摘要
近年来，由于沼泽地开发、围湖、围海造田、森林砍伐、芦苇丛的破坏、环境污染、及人为干扰等原因，严重地影响鹭类的食源、生长、繁殖，鹭类搬适巢址现象较常见。但在人为干扰少、植被得到较好保护的地区，鹭类常大量群集巢居。鹭群数量之多，于树冠上栖息、嬉戏、折取巢材、抓伤树干等，鹭林冠平，仅余粗大的骨干枝。破坏的鹭林来年生长恢复难，对针叶树破坏尤严重，且巢居地满布鹭类食物丢弃物和排泄物，卫生条件状况差；使部分不适应的林木和物种死亡，空气条件极差，湿度高，利于多种病菌滋生，传播多种疾病。此时，鹭类又搬迁破坏新的鹭林。在现代环境中，要保护鹭类，就要处理好鹭类的保护、控制和其活动场所的保护问题，一方面加强受破坏区鹭类的保护，另一方面，要解决好过密巢居地的鹭类的数量控制、疏散分布和扩大繁殖地的问题。关键是协调好鹭类与植物、土壤养分和微生物、人类、觅食和栖息生境、及相关的影响因子的关系。
从国内外的研究状况看，国内对鹭类的研究较单纯、起步晚，主要集中于鹭类的本身的行为习性、繁殖、食性与食量、种群、群落的研究上，交叉学科的成分少；国外的研究则以工农业等所造成的污染环境为中心及其所引发的一系列问题而展开的对鹭类行为的研究，过量群居所造成影响不是其存在的主要问题。
基于当前的研究状况和现实中存在的问题，本文从根本保护生物多样性出发，采用了宏观、微观相结合，多学科交叉的方法，以防城万鹤山鹭鸟类保护区作为研究基点，同时概查广西其它地方的鹭分布区，把动、植物、土壤养分、微生物、生境系统地结合起来，进行研究。阐明鹭类对栖息地、鹭林、物种、筑巢树、巢材的选择及其对鹭林的影响；巢居地的养分和微生物状况；环境对鹭类的影响等的基本规律，提出协调鹭类、植物、栖息地的土壤养分和微生物、生境和人类这一系统关系的基本技术措施，从而为鹭、栖息林分和环境状况的健康发展提供理论指导。研究结果表明：
1、鹭类的栖息地选择原则为：水资源和食物资源丰富、植被生长旺盛、外界干扰少，具有一定的安全性。对植被类型、坡向、坡度、离民宅的距离等选择性不严格。
2、鹭类筑巢对林分要求不高，但会首选较优的林分、丢弃已受强烈影响和生长状况不良的林分。
选择原则为：分枝多、苍绿、异质性和多样性高、结构复杂的林分，对
竹林有极大的偏好;靠近水源，附近水资源和食物丰富;环境条件较好，空
气清新，受外界干扰小和得到人为保护;具有一定的群居性和习惯性。
3、对筑巢树种的选择性要求不严格，但有地域性:首选生长旺盛、浓绿、对
分枝多、有一定的高度和胸径的优势种，对竹子有较大的偏好。
4、鹭类对筑巢材料不严格，取决于材料的可获得性、易得性、韧性、固定性
和抗蚀能力。
5、鹭类筑巢树的高度，随不同林分不同，主要取决于所在林分的平均状态、
隐蔽性和安全性。
6、鹭类过量巢居，对鹭林会造成一定的影响
过量地折取较嫩的巢材;长期踩踏、居留时间长、负荷过大，使树冠变形;
树皮破损，植株死亡鹭类排泄物厚厚积于乔、灌、草丛上，污染树叶，林下
叶片多出现蚀叶、穿孔现象，影响植物的光合作用;由于林分郁闭度高、卫
生条件差，利于病菌生存，
7、鹭类对针叶树的影响较阔叶树大，形成林窗，为其它物种的生存创造了条
件，加速了演替的进程，增加林分的物种多种性和结构复杂性。
8、鹭类排泄物和食物等丢弃物改变了土壤的养分和微生物
与鹭类的相关性大的土壤养分指标有:全P、PH、速p、有机质、C/N、
全N、速N、速K、Ca等9种;而全K、Mg与鹭类的相关性小;尤以全P、PH、
速p、有机质、c/N与鹭类影响的相关性为大;菌类组成以细菌为主，与C/N、
全N、速N和有机质有极大的相关性;真菌、放线菌、固N菌受鹭类影响较小。
9、影响鹭类的环境因素包括:降水、冰雹、风、温度、光、天敌和环境的变
化等。在广西主要为台风、暴雨和人为干扰。
10、保护鹭类，关键是协调鹭类与人类、植物、土壤养分和微生物和觅食、栖
息生境之间关系。
In the lately years , umbrette's food, growth, breeding were influenced badly and the phenomenon of umbrette's moving to good places appeared ordinarily, for the actions of exploitating the swampland , enclosing lakes and seas to make cropland, loping the forest destroying the bulrush, polluting the environment and disturbing by people . But in the region of little jamming and flourish vegetation, umbrette often nested in a big groop. The big groop habited and curveted on the crown of forest, breaking the nesting timber, clawing the stock, making the coronal flat, leaving the skeleton branches only. The destructed forest is difficult to renew , especially the needle trees. For the nested places were largely covered discard food and excreta , the sanitation was bad, making some plants dead ;also for the bad and high wet air condition, germinas multiplied and spreaded. Temporalitily, umbrette destroyed another new forest again. In the modern times to protect umbrette is to deal with the problems of protection
and controlling umbrette , not only reinforcing the umbretta in the distructed places, but also settled the problem of controlling its numbers and evacuating its breeding places. The keys were to harmonize the relations of umbrette , vegetation, soil nutrients, soil microorganism. Comparing the studies inside and outside of our country, the studies of our country were simple, appeared late, and mainly focused on the behaviors ,pripagation, food and appetite, populace, communites , also the studies of intercross subjects were little. But the studies outside centralized on the contaminated circumstance of industry and agriculture and other questions they brought, especially the excessive umbrette nesting together.
Basing on the current studies and existint problems, beginning with the purposing of protecting the biodiversity, the relations of Herons , vegetation ,
soil nutrients and micro-organism were studied. The studies based on the Herons' nature reserve of Fangcheng Wanheshan Mountain, and investigated other perched places in GX( GuangXi) generally , adopting the methods of combinating macrocosmic and microcosmic ,and many subjects .It explained the laws of Herons' choices to habitation, nesting forest, plant species, nesting tree, and their influences on the nesting forest; nesting region's soil nutrients and micro-organism ;environments' influences on the Herons ect. And protecting technology measures were put forward to harmonize the relations between them and provided theory guidances for the healthful Herons and environment. The result showed that:
1. Herons' choosing principle for habitat were: rich water and food resource , bloom vegetabion , little disturbance and security . It had little connection with slope direction and angle, distance from civilian residence.
2. Herons had low demand on the forest, but prefered to strong one. The rules were that: forest had many divarication , dark green , high diversity and complex structures; and bamboo were the best choice; forest neared to water and food; environment conditions were rather good and air was flesh, little disturbed and protected by people.
3. Request for plant species were weak ,different in kinds of places, but preferred to the predominance trees of strong growth , thick green, high divarication and heterogeneitya ,big chest, especially the bamboo.
4. The need of nesting materials were little strict, decided to the degree of the materials' convenience, toughness, fixity, resisting the rotting.
5. The nesting highness differed in different forest , decided to the nesting forest's mean status, concealment and security.
6. The Herons perching excessively in a big group influence the forest: excessively Long tramlation and residence breaked the tender branch, burthened the crown of trees distorted, dilapidated tree barks ,sometimes maded the trees dead ; the Herons'excrements amassed on the brush woods , contaminating, corroding and perforating the foliages, and hindrancing the photosynthesis; also the germina
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