eds.), Drugs and Crime, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1990, Vol.13, pp.393-460.
④ A. M. Dershowitz, "Constitutional Dimensions of Civil Commitment," in Drug Use in America:Problem in Perspective, The Technical Papers of the Second Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, Appendix Vol.4:Treatment and rehabilitation, Washington, DC:GPO,1973, pp.397-449.
⑤ J. A. Knae, A Legal History of the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act of 1966:Vol.4. Treatment and Rehabilitation, Washington, DC:GPO,1973, pp.485-515.
① U. S v. Jin Fuey Moy,241 U. S.394 (1916), U. S. Supreme Court Decision of 1916.
② David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 89.
① Supreme Court of 1919, Webb, et al. v. United States,240 U.S.96, No.370.
② Exportation of Opium, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Ways and Means on HR 14,500, House,66th Cong.,3rd Sess.,8 and 11 Dec.1920 and 3 and 4 Jan.1921, GPO,1921, pp.105,108,133.
③ Letter from Dr. J. C. Perry to Dr. Oscar Dowling,29 Nov.1920. PHSR.
④ Lawrence Kolb, "Pleasure and Deterioration from Narcotic Addiction," Mental Hygiene 9,1925, pp.699-724.
① "Editorial," JAMA 60,1913, p.1364.
② "U. S. v. Behrman,258 U. S.280,27 March 1922", available at: http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/legal/11920/united_states_v_behrman.htm.
③ "Proceedings of the St. Louis Session," 23 May 1922, JAMA 78,1922, p.1715.
④ "United State Supreme Court Distrusts the Harrison Narcotic Act, Editorial," JAMA 86,1926, pp.627-638.
① "Interim and Final Reports of the Joint Committee on Narcotic Drugs," in Drug Addiction:Crime or Disease?, Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press,1961, p.5.
② "The Opium Habit," Catholic World 33, September 1881, p.828.
③ Charles E. Terry & Mildred Pellens, The Opium Problem, New York:Bureau of Social Hygiene,1928, p.73.
① David T. Courtwright, Dark Paradise, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2001, p.3.
② Ernest S. Bishop. "Narcotic Addiction—A Svstemic Disease Condition." JAMA 60.1913.pp.431-434.
③ Ernest S. Bishop, "An Analysis of Narcotic Drug Addiction," New York Medical Journal 101,1915, pp.399-403.
④Ernest S. Bishop, "Some Fundamental Considerations of the Problem of Drug Addiction," Amer. Med.21,1915, pp. 807-816.
⑤ Ernest S. Bishop, The Narcotic Drug Problem, New York:MacMillan Co.,1920, esp. p.35-49; also see Courtwright, op. cit.,2001,p.128-129.
①陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年,第180页。
② Lawrence Kolb, "Pleasure and Deterioration from Narcotic Addiction," Mental Hygiene 9,1925, p.723.
③ "Report of the Committee on the Narcotic Drug Situation in the United States," JAMA 74,1920, pp.1326-1328.
④David Courtwright, Dark Paradise, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2001, p.132.
① "Alfred R. Lindesmith", available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_R._Lindesmith.
②一种有关研究分析的方法,顾名思义,这一理论与其研究者就被称为“互动主义”或“互动论者”—笔者按。详细可参见Interactionism or Interactionist", available at: http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/interactionism; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lnteractionism#cite_note-0.
③ Herbert Blumer, Symbolic Interaction:Perspective and Method, Upper Saddle River. Prentice-Hall,1969, p.79.
① Louis Writh, The Ghetto, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1928; Robert E. Park & Ernest Burgess, The City, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1925.
② Mark Gaylord & John F. Galliher, The Criminology of Edwin Sutherland, Chicago:University of Chicago Press 1966. pp.104-120.
③ Edwin H. Sutherland, The Professional Thief, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1937.
④Alfred R. Lindesmith & Anlelm L. Strauss, Social Psychology, New York:Holt, Rinehart & Winton,1949, pp. 352-355.
⑤Ibid, p.356.
⑥Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law, Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1965.
① William S. Burroughs, Junky, New York:Penguin Books,1977, pp. vii-viii.
② Alan Hunt & Gary Wickham, Foucault and the Law:Towards a Sociology of Law as Governance, London:Pluto Press,1994, pp.8-9,11.
③ Letter from Harry J. Anslinger to James J. Biggins,9 Oct.1939. on file with John F. Galliher.
④ John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Elaner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs," The Journal of Criminal and Criminology, Vol.88, No.2, Winter 1998, p.667, note 34.
① Alfred R. Lindesmith, "Dope Fiend Mythology," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 31,1940, p.199.
② Twain Michelson, "Lindesmith's Mythology,"J. Crim. L. & Criminology 31,1940, p.375.
③ Memorandum from Henry Gaston, Assistant Secretary, U. S. Treasury Department, to Harry Anslinger, Director, Federal Bureau of Narcotics (no date).
④ Michelson, op. cit.,1940, p.400.
⑤ Letter from Alfred R. Lindesmith to John W. Ashton, Arts and Science Dean, Indiana University,24 Feb.1949; Anselm Strauss, Obituary for Alfred R. Lindesmith, ASA Footnotes 13 May 1991; Charles Winick, Social Behavior, Public Policy, and Non-harmful Drug Use,69 Milbank Q.437,1991.
⑥ Memorandum from Georse H. White to Harrv J. Anslineer.22 Nov.1954.
⑦ Letter from Harry J. Anslinger to J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director,28 Feb.1950.
⑧ Letter from Harry J. Anslinger to Hume Wrong, Canadian Ambassador,24 Jan.1950 (on file with National Archives; also see Letter from Harry J. Anslinger to Pablo Wolff (28 Aug.1941) (on file with National Archives); Letter from Harry J. Anslinger to Major William Coles, Home Office, London (23 Nov.1948) (on file with National Archives).
⑨Letter from Mrs. Herman Stanley to Alfred R. Lindesmith,1 July 1949.
①Letter from Mrs. Hamilton Wright to Indiana University Board of Regents,31 Jan.1950.
②Alfred R. Lindesmith (eds), Drug Addiction:Crime or Disease?, Indiana University Press,1961.
① John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Elsner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs," The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol.88, No.2, winter,1998, pp.661-682.
① Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, p.17, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 Feb. 2001.
① Peter D. Lowes. The Genesis of International Narcotics Control, Geneva:Librairie Droz,1966, p.188.
② Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, p.16, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 t'eb. 2001.
③ William B. McAllister, Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century:An International History, London & New York: Routledge,2000, pp.126-127,153-154,159-162.
① "The Wootton Report:Home Office Cannabis Report by the Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence", available at:http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/wootton/wootton toc.htm.
② Market Advertising and Products Study Ltd. (MAPS1):General's Office of Population Synthesis and Survey.1969.
③ Sharon Rodner Sznitman. Borie Olsson & Robin Room (eds.). A Cannabis Reader:Global Issues and Local Experiences. Belgium:EMCDDA.2008. (Ch.4)p.43.
④Jay Sinha, The History and Development of the Leading International Drug Control Conventions:Prepared for the Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs, Law and Government Division, Canada Library of Parliament,21 Feb.2001, p.29.
① United Nations, Commentary on the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, done at Vienna on December 1998, New York:United Nations,1976, pp.353-354.
② The Single Convention Protocol, Arts:14,15.
① Alfred R, Lindesmith, Opiate Addiction, Bloomington:Principia Press,1947, p.205.
②Joint Committee of the ABA & AMA on Narcotic Drugs, Drug Addiction:Crime or Disease?, Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press,1969.
③Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy:Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator, New York: Free Press,2000, p.131.
① David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press.1999. p. 232.
② "Report of the ABA Commission on Organized Crime," Annual Report of the ABA 76.1951. pp.411-413.
③ "Report on Drug Addiction by the New York Academy of Medicine," Bull, of the New York Academv of Medicine. 31 August 1955, pp.592-697.
①Joint Committee of the ABA & AMA on Narcotic Drugs,Drug Addiction:Crime or Disease?,Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press,1969,pp.viii,1-14,Appendix A & B,pp.32-33,121-155.
②Ibid,1969,PP.vii-xiv.
① Rufus King, The Drug Hang-up, America's Fifty-Year Folly, New York:W. W. Norton & Company Inc.1972, pp. 171-174.
②Larry Sloman, Reefer Madness:History of Marijuana in the United States, New York:St. Martins Press,1998, pp. 199-200.
① John F. Galliher, David P. Keys & Michael Elsner, "Lindesmith v. Anslinger:An Early Government Victory in the Failed War on Drugs," The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol.88, Mo. 2, Winter 1998, p. 680.
② Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law, New York:Vintage Books,1965, p.170.
① David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 78.
② New York Times,23 March 1919.
① Exportation of Opium, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Ways and Means on HR 14,500, House,66th Cong.,3rd Sess.,8 and 11 Dec.1920 and 3 and 4 Jan.1921, GPO,1921,pp.105,108,133.
② "Federal Narcotic Farm," California and Western Medicine, Vol.42, No.3, March 1935, pp.228-229.
③ "Federal Medical Center, Lexington", available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Medical_Center,_Lexington.此外,有关“列克星敦麻醉品农场”的历史、相片以及杂志等内容,可详细参见：Nancy D. Campbell, JP Olsen & Luke Walden, The Narcotic Farm, New York: Abrams.2008.
④G. H. Hunt & M. E. Odoroff, "Follow-up Study of Narcotic Drug Addicts after Hospitalization," Public Health Reports 77,1962, pp.41-54.
① Nancy D. Campbell, JP Olsen & Luke Walden, The Narcotic Farm:The Rise and Fall of America's First Prison for Drug Addicits, New York:Abrans,2008, Cover page.
② Thomas R. Kosten & David A. Corelick, "The Lexington Narcotic Farm", American Journal Psychiatry, Vol.159. 1 Jan.2002, p.22.
① Summary of Report of Narcotic Addiction by the Council on Mental health of the AMA (1956), Drug Addiction: Crime or Disease?, Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press,1969, pp.170-171.
② Lawrence Kolb,''Drug Addiction:A Study of Some of Medical Cases," Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 20. 1928, p.174.
③ Lawrence Kolb, "Drug Addiction in Its Relation to Crime," Mental Hygiene 9,1925, pp.74-89; "Pleasure and Deterioration from Narcotic Addiction," Mental Hygiene 9,1925, pp.699-744; "Types and Characteristics of Drug Addicts,'" Mental Hygiene 9,1925, pp.300-313.
① Robert H. Felix, "Lawrence Kolb,1881-1972" American Journal of Psychiatry 130,1973, pp.718-719.
② Kimberly Leupo, "The History of Mental Illness", available at: http://www.toddlertime.com/advocacy/hospitals/Asylum/history-asylum.htm.
③ "Detailed History of Mental Health'", available at:www.mnpsychsoc.org/history%20appendix.pdf.
① "Detailed History of Mental Health", available at:http://www.mnpsychsoc.org/history%20appendix.pdf.
②"NIMH:Important Events in NIMH History", available at: http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/archive/1999/organization/nimh/history.html.
③ CMHC Act (The 1963 Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act), Public Law,88-164,1963
④ Message from President:Mental Illness and Retardation, House Document No.58,88th Congress,1st Session,5 Feb.1963, p.3.
⑤ The CMHC Act Amendments of 1965, Public Law,91-211,1965.
⑥ U. S. Bureau of the Budget,The Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal Year 1969, Appendix, GPO,1968, pp.445, 820.
① "Federal Medical Center, Lexington", available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Medical_Center,_Lexington.
① "Summary and Recommendation of Report on Narcotic Addiction," in Drug Addiction:Crime or Disease?, Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press.1969. p.169.
② Ibid, p.170.
① Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law, Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1965, p.291.
② David F. Musto, The American Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control, New York:Oxford University Press,1999, p. 247.
① C. G. Leukefild & F. M. Tims, "An Introduction to Compulsory Treatment for Drug Abuse, Clinical Practice and Research," Compulsory Treatment of Drug Abuse:Research and Clinical Practice (NIDA Research Monograph 86). Rockville, MD:U. S. Department of Health and Human Services,1988.
②J.A. Inciardi, "Compulsory Treatment in New York:A Brief Narrative History of Misiudgment, Mismanagement. and Misrepresentation," The Journal of Drug Issues,1988,18(4), pp.547-560.
③ J. F. Maddux, "Clinical Experience with Civil Commitment," Compulsory Treatment of Drug Abuse:Research and Clinical Practice (NIDA Research Monograph 86), Rockville, MD:U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1988.
①"Summary and Recommendation of Report on Narcotic Addiction,"in Drug Addiction: Crime or Disease?, Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press,1969,pp.171-172.
②Steven R.Belenko(e d.),Drugs and Drug Policy in America:A Documentary History,Westport:Greenwood Press, 2000,p.262.
① Laws of New York, Article 9. Sec.,211 & 213.21 March 1962.
② C. Winick, "Some Policy Implications of the New York State Civil Commitment Program," Journal of Druz Issues. 1988,18 (4), pp.561-574.
③ Harry K. Wexler, "Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior. E-notes.2001". available at http://www.enotes.com/civil-commitment-reference/civil-commitment
① MC Glothilin, W. H. Anglin & B. D. Wilson, An Evaluation of the California Civil Addict Program (Services Research Monograph Series), Rockville:U. S. Department of Health. Education, and Welfare.1977
② D. Anglin, "The Efficacy of Civil Commitment in Treating Narcotic Addiction," Compulsorv Treatment of Drue Abuse:Research and Clinical Practice (NIDA Research Monograph 86), Rockville:U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, p.1988.
(3) "Drugs and Drug policy in America" p.266, cited in Alfred R. Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law, Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1965, p.291.
① Robinson v. California,370 U. S.660,1962.
① "Robinson v. California", available at:http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Robinson+v.+California.
②第8条修正案于1791年12月15日批准生效,其主要内容是：禁止过度严厉的刑罚和罚款。
③第14条修正案于1868年7月9日批准生效,其第二款的主要内容是：所有美国公民享有平等被保护的权利。
④ Robinson v. California,370 U. S.660,1962.
① CMHC Act Amendments of 1965, U. S. Public Law,91-211,1965.
①"Summary and Recommendation of Report on Narcotic Addiction,"in Drug Addiction:Crime or Disease? Bloomington & London:Indiana University Press,1969,pp.170.171.
②David F.Musto,The Amrican Disease:Origins of Narcotic Control,New York:Oxford University Press,1999,pp. 205.232-234..
①当时不少人认为,海洛因成瘾问题只不过是一个短时期出现的问题,而且还是一个很容易经过治疗而解决的问题。这一明显的认识上错误,导致了20世纪60至70年代里海洛因滥用现象的再度出现。Edward M. Brecher (eds.), Licit and Illicit Drugs, Boston:Little and Brown,1972, pp.185.
② C. W. Sheppard, G. R. Gay & D. E. Smith, "The Changing Patterns of Heroin Addiction in the Haight-Ashburv Subculture," Journal of Psychedelic Drugs.1971 (Spring).pp.22-31.
③ New York Times,16 May 1971.
①Richard Nixon,"Statement about the Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1972,"ThE Amerian Presidency Project,21 March 1972.
②"Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act,"Public Law 91-513,27 October 1970.
① Steven R. Belenko (ed.), Drugs and Drug Policy in America:A Documentary History. Westport:Greenwood Press. 2000, p.250
② Richard Nixon, "Statement about the Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1972," The American Presidency Project,21 March 1972.
① Richard Nixon, "Statement about the Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1972," The American Presidency Project,21 March 1972.
② The Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act. Public Law 92-255, Title v,21 March 1972.
③Nixon, op.cit,21 March 1972.
①Richard Nixon,"Statement about the Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1972Rhe American Presidency Project,21 March 1972.
②Agent Studious,"A Convoluted Recent History of Federal Drug Abuse Agencies",available at:the Vaults of Erowid,June 1,2005；http://www.erowid.org/freedom/govemment/govemment_us_federal_historyl.shtml#adamha.
① "Summary and Recommendation of Report on Narcotic Addiction, Report of Mental Health of the AMA,1956," cited in Drug Addiction:Crime or Disease?, Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1959, p.169.
② Harald Klingemann & Geoffrey Hunt (ed.), Drug Treatment Systems in an International Perspective, Thousand Oaks, London & New York:Sage Publications,1998, p.7.
④ D. R. Gerstein & H. Harwood, Treatins Drug Problems:Vol.1. A Study of the Evolution, Effectiveness and
③National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), "History of NIDA," NIDA Notes,5 (5),1991. Financing of Public and Private Drug Treatment Systems (Committee for the Substance Abuse Coverage Study Division of Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine), Washington, DC:National Academy Press,1990.
① M. Schlesinger & R. Dorwart, "Falling between the Cracks:Failing National Strategies for the Treatment of Substance Abuse," Daedalus,1992, p.199.
① Steven B. Duke & Albert C. Gross, America's Longest War, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1993, p. xv; Thomas C. Rowe, Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs:Money Down a Rat Hole, New York:The Haworth Press. 2006.
② Doug French, "Criminal Justice is No Job for the State," Mises.Institute,4 April 2011; Tony Payan, The Three U.S.-Mexico Border Wars Westport, Conn.:Praeger Security International,2006, p.23; "Timeline:America's War on Drugs",2 April 2007, NPR.
③ "A Chronology:Thirty Years of America's Drug War", available at:Frontline, TV Series on PBS.
④ "U. S. War Casualties, U. S. Dept. of Defence, C. D. C. Figure on AIDS Deaths to 1991", available at: http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/graphs/14.htm.
① Federal Drug Control Programs, The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003, Washington, DC:Executive Office of the President,2002, pp.379-380.
② Thomas C. Rowe, Federal Narcotics Law and the War on Drugs, New York:The Haworth Press,2006, p. ix.
③ UNDOC, World Drug Report 2005, Vienna, UNODC, pp.132-139.
① The Senate Task Force for a Drug-Free America, "Strategy for a Drug-Free America:A Symposium," The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder,12 September 1988.
② Reuben Greenberg, Let's Take Back Our Streets, Chicago:Contemporary Books, Inc.,1989.
③ William J. Bennett, "Mopping up after the Legalizers," a speech before the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government on 11 December 1989.
④Barbara Ehrenreich, "Drug Frenzy," Ms., November 1988.
⑤ "Substance Abuse Related Death", available at:http://druglibrarv.org/schaffer/librarv/eraphs/graphs.htm.
⑥ "Homicide Motives:Reasons for Murder in the United States", available at: http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/library/graphs/graphs.htm.
⑦ Raul Tovares, "How Best to Solve the Drug Problem:Legalize," National Catholic Reporter,22 December 1989.
⑧ Kevin B. Zeese, "Why We Can't Win," Los Angeles Herald Examiner,3 September 1989.
⑨ William Wilbanks, "The War on Drugs Is Not Racist," cited in Neal Bernards (eds.), War on Drug:Opposing Viewpoints, San Diego:Green Haven Press, Inc.,1990, pp.83-88.
⑩ Kimberly A. Kingston, "Reasonable Expectation of Privacy Cases Revive Traditional Investigative Techniques." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, November 1988.
① Steven Wisotsky, "Crackdown:The Emerging'Drug Exception'to the Bill of Rights," Hastings Law Journal 889, 1987(39).
② Stanley Cohen, "War on Drugs:A Dangerous Trap," a paper presented to the 1988, Revolutionary Worker,17 October 1988.
③ James A. Baker Ⅲ, "Democracy, Diplomacy, and the War against Drugs," a speech given at the Forum Club, Houston, Texas,22 November 1989.
④ Ann B. Wrobleski, Statement before the Senate Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Communication,5 April 1989.
⑤ Michael H. Abbott, "The Army and the Drug War:Politics or National Security," Parameters, December 1988.
⑥Bruce Mcgraw, "Bush's Fraudulent Drug War:The Contra-Drug Connection," The Truth Seeker, September/October 1989.
⑦ Stanley Meisler, "Nothing Works," Los Angeles Times Magazine,7 May 1989.
①林晓萍：《流行文化视野下的福建省青少年吸毒现象与预防》,载《福建警察学院学报》.2011年第6期,第48-52页。
① Steven B. Duke & Albert C. Gross, America's Longest War:Rethinking Our Tragic Crusade against Drugs, New York:G. P. Putnam's Sons,1993, p.83.
② Doris M. Provine, Unequal under Law:Race in the War on Drugs, Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,2007, p.75.
③ "Negro Cocaine Evil," New York Times,20 March 1905, p.14.
① Norman H. Clark, Deliver Us from Evil:An Interpretation of American Prohibition, New York:Norton,1976, p. 223.
② Doris M. Provine, Unequal under Law:Race in the War on Drugs, Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,2007, p.86. 《美国对外关系史散论》,北京：中华书局,2007版。《美国文化与外交》,天津：教育出版社,2008版。《文化的帝国：20世纪全球“美国化”研究》(上、下册),北京：中国社会科学出版社,2011年版。
2.罗运炎：《毒品问题》(上、下),上海：商务出版社,1936年版。
3.庄锡昌：《二十世纪美国文化》,杭州：浙江人民出版社,1993年。
4.戴维·马斯托著：《美国禁毒史》,周云译,北京：北京大学出版社,1999年。
5.刘永涛：《当代美国社会》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2001。
6.赵翔等：《毒品问题研究—从全球视角看贵州毒品问题》,北京：人民公安大学出版社,2005。
7.苏智良、刘效红：《全球禁毒的开端：1909年上海万国禁烟会》,上海：上海三联书店,2009年版。
8.金伟峰等：《禁毒法律制度研究》,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2009版。
9.张勇安：《变动社会中政策选择：美国大麻政策研究》,上海：东方出版中心,2009年版。
1.刘心武：《美国吸毒成因论》,载《美国研究参考资料》,1985年第5期。
2.戴增义：《美国毒品问题面面》,载《美国研究参考资料》,1987年第1期。
3.秦斌详：《美国毒品问题》,载《美国研究参考资料》,1990年第5期。
4.万心慧：《美国的吸毒、贩毒、制毒、禁毒与缉毒》,载《九江师专学报》,1997年第1期。
5.高英东：《美国的毒品问题及禁毒政策》,载《社会》,1998年第10期。《美国毒品问题初探》,载《美国研究》,1998年第4期。《美国文化与毒品泛滥》,载《社会》,2001年第2期。
6.瞿帆： 《“哈里森法”与美国社会的毒品问题》,载《鞍山师范学院学报》,2000年第2期。《美国国会在对外禁毒活动中的作用》,载《南开大学学报》,2000年第3期。《20世纪美国毒品政策的演变》,南开大学博士论文,未刊稿,2000年。
7.李雯：《美国青年反主流文化运动滥觞的原因》,载《青年研究》2002年第8期。
8.张勇安：《埃里克·古德：“政治与理性之间：毒品合法化之争”》,载《中国学术》,2003年第15期。《试析布什政府的毒品管制战略》,载《美国研究》(季刊),2004年第2期。《美国毒品和毒品政策文献史述评》,载《世界历史》,2004年第3期。《20世纪美国毒品政策史的多视角解读》,载《美国研究》(季刊),2004年第4期。《美国大麻政策》,复旦大学博士论文,未刊稿,2004年。《美国州与大麻管制“联邦化”的形成》,载《史学月刊》,2005年第4期。《美国大麻政策史研究：文献的整理与批评》,载《历史研究》,2006年第1期。《多边体系的重建与单边利益的诉求》,载《台湾欧美研究》第36卷,2006年第2期。
9.陈新锦：《早期美国毒品控制模式研究》,福建师范大学博士论文,未刊稿,2011年。
10.陈新锦、林晓萍：《理想与现实的交织—美国毒品外交的兴起及其外延与内涵评析》,载《福建警察学院学报》,2011年第2期。《美国麻醉品刑事化过程中的种族歧视问题探究》,载《福建师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2011年第2期。《美国早期禁毒立法中联邦权力问题评析》,载《历史教学》(高校版),2011年第4期。
11.林晓萍：《CSI与公安ESP教学—流行文化在英语VLS教学中的导入》,载《福建警察学院学报》,2009年第3期。《“毒品战争”及其问题评析》,载《福建警察学院学报》,2010年第2期。《流行文化视野下的福建省青少年吸毒行为与预防对策》,载《福建警察学院学报》,2011年第6期。《全球毒品控制体系的演变与美国因素》,载《福建师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2012年第2期。
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8.豊下樽彦编：『安保条约の论理』,东京：柏害房,1999年。
1.“毒品—肆虐全球的‘白色幽灵’”,参见：http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper85/857/114631.html.
2.“《关于禁毒的决定》颁布至今的禁毒立法”,参见：http://www.cnr.cn/home/column/zgj d/j dsh/200506110048.html.
3.有关毒品的常识性内容及其定义,可参阅下列相关内容：http://www.blcu.edu.cn/blcuxyy/xuan2.html; http://www.htkzl.com/NewsRead.asp?ID=1505; http://yhjw.xm110.gov.cn/Article/classE/201012/743.html.
4.“公安部、卫生部第115号令”,参见：http://vip.chinalawinfo.com/newlaw2002/slc/slc.asp?db=chl&gid=144951.
5.“奥本海默”,参见：http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98.
6.“比妥类药物中毒”,参见：http://medicaldb.haoyisheng.com/medicaldb/search/view AllDisease.do?diseaseId=geyteojugq.
7.“际麻醉品管制机构”,参见：http://baike.baidu.com/view/1152889.htm.
8.“金三角”,参见：http://baike.baidu.com/view/23698.htm; http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92.
9.“布雷顿森林体系”,参见：http://www.hudong.com/wiki.
10.“二战后的美国”,参见：http://www.doc88.com/p-566020955.html.
11.“毒品的常识性内容及其定义”,参见：http://www.blcu.edu.cn/blcuxyy/xuan2.html; http://www.htkzl.com/NewsR.ead.asp?ID=1505; http://yhjw.xm110.gov.cn/Article/classE/201012/743.html.
12.胡立利等.《中国—世界最后一个超级大国》,载《联合早报》(电子版),全文可在http://www.zaobao.com/forum/pages2/forum_us100605a.shtml上获得。
13.“胡世则”,参见：http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%83%A1%E4%B8%96%E6%B3%BD.
14.“联合国麻醉品司”,参见：http://baike.baidu.com/view/1152889.htm.
15.“纽约市历史”,参见：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/history_of_New_York_City.
16.“施思明”,参见：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeming_Sze.
17.《大国战略震撼：二战后初期经济实力排名世界前十名的国家》,全文可在http://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/worldlook/1/260187.shtml网站上获得。
18.新华网：《世界毒品主要产地“金新月”》,全文可在http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-06/25/content_936775.htm网站上获得。
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3.露首相：「米国は寄生虫」,载『产经新闻』,2011年10月13日,全文可在http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20111013-00000103-san-int上获得。